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This dissertation presents an analytical study of a class of problems involving discontinuities, also referred to as shocks, propagating through one dimensional flexible objects such as strings and rods. The study entails interrogation of the classical balance laws of momentum, angular momentum, and energy across propagating discontinuities. A major part of this dissertation also concerns itself with a non-classical entity called the ``material momentum''. The balance of material momentum is studied in a variational context, where both the local and singular forms of it are derived from an action principle. A distinguishing aspect of discontinuities propagating in continua is that, unlike in the bulk, the balance of momentum and angular momentum are not sufficient to describe their mechanics, even when the discontinuities are energy conserving. In this work, it is shown that the additional information required to close the system of equations at propagating discontinuities can be obtained from the singular form of energy balance across them. This entails splitting of the energy balance by its invariance properties, and identifying the non-invariant and invariant part of the source term with the power input and energy dissipation respectively at the shock. This approach is in contrast with other treatments of such problems in the literature, where additional non-classical concepts such as ``material momentum'' and ``configurational force'' have been invoked. To further our understanding of the connections between the classical and non-classical approaches to problems involving discontinuities, a detailed exposition of the concept of material momentum is presented. The balance and conservation laws associated with material momentum are derived from an action principle. It is shown that the conservation of material momentum is associated with the material symmetry of the continuum, and that the conditions for the conservation of physical and material momentum are independent of each other. A new classification of the deformed configurations of the planar Euler elastica based on conserved quantities associated with the spatial and material symmetry of the rod is proposed. The manifestation of the balance of material momentum in seemingly unrelated fields of research, such as fracture mechanics, ideal fluids, and the mechanics of rods with discontinuities, is also discussed. / Ph. D. / One dimensional flexible bodies such as strings and rods can exhibit fascinating and counterintuitive behavior when they interact with rigid obstacles. For instance, a chain falling on a rigid surface falls faster than it would have if it were falling freely. When one end of a long chain piled up in a container placed at an elevation is pulled across the rim and let go, the chain flows out of the container like a water fountain. Discontinuities in the cross-sectional properties of an elastic rod contained in a curved frictionless channel can result in the generation of forces that propel the rod along the channel. Such counterintuitive phenomena are a consequence of the physics taking place at the point of partial contact where the flexible body comes in contact with a rigid surface. The purpose of this dissertation is to study the mechanics of such points of discontinuity. Several such phenomena where effectively one dimensional bodies interact with rigid surfaces are all around us. A familiar example is the peeling of an adhesive tape, where the peeling front qualifies as a point of discontinuity propagating through the tape as the peeling progresses. A good understanding of the mechanics of the peeling front is crucial in estimating the strength of the adhesive. Another such example of practical importance is a mooring line being placed on the seabed. In such situations, the existence of a reaction force acting at the touchdown point depends on whether or not the cable develops a kink at that point. Similar questions of importance can be asked in the context of deployment and unspooling of space tethers. In this dissertation, an analytical study of the general physics of the phenomena described above is presented. Standard theoretical tools of classical physics are employed to understand the mechanics of points of partial contact between flexible and rigid bodies. The conditions under which a flexible body could experience sharp changes in its geometry (e.g. a kink) at such points are investigated. In addition to that, we explore the implications of a nonclassical law of physics called the balance of “material momentum” in the context of such problems.

No / Cyberbullying is the act of bullying or causing harassment or intimidation on another person by using technological means, such as devices, social media or networks. Despite the numerous efforts being carried out by both government and non-government organizations, cyberbullying continues to be on the rise and has become a national concern. This study highlights the motivating factors of cyberbullying in Malaysia. First, the study aims to investigate the factors motivating persons becoming cyberbullying perpetrators. Second, the study aims to examine the factors enhancing the susceptibility of persons becoming victims of cyberbullying. Engaging in both qualitative and quantitative approaches, this study adopts socio-legal approach in understanding and enquiring 19 interview experts and 120 survey respondents. The study found various factors that motivates perpetrators of cyberbullying, which could be divided into internal and external factors. Similarly, the factors that enhance the susceptibility of victims of cyberbullying could also be internal and external. The implication of the study is deeper understanding of the various factors motivating cyberbullying in Malaysia. Inherently, risk management strategies could be proposed could be developed to minimize the factors hence reducing the likelihood of cyberbullying occurrences in Malaysia. Hopefully, the findings of the study would contribute to the body of knowledge on the area of cybercrimes in general, and cyberbullying in particular. It is also hoped that this study would assist the general public to better manage the risk of cyberbullying, within the wider agenda of safe nation in Malaysia. / This study is funded by the Digital Society Research Grant Fund (DSRG) by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC), Malaysia.

Yes / We examine the role of generalized social trust in substituting for employment protection legislation. Using foreign direct investment from the US to a sample of OECD countries, we find that trust diminishes the importance of formal employment regulations in investment attractiveness.

Yes / Extant scholarship on anti-Christian violence in India is scant and predominantly focuses on physical violence. To address this gap, this article explores Freedom of Religion laws (also referred to as anti-conversion laws) as an example of structural violence faced by India's Christians. Thus far, scholars have studied these as a constitutional violation that denies a Christian's freedom of religion. Using Johan Galtung's violence framework, this article seeks to recast these laws as a form of structural violence against Christians. In doing so, it will show how Hindutva's anxieties about the demographic and political ‘Christian threat’ have become embedded into the law. Through an exploration of the southern state of Karnataka, where the Protection of Right to Freedom of Religion was passed in 2022, this article seeks to show how this structural violence interacts and reinforces forms of direct and cultural violence, creating a system of anti-Christian violence designed to maintain India's ‘Hindu majority’.

Yes / The limited literature on anti-Christian violence in India focuses on physical forms of violence. This chapter instead shows how the experience of structural violence faced by Dalit Christians is compounded due to the intersecting marginalities of religion and caste. Particularly, this chapter focuses on the structural violence experienced from the state, in the form of the imposition of anti-conversion laws, and the denial of state resources to Dalit Christians such as affirmative action policies. This chapter argues that as the Hindutva ideology has become further embedded in India’s political-legal structure, the situation of structural violence has deepened and compounded. / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 18 June 2026.

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by Ying Wang-bun. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1981. / Bibliography: leaf 59.