I have placed 6 houses alongside a country road in Värmland. By building new I have wanted to investigate the production of certain spatial moments; moments I have discerned from the presence of places, as the road passes them through this peripheral area. Their differences aside each house derives from a found sense of hospitality, as well a proud mentality of showing the very best of sides to a visitor. Programmatically the houses portray one tale each - about an encounter and that of being a host and invite a guest inside. That being said the host could very well be the house in itself. I have asked myself: what if a visitor passed by, what would take place? - And what would the building express in waiting for that to happen?

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Sociala medier är ett samlingsbegrepp för kommunikationskanaler där individer har möjlighet att integrera med varandra. Sociala medier utgår från en tvåvägskommunikation, vilket innebär att mottagaren har möjlighet att integrera med företag. Denna sorts marknadsföring har utvecklats och utgör en stor del av hotellens marknadsföring, via denna sorts kommunikation kan hotellet utveckla en starkare relation med gästen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur interaktionen via sociala medier kan stärka relationen mellan gäst och hotell.        Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie baserad på fem vetenskapliga artiklar, de valdes ut för att besvara uppsatsens syfte. Resultatet tar upp vikten av att vara medveten om möjligheter och risker med sociala medier för hotell. Sociala medier ger möjligheten till att förmedla sin vision till en bredare publik, och via detta stärka sitt varumärke. Till största del handlar det om att visa engagemang, bygga upp en fungerande strategi och att ge respons till gästers feedback. Om detta hanteras korrekt, ger det ökad möjlighet för hotellen att stärka relationen till gästerna. / B-uppsatser

Ions play pivotal roles both biologically and environmentally. The effects felt from the impact of ions, much like their relative charge, can be positive or negative. Ions are responsible for catalyzing and executing precise control over many of the essential processes that occur in our bodies. Ions can also be major contributors as environmental pollutants having catastrophic effects. There is a great deal of interest in better understanding the role and effect of ions in the surrounding environments. The ability to study ions of interest relies on efficient recognition and sensing of these targets. The field of supramolecular chemistry is particularly well suited for this task as it utilizes non-covalent molecular interactions in much the same way natural system involving ions operate. Broadly, this body of research seeks to explore the subtle interactions of various targeted ions with supramolecular receptors. This research is an effort to further understand the nature of these interactions for potential recognition and sensing applications as well as better understanding the highly complex systems found in biology. Chapter I provides a brief overview of various mechanisms of ion coordination in supramolecular chemistry and emphasizes some key examples demonstrating the importance of the various types of coordination as it pertains to the research presented herein. Chapter II highlights a unique class of phosphine oxide-based tripodal ditopic receptors and presents studies on their interactions with alkali metals and halides. Chapter III covers the synthesis and study of anionic binding trends for a series of heteroaromatic-containing urea-based receptors and discusses the influence of anion binding on receptor conformation. Chapter IV provides preliminary results on the application of the bipyridal bisurea-based anion receptor, presented in Chapter III, as ligand for metal salts. Chapter V focuses on a series of pyridal bisurea-based receptors with regard to their ability to serve as chloride sensitive probes in cellular environments. This dissertation contains both previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / 10000-01-01

Supramolecular chemistry allows the rapid formation of complex systems through self-assembly. These systems often possess unique properties not observed for conventional covalent constructs and have potential applications in areas such as sensing, drug delivery and catalysis. Metallosupramolecular container compounds have been shown to catalyse reactions with both regio- and stereo-selectivity in methods analogous to enzyme type catalysis. Separately, visible-light photoredox catalysis has recently gained considerable interest as an efficient, green and mild method for the rapid synthesis of many chemical compounds. In order to combine the favourable properties of both supramolecular catalysis and visible-light photoredox catalysis, a number of photoredox active metallosupramolecular assemblies were designed, synthesised and analysed. Initial steps were taken to stabilise a known iridium-based M6L4 luminescent cage compound to allow guest encapsulation to take place. The incorporation of isocyanide donors as strong ligands improved the stability of model compounds but synthesis of an analogous three-dimensional assembly was unsuccessful. Instead, a “complex-as-ligand” approach was taken that allowed the straight-forward formation of Pd2L4 systems from a range of photoactive iridium complexes. Importantly, unlike many other photoactive systems, the complexation to palladium did not drastically affect the photoredox properties of the constituent iridium complexes. Multiple approaches were then taken to improve both the stability and guest binding properties of the photoactive assembly in an effort to achieve supramolecular photoredox catalysis. Utilising a model system, a general method was thus developed for enhancing the association constants of neutral guests in organic solvents by switching to large, non-coordinating counter ions that provided reduced competition for the internal binding site. In combination with this increased binding affinity, a range of guest properties were adjusted by association with the hydrogen bond donor environment of the internal cavity. The encapsulation of quinone based oxidants led to unexpected and novel reaction pathways not observed in the bulk phase. As such, this work represents a significant advancement in development of metallosupramolecular systems capable of regio- and stereo-selective photoredox catalysis.

A series of new, octadentate, fluorescent, macrocyclic ligands have been prepared with a view to using them to study aromatic anion sequestration. The eight-coordinate Cd(II) complexes of the ligands have been shown capable of acting as receptors for a range of aromatic oxoanions. This has been demonstrated by perturbation of both 1H NMR chemical shift values and the anthracene derived fluorescence emission intensity as the potential guest anion and the host are combined. Non-linear least squares regression analysis of the resulting titration curves leads to the determination of binding constants in 20% aqueous 1,4-dioxane which lie in the range 10^2.3 M-1 (benzoate) to 10^7.5 M-1 (2,6-dihydroxybenzoate). By reference to the X-ray determined structures of related, but non-fluorescent inclusion complexes, the primary anion retention force is known to arise from hydrogen bonding between the anion and four convergent hydroxy groups that exist at the base of a cavity that develops in the complexes as their aromatic groups juxtapose upon coordination. This work reveals significant stability enhancement when hydroxy groups are positioned on the anion at points where O-H...pi hydrogen bonding to the aromatic rings that constitute the walls of the cavity becomes geometrically possible.

Altars.

This thesis deals primarily with supramolecular chemistry based on cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n = 7 and 8) host molecules. The research has been focused on the synthesis and characterization of host-guest complexes CB[n] with aromatic guest molecules, and the study of the effects of the host-guest complexation on the chemical reactivity and spectroscopic properties of the included guests, such as their photoreactivity and their UV-visible absorption and emission properties, in aqueous solution. The [4+4] photodimerization of protonated 2-aminopyridine (APH+) occurs stereoselectively to give the anti-trans product as the result of a preferred orientation of two APH+ guests in the cavity of CB[7]. The CB[7] host inhibits photohydration in the course of the photoisomerizations of protonated trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and trans-1,2-bis(1-methyl-4-pyridinium)ethylene by including the (4-pyridyl)ethylene portion of the guest, while this is not observed with trans-1,2-bis(1-hexyl-4-pyridinium)ethylene, as preferential inclusion of the hexyl groups leaves the vinyl group vulnerable to photohydration. Very strong CB[7] complexation of (E)-1-ferrocenyl-2-(1-methyl-4-pyridinium)ethylene completely inhibits the (E)→(Z) photoisomerization process. The H/D exchange rates and acidities of the C(2)-proton of cationic imidazolium and thiazolium (including thiamine and thiamine phosphates) carbon acids are decreased upon their complexation with CB[7]. Inclusion of protonated aromatic amines (and aromatic alcohols) in the cavity CB[7] significantly decreases their ground and excited state acidities, such that the emission is switched from the neutral amine to the protonated amine excited state, resulting in changes in the color of fluorescence. The fluorescence of acridizinium cations can be switched off by the formation of 2:1 complexes with CB[8] and then switched back on again by the addition of CB[7] or a competing guest molecule. The stabilization of the deep blue color of the 4,4’-bis(dimethylamino)diphenyl carbonium ion, upon complexation of the corresponding carbinol with CB[7], results from a complexation-induced shift in the carbinol/carbonium ion equilibrium. A dramatic purple to blue color change in pinacyanol chloride upon addition of CB[7] is due to a partial breakup of dye aggregates, upon the interactions of the dye with the host molecule. The CB[n] complexation-induced emission and/or absorption color switch have the potential to be employed in molecular switches and in chemical sensing. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2007-08-07 09:21:06.553

Abstract Study was made of host-guest complexation of neutral crown ethers with five- and six-membered N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation. Complexation of tetraphenylborate with selected N-heteroaromatic cations and tropylium cation also was studied. Crown ether complexes were characterized by mass spectrometric and 1H NMR spectrometric methods and by X-ray crystallography. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS) was used as a prelimary tool to characterize the complexes and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) was used to confirm the complexation stoichiometry. Crystal structures were determined by X-ray crystallography to study the complexation in solid state, and stability constants were measured in acetonitrile by 1H NMR titration at 30 °C to study the complexation in solution. Mass spectrometric studies indicated preferential 1:1 complexation stoichiometry between crown ethers and N-heteroaromatic cations. Crystal structures of crown ether complexes showed that hydrogen bonding and to a lesser degree cation-π and π-π interactions stabilize the structures in solid state. The values of stability constants for crown ether complexes with N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation varied between 10 and 350 M-1. Stability constants were higher for complexes with six-membered N-heteroaromatic cations and purinium cation than for complexes with five-membered cations. The values indicated that hydrogen bonding was the main interaction in solution. Tetraphenylborate formed complexes with four N-heteroaromatic cations and tropylium cation, and reacted with six N-heteroaromatic cations through the displacement of one phenyl group by N-heterocycle to form triphenylboranes. The complexes and displacement products were characterized by 1H NMR spectrometry. Four crystal structures of complexes and three crystal structures of displacement products were resolved. Stability constants of complexes were measured in methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) solution at 30 °C by 1H NMR titration method. The values of stability constants for tetraphenylborate complexes with N-heteroaromatic cations ranged from 10 to 50 M-1. C-H···π and N-H···π interactions were found to stabilize the structures both in solid state and in solution.