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This thesis addresses the tunnelling of charge carriers in different materials. First looking at the simplest case of electron tunnelling in metals at zero, then finite temperature, the current is obtained using the Fermi-Dirac golden rule and then the conductance is obtained. This is extended to take into account the spatial dependence of one of the metals being a tip since experimentally this is done by scanning tunnelling microscopy where a tip traces over the surface of a sample. The next step is to look at tunnelling between a metal and a semiconductor, again the current is found. Semiconductors can be doped and the effect this has on tunnelling is examined. Next superconductors are introduced. The purpose of my research has been to look at the tunnelling spectra of high-temperature superconducting cuprates for both extrinsic (metal-superconductor) and intrinsic (superconductor-superconductor) tunnelling. The main features seen experimentally with cuprate tunnelling are identified and then a theory capable of explaining these features is discussed. The theory is compared to experimental results and we find good agreement.

Do salespeople who follow the Golden Rule or let their faith influence their behavior serve their customers better or like their jobs and employers more than other salespeople? The Golden Rule is a quote from Christ found in Matthew 7:12 NIV and is considered a universal ethical principle taught by all major religions. It is also a behavioral standard for many in business. A review of the sales, marketing, and organizational literatures, however, failed to uncover studies which assess the relationships of following the Golden Rule or a person’s faith or spirituality with key business outcomes. Salespeople impact the performance and perception of their firms, yet are regarded as highly unethical by the public. Therefore, an investigation of how these variables influence their behavior seems justified. A Golden Rule Disposition (GRD) is conceptualized as a higher-order personality disposition which influences the traits of agape love, forgiveness, gratitude, humility, and selflessness. Personal faith is defined as a higher order personality trait blending a desire for a personal relationship with God (the Divine or Supreme Being) with core personality influences on the behaviors of an individual. A comprehensive model was developed and tested using structural equation modeling to investigate a GRD’s relationships with job satisfaction, organizational commitment, propensity to leave, life satisfaction, and customer orientation. Personal faith’s influence on these relationships was tested using moderated multiple regression. Completed questionnaires were collected from 142 members of an automobile dealer’s sales force to provide the data for this study. A GRD influenced all proposed lower order traits except for selflessness and humility. A GRD had a positive effect on all dependent variables except propensity to leave and life satisfaction. Faith was not a moderator of any relationships, but was found to be positively related to forgiveness and gratitude. A surprising result was the lack of a relationship between job satisfaction and life satisfaction. These findings should be important to organizations that practice the marketing concept. The combined effect of following the Golden Rule and personal faith leads to more satisfied customers and a more stable workforce to meet organizational goals.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Le développement des principes d’équilibre budgétaire et des règles de discipline budgétaire qui en découlent sont liés à l’avènement de périodes de troubles budgétaires et de crises économiques. De manière générale, à ces occasions de nouvelles règles sont adoptées et mises en oeuvre. Elles visent toutes à assainir les finances publiques par le biais de l’observation stricte d’une règle d’équilibre budgétaire. Toutefois, les résultats obtenus par la mise en oeuvre de ces règles ne sont pas toujours satisfaisants ce qui conduit aujourd’hui à s’interroger non plus sur la pertinence et l’efficacité desrègles mais sur les environnements institutionnels, économiques et monétaires dans lesquels elles sont mises en œuvre. Le Canada semble, de cette manière, se présenter comme un terrain favorable à l’observation d’une discipline budgétaire de l’équilibre alors qu’en la matière l’Union européenne souffre encore de son statut « hybride ». / The development of the principles of balance in the budget and the rules of budgetary discipline which ensue from it is connected to the succession of periods of budgetary disorder and economic crises. In a general way, in these occasions of new rules are adopted and implemented. They aim all to clean up the public finances by means of the strict observation of a rule of balance in the budget. However, the results obtained by the implementation of these rules are not always satisfactory what leads today to wonder either about the relevance and the efficiency of rules but on the institutional, economic and monetary environments in which they are operated. Canada seems, in this way, to appear as a ground favorable to the observation of a budgetarydiscipline of the balance while on the subject the European Union still suffers from its "hybrid" status.

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The object of this thesis is the foundation of ethics. The question is whether there exists a universal core to ethics consisting of a fundamental ethical principle across cultures. This principle could for example be the so-called Golden Rule, which goes as follows: ‘You should do to others what you want them to do to you’. The Golden Rule is to be found in many of the world’s religions and is also reflected in secular society. The rule can for example be found in a political version in legal declarations e.g. the Humans Rights Declaration of 1948. There are philosophersand scientists who interpret the Golden Rule secularly. If one looks at the Golden Rule from a non-religious point of view, it can be understood for instance in the following ways: 1) As a rule which is followed to fulfil self-interest and 2) As a rule concerning role reversal. In this thesis we will go into detail on these two interpretations of the Golden Rule, because as we will see, they can be seen as two very different views of human nature. We will discuss which of the two interpretations of the Golden Rule is most adequate in connection with the description of human beings as moral agents having reason, motives, freedom and responsibility. Furthermore we will focus on the Golden Rule in a Nordic context, in this connection we will look at whether the Golden Rule corresponds to the four bioethical principles presented by the two American philosophers Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress. These principles are the principle of respect for autonomy, the principle of nonmaleficence, the principle of beneficence and the principle of justice. According to the Danish physician Henrik R. Wulff one cannot use Beauchamp and Childress’ bioethical principles as a tool for solving ethical problems in the North, because they do not correspond to the Golden Rule. Wulff argues that the Golden Rule is a moral ideal within the health services in the Nordic countries. The purpose of the thesis is, among others, to analyse and discuss whether the four bioethical principles are implicitly contained within the Golden Rule and whether Beauchamp and Childress’ method can be used to analyse bioethical problems in a Nordic context. Finally, we will set forth an ethical assessment of a treatment within biomedicine. As an example of the application of the four bioethical principles, we will look at whether human somatic gene therapy is an ethical acceptable treatment. Thus my thesis is that the Golden Rule can be viewed as a fundamental ethical principle across cultures and that Beauchamp and Childress’ four bioethical principles correspond to the Golden Rule. That is, I think there is a reason to maintain, that the bioethical principles can be of use for solving bioethical problems across cultures.