This study considers relocatable homes as an alternative housing choice for male and female retirees fifty years of age and over. Homogeneous parks and estates planned for a specific type of relocatable home are compared with those which evolved from tourist parks and retain sites for both permanent and short-term occupancy. Four relocatable home environments are considered: caravan parks, mobile homes in mixed parks, manufactured homes in mixed parks and manufactured housing estates. The differential effects of 'age', 'house type' and 'housing environment' upon 'residential satisfaction', 'sense of community within the neighbourhood', 'social integration in the community' and 'psychological adjustment' form the analytical framework of the study. Residents of 34 parks/ estates on the North Coast of New South Wales completed 778 questionnaires. Case studies, interviews, letters and written comments provided data for qualitative analysis. Approximately 94% of respondents are satisfied with their homes and housing environments. Residential satisfaction is most influenced by the interactions and perceptions of residents; psychological adjustment is influenced by a positive attitudes towards self and one's neighbours; integration in the community is affected by levels of network. Each of these relate strongly with having a sense of community in the neighbourhood. Space internal to the dwelling relates to satisfaction, adjustment and community integration. External space relates to the need for a well planned neighbourhood which affords privacy, safety and amenities. The need for meeting places for small and large groups was recurrent. The results suggest that residents of relocatable homes tend to retain affiliation with organisations joined prior to relocation. They are not reliant on their new neighbours to integrate in their community. This result is contrary to prior research which studied site built homes and traditional neighbourhoods. The present high levels of residential satisfaction would rise if it were not for the overwhelming uncertainty of tenure and unjustifiable rises in site rent. The study reviews government policy especially in relation to tenure. A relocatable home offers no more affordability than a site-built home in the same area in the long-term but it does offer a preferred retirement lifestyle.

The northern KwaZulu-Natal coast is backed by a continuous aeolian dune cordon that rises in places, to a height of more than 100 metres and a width of 2 kilometres. This MSc thesis documents the geomorphology of the area, as well as the mineralogical, geochemical and textural variation of nine boreholes within a small part of the coastal dune cordon between Lake Nhlabane and Cape St.-Lucia. The results provide useful constraints on the identification of individual beach and aeolian dune systems, their age relationships and spatial distribution. Aeolian dunes within the coastal dune cordon were studied using aerial photographs and grouped into five dune classes that reflect their relative age. These comprise 1) a system of highly weathered dunes inland of the present coastal dune cordon, that are thought to represent older dune cordons; 2) a system of weathered and reworked dunes located on the most inland portion of the coastal dune cordon; 3) a less altered, large field of linear parallel dunes located in the northern part of the study area; 4) a system of large scale parabolic dunes; and 5) a system of coastal, relatively unweathered small parabolic dunes. Mineralogy, geochemistry, texture and SEM analysis of borehole samples revealed a complex internal structure within the present coastal dune cordon. In the most inland part of the dune cordon, a basal light grey unit (Unit K) presents similar characteristics to the Kosi Bay Formation. This is overlain by Unit A, comprising beach and dune systems, characterised by a very high heavy mineral content. Unit A also forms the basal unit of the central and coastal portions of the dune cordon. Unit B contains a mixture of reworked sediments from Unit A and younger sediments. Aeolian Units D and E form the upper part of the dune cordon. Units D and E were derived from beach - foredune systems and contain a high carbonate bioclast content. All units are interpreted to be derived from immature sediment from the Tugela River and mature sediment from the continental shelf. In the southern part of the study area, an additional unit (Unit C) with unique characteristics has been interpreted as an aeolian deposit reworked from local fluvial sediments. The units identified from their sedimentological characteristics can be directly correlated to the regional dune classes identified from the geomorphology. Luminescence dating of two calcareous dunes was undertaken, revealing that only the sediment of the small coastal parabolic dunes (Dune Class 5, Unit E2) is of Holocene age. The deposition of the large field of linear dunes (Dune Class 3, Unit D2) took place between 15 000 and 11 000 BP, during the marine transgression following the last glaciation. Luminescence dating also indicated that both dunes were subject to at least one major reworking event. A study on the weathering characteristics of the dunes can be used to attribute a relative age to the nine sedimentological units. With the help of sea level curves and the two luminescence dates, the nine units were attributed an approximate absolute age and regrouped into four sediment packages thought to broadly represent four interglacial periods. The three younger packages are attributed to the penultimate interglacial (lower part of Unit A), last interglacial (upper part of Unit A, Units B and C) and "Holocene" interglacial (Units D and E). Hence the northern KwaZulu-Natal coastal dune cordon under study represents a complex stacking of three generations of coastal dune cordons, and appears to be constituted of sediments with age ranging from at least two hundred thousand years ago to present. The oldest sediment package (Unit K), interpreted as the Kosi Bay Formation, and the older dune cordons (Dune Class I) must be older than 200 000 years, which is older than considered by previous studies. The "Holocene" dune cordon (Units D and E) is interpreted as the Sibayi Formation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

O litoral norte paulista, no fim do século XVIII, tem a produção do açúcar e aguardente como os principais produtos exportados aos portos do Rio de Janeiro e de Santos através da navegação de cabotagem. O café aparece na região logo nos primeiros anos do século XIX, e torna-se dentro de dez anos o maior produto agrícola a ser exportado pelas vilas do litoral norte paulista. A região sofre com duas restrições comerciais do governo paulista que visava desenvolver a agricultura na província, em finais do século XVIII e início do XIX, o que marcará a decadência da produção açucareira e de aguardente. O potencial econômico da região só é retomado alguns anos depois com a produção cafeeira, o que eleva o número da população livre, o contingente escravo, e também, a posse média dos proprietários de cativos. O crescente econômico da região se apresenta até meados da primeira metade do século XIX, entrando a seguir em um declínio econômico acentuado devido à concorrência do café de outras regiões próximas, que detinham maior potencialidade de produção e distribuição. No início do século XIX a região também se dedicou a outras atividades comerciais como a pesca de baleias e o corte venda de madeiras de alto valor comercial empregada na construção naval. A decadência econômica do litoral norte paulista só tem fim com a descoberta pelo turismo e um novo planejamento econômico nacional no início da segunda metade do século XX. / The north coast of São Paulo, in the end of the XVIII century, has sugar and sugar cane brandy as the main products exported to the Rio de Janeiro and Santos ports through the coast. Coffee shows up in the region right in the first years of the XIX century,becoming in a period of ten years the biggest agricultural product exported by the north Coast villages. The region has suffered with two commercial restrictions from São Paulo´s government that aimed to develop the agriculture in the province,in the end of XVIII and beggining of XIX century, that will point the decay of sugar and sugar cane brandy production.The region economical power is retaken only some years later with the coffee production, which increases the number of free population, the number of slaves, and also, the average number slave owners. The region economic growth is present until the first half of XIX century, getting into a severe economic decline due to the coffee competition of other close regions, which had more production and distribution power. In the beggining of XIX century the region has also been into other commercial activities, such as the whaling and the cutting and selling of timbers of high commercial value used in ship building. The north coast economic decay has only an end with the tourism and a new national economic planning in the beggining of the second half of the XX century.

Orientador: João Lima Sant'Anna Neto / Banca: Margarete Cristiane de Costa Trindade Amorim / Banca: Luci Hidalgo Nunes / Resumo: As encostas litorâneas têm sido palco de uma ocupação desordenada e conseqüentemente de uma degradação sem precedentes, favorecendo os impactos pluviais causadores dos processos de movimentos de massa e inundações que passam da ação geomorfológica natural para a antrópica. Assim, esta pesquisa concentra-se no Litoral Norte Paulista, situado entre as Serras do Mar e Juqueriquerê e a Ilha de São Sebastião até a Serra de Parati, compreendendo os municípios de: Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião e Ilhabela. Possui altitudes que variam de 0 a 1200 m, com totais pluviais médios anuais que variam entre 1500 e 3000 mm. A área é caracterizada pela presença marcante da Serra do Mar próxima à linha de costa, apresentando declividade acentuada de suas escarpas, favorecendo a ocorrência de chuvas orográficas. Na região tem ocorrido eventos extremos e catastróficos relacionados às inundações e movimentos de massa, resultando em centenas de vítimas e danos econômicos desencadeados, na sua maioria, por eventos de chuvas intensas de curto período (máximas em 24 horas), associadas ao processo de uso e ocupação inadequados da terra. Na busca pela caracterização regional das variações pluviométricas, com ênfase nos eventos extremos, disserta-se neste trabalho com o propósito de avaliar o impacto das chuvas no espaço geográfico, baseado nos trabalhos de Monteiro (1971) pertinentes aos estudos geográficos do clima e Gerardi (1987) e Martín-Vide (2003), baseado em técnicas de caráter estatístico, destacando medidas de tendência central, dispersão e correlação em diversas escalas temporais. Foram utilizados dados de 15 postos pluviométricos mantidos pelo DAEE - Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica do Estado de São Paulo, no segmento de 1943- 2000. Os procedimentos estatísticos e mapas utilizados foram elaborados nos softwares Excel, Statistica e Surfer, com métodos de Ward e interpolação Kriging. / Abstract: The coastal hillsides have been stage of a disordered occupation and consequently of an unprecedented degradation, favoring the pluvial impacts with are causers of the mass movements and floods processes that pass from the natural geomorphological action into the antropic. Thus, this research concentrates on the São Paulo north coast, located among Serra do Mar, Serra de Juqueriquerê and São Sebastião Island until Serra de Parati, enclosing the municipal districts of: Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, São Sebastião and Ilhabela. The area has altitudes that vary from 0 to 1200m, with annual average pluvial totals that vary between 1500mm and 3000mm. The area is characterized by the outstanding presence of Serra do Mar next to the coast line, presenting accentuated declivity of its scarps, favoring the occurrence of orographic rains. In this area, there have been extreme and catastrophic events related to the floods and mass movements, resulting in hundreds of victims and unchained economical damages, principally, for intense rains events of short period (maxims in 24 hours), associated to the inadequate use process and occupation of the land. In the search for regional characterization of the pluvial variations, with emphasis on the extreme events this work talks about, with the purpose of evaluating the rain impacts in the geographical space, based on the works of Monteiro (1971) which are pertinent to the to the geographical studies of the climate, Gerardi (1987) and Martín-Vide (2003) which are based on statistical character techniques, detaching central trend measures, dispersion and correlation in several temporary scales. Data from 15 pluvial posts maintained by DAEE - Department of Waters and Electric Energy of the São Paulo State - were used, in the segment of 1943-2000. The statistical procedures were elaborated in softwares as Excel, Statistica and Surfer, with methods of Ward and interpolation (Kriging). / Mestre

Mochica cultural reconstructions have been based largely on the analysis of funerary ceramics that contain fineline thematic iconography but context has for the most part been ignored. Previous "ethnographic readings" of Moche fineline themes have not examined the content of non-funerary iconography in specific archaeological contexts, or the relationship between living and funerary iconography based on the contextual data. This investigation addresses these problematic issues by analyzing the artistic content found upon living-context ceramics from the sites of Pampa Grande, and the Huacas de Moche. The content is then examined in relation to funerary iconography, and the living contexts from which it was derived, testing the fundamental premises underlying reconstructions of the ancient Mochica culture.

O litoral norte paulista, no fim do século XVIII, tem a produção do açúcar e aguardente como os principais produtos exportados aos portos do Rio de Janeiro e de Santos através da navegação de cabotagem. O café aparece na região logo nos primeiros anos do século XIX, e torna-se dentro de dez anos o maior produto agrícola a ser exportado pelas vilas do litoral norte paulista. A região sofre com duas restrições comerciais do governo paulista que visava desenvolver a agricultura na província, em finais do século XVIII e início do XIX, o que marcará a decadência da produção açucareira e de aguardente. O potencial econômico da região só é retomado alguns anos depois com a produção cafeeira, o que eleva o número da população livre, o contingente escravo, e também, a posse média dos proprietários de cativos. O crescente econômico da região se apresenta até meados da primeira metade do século XIX, entrando a seguir em um declínio econômico acentuado devido à concorrência do café de outras regiões próximas, que detinham maior potencialidade de produção e distribuição. No início do século XIX a região também se dedicou a outras atividades comerciais como a pesca de baleias e o corte venda de madeiras de alto valor comercial empregada na construção naval. A decadência econômica do litoral norte paulista só tem fim com a descoberta pelo turismo e um novo planejamento econômico nacional no início da segunda metade do século XX. / The north coast of São Paulo, in the end of the XVIII century, has sugar and sugar cane brandy as the main products exported to the Rio de Janeiro and Santos ports through the coast. Coffee shows up in the region right in the first years of the XIX century,becoming in a period of ten years the biggest agricultural product exported by the north Coast villages. The region has suffered with two commercial restrictions from São Paulo´s government that aimed to develop the agriculture in the province,in the end of XVIII and beggining of XIX century, that will point the decay of sugar and sugar cane brandy production.The region economical power is retaken only some years later with the coffee production, which increases the number of free population, the number of slaves, and also, the average number slave owners. The region economic growth is present until the first half of XIX century, getting into a severe economic decline due to the coffee competition of other close regions, which had more production and distribution power. In the beggining of XIX century the region has also been into other commercial activities, such as the whaling and the cutting and selling of timbers of high commercial value used in ship building. The north coast economic decay has only an end with the tourism and a new national economic planning in the beggining of the second half of the XX century.

Title from screen page; viewed 10 Dec. 2004. Includes bibliographical references. Electronic publication; full text available in PDF format; abstract in HTML format. xvi, 314 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.

Thesis (Masters. English) - University of Zululand, 2006. / The post 1994 era in South Africa has been characterized by rampant change. During this age of transition, almost every aspect of social life has seen new institutions and structures being put in place to redress the injustices and imbalances of the apartheid system. Education has not been an exception. The English Second Language (ESL) syllabus was changed in 1996 and replaced by the 'Interim Core Syllabus'. Since 1996, this interim syllabus has been in effect until 2006 in Grades 11 and 12. Practically, the Education Department of South Africa has relied on the ESL syllabus which was meant to be a temporary measure for eleven years. In the classes lower than Grades 11 and 12, Curriculum 2005 was put in place and was subsequently replaced by the Revised National Curriculum Statement. Again, the Revised National Curriculum Statement was replaced by the National Curriculum Statement. In short, until 2006 high schools, that is, Further Education and Training band, have relied on the interim syllabus and Grade 12 will continue doing so up to 2007. Prompted by the fact that the ESL syllabus had been interim for quite some time and the learners' performance was not satisfactory, the researcher engaged in this study. In 1999 and 2000, learners' performance in ESL in the Empangeni Region was not of the required standard. Eshowe district, which is the focus of this study, was no exception. Learners' poor performance in ESL during these years meant that the aims and objectives of the ESL Interim Core Syllabus for Standard 8,9 and 10 that was used by schools were not entirely realized. This research aimed at finding factors that were responsible for learners' not performing up to the required standard during the years referred to above and possibly in subsequent years. The point of departure for this study was syllabus design - specifically the Interim Core Syllabus of 1996. Admittedly, there may have been other factors that are social, political, affective, etc in nature. However, this study was concerned with factors more directly linked to the education system since syllabi used in schools to facilitate learner assessment are an education factor.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a mudança social no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo que resultou no crescimento do turismo depois de eventos ocorridos por ações do Estado por volta de 1970. Foi utilizado o estudo de caso da praia de Camburi para analisar a mudança social destes eventos até as suas consequências com o aumento do turismo nos dias atuais / This work aims to analyze social change on the northern coast of São Paulo that resulted in the growth of tourism after the events of shares of the state around 1970. Camburi Beach case study was used to analyze the change social these events to their consequences with ncreased tourism today

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a mudança social no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo que resultou no crescimento do turismo depois de eventos ocorridos por ações do Estado por volta de 1970. Foi utilizado o estudo de caso da praia de Camburi para analisar a mudança social destes eventos até as suas consequências com o aumento do turismo nos dias atuais / This work aims to analyze social change on the northern coast of São Paulo that resulted in the growth of tourism after the events of shares of the state around 1970. Camburi Beach case study was used to analyze the change social these events to their consequences with ncreased tourism today