A net shift analysis was used to analyze growth in employment and value added from 1954 to 1982 in SIC 2037, Frozen Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Vegetables. This analysis indicated that the Pacific Northwest dominated the growth experienced in this sector over this time period. Oregon's share of total U.S. employment in SIC 2037 increased from 7.3 percent in 1954 to 16.1 percent in 1982. Value added in Oregon was 16.1 percent of the U.S. total in 1982, and growth in both employment and value added was at a greater rate than the overall U.S. rate of growth in this sector. Washington's share of employment increased from 10.3 percent to 13 percent, and the share of U.S. total value added in this sector grew from 11 percent to 14.2 percent. Value added by the freezing of fruits and vegetables in Idaho increased to 10.3 percent of the U.S. total in 1982, and employment grew to a share of 10.5 percent, from 3.5 percent in 1954. An informal survey of executives in six food processing plants in Oregon suggested that expanding international export markets was essential to continued growth for this industry in the Pacific Northwest. A model of Japan's import demand of frozen vegetable products, specifically corn and potatoes, is estimated using data from 1978 through 1986 of real own price at the export site, Japanese consumer expenditures adjusted by Japan's CPI, and Japan's domestic production of frozen corn and potatoes. Commerce Department data on exports by Customs District was used to disaggregate import demand by region; namely Oregon, Washington, the two together as Pacific Northwest, and the total U.S. It was found that the demand for frozen corn imports is more responsive to changes in real own price than the import demand for frozen potatoes. Income elasticities were positive and higher for frozen potato import demand than for frozen corn demand, except for Oregon originating exports. Production in Japan of frozen corn has a higher negative impact on exports from Oregon ports than Washington based exports. Production of frozen potatoes in Japan did not have a negative impact on import demand from any of the four export sites. / Graduation date: 1989

A total of 627 echinoderm species (12 crinoids, 185 asteroids, 185 ophiuroids, 95 echinoids and 150 holothuroids) are known from the shallow and deep waters between southern California and southern Peru, and an up-to-date classification scheme is given for them. Distribution tables provide detailed presence-absence data for latitudinal increments, geographic range endpoints, depth ranges, and substrate associations of each species. Annotated lists of all species include relevant synonyms and mistaken records as well as literature citations used for both lists and distribution tables. A species-level biogeographic analysis shows that echinoderm provinces conform to those generally observed for other marine taxa, including mollusks, crustaceans and fishes. Based on cluster analysis and more traditional approaches (using species richness, faunal turnover and faunal composition), overall faunal similarity of the shelf echinoderms is very high between 23°N and 4°S, in the tropical Panamic province. There is a northern warm-temperate fauna (California province) between Pt. Conception, California and Pt. Eugenio, Baja California that also extends into lower Baja and the Gulf of California. Warm-temperate elements in the subtropical Gulf of California distinguish it from the tropics, and it is recognized as a faunal province in spite of its low endemism. Echinoderm endemism is unusually high in the Galapagos province and is attributed to the wide habitat diversity and isolation of the archipelago. There is no evidence for a Mexican province, but there is evidence for a distinction between the tropics to the north and south of Costa Rica/Panama. Transition zones (especially in Panama and southern California) often have high species richness, increased habitat diversity, and a number of endemic species. The warm-water eastern Pacific genera are most closely related to those of the west Atlantic tropics, but very few species are shared between the regions. Trans-Pacific species in the CEP are widespread throughout the region. A confinement of Indo-Pacific species to offshore CEP islands is only seen at Clipperton Island, the lone coral atoll of the eastern Pacific.

Beach sand acts as a buffer to wave energy, protecting the shoreline from erosion. Estimates of the quantity and distribution of beach sand in littoral cells of the PNW are critical to the understanding and prediction of shoreline erosion or accretion. This study was initiated in order to: 1) document the distribution of sand in littoral cells of the Pacific Northwest; 2) determine the factors which have brought about these present distributions; and 3) address the relationship of beach sand distribution to shoreline stability.

Graduation date: 1987

Graduation date: 1963

This study explored how students navigate the technological landscape of a public, land-grant institution. Through online surveys and semi-structured, one-on-one interviews, the study operated through an anticipatory/participatory lens to research with the intent of understanding students' experiences with technology at a research institution. Using this methodology and Triandis and Triandis' (1960) Theory of Social Distance and Sanford's (1969) Theory of Challenge and Support as theoretical support, the study identified five themes regarding students' experiences with technology: (a) differences in students' perceived levels of technological fluency (b) institutional expectations of students' technological fluency, (c) variance in institutional training on educational technologies, (d) importance of personal computer ownership and Internet access, and (e) understanding individual technological needs. Coupled with the methodology, these findings serve to proffer institutional awareness and understanding of students' experiences of an institution's technological landscape. / Graduation date: 2012

Black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) is an important marine recreational species throughout the Pacific Northwest. Recent catch data indicate a trend of age-truncation in the black rockfish population off the Oregon coast, with older females rapidly disappearing from the population. In populations with broad age distributions, older fish may contribute disproportionately to larval production through a variety of mechanisms. Thus, the removal of older age classes through fishing may impact the population far beyond the simple loss of biomass. We tested the hypothesis that older females produce higher quality offspring, or offspring otherwise more capable of survival, than those from younger females. Mature female black rockfish of various ages were captured live and held until parturition. Larvae were then reared under identical conditions to compare performance in terms of growth, starvation, and mortality. Results indicate that older females produce offspring that grow faster in both length and weight, survive longer in the absence of an exogenous food supply, and exhibit lower mortality rates than offspring from younger mothers. This difference in larval performance may be explained by the relatively greater amount of endogenous energy reserves present in the oil globules of offspring from older mothers. Larval oil globule volume at parturition was significantly related to all larval performance factors and was strongly correlated with maternal age. Given the difference in larval quality, it is critical for the management of black rockfish, and possibly other species as well, that these older individuals not be addressed solely in terms of biomass, but their relative reproductive contribution and the repercussions of their removal from the population be considered. / Graduation date: 2004

The "old-growth controversy" in the Pacific Northwest recognized thinning as the primary silvicultural practice for land managers to produce wildlife habitat while continuing to produce timber. For the foreseeable future, forest stands will be harvested to produce forest gaps and a patchwork of trees of different ages. In order to evaluate the effect of thinning on biodiversity, nine 15-year-old harvests of this type (age=70 years) were paired with adjacent old-growth and even-aged, unthinned "pole" stands. Since soil is the crucible of terrestrial biodiversity, it is critical to contrast the effects upon the forest floor of this future practice with current management. Soil and litter fauna were monitored along 250 meter transects (pitfall and Berlese sampling at ten-meter intervals) to meet the following objectives: 1) to determine biological diversity on public lands, per federal mandate, and use diversity as a management tool; 2) compare levels of biodiversity between three management strategies; 3) determine best methods to assay arthropod diversity; and 4) identify structural and environmental determinants of arthropod diversity and abundance. The study's hypotheses were: 1) old-growth forests will have greater arthropod diversity than thinned stands; 2) thinned stands will have greater arthropod diversity than unthinned stands; and 3) species found within old-growth stands, but not within unthinned pole stands, will also be found in thinned stands. This study contrasted nine Western Hemlock/Douglas-fir sites each with contrasting old-growth, thinned and unthinned pole management stands. Sites were equally blocked in Southern Oregon, the Coast Range, and the Cascade Mountains. No segment of the arthropod fauna. (i.e., pitfall-trapped epigeic macroarthropods, Berlese-extracted litter-dwelling meso- and microarthropods, or soil-dwelling microarthropods) exhibited a management (treatment) effect throughout the entire region. When the regional blocking was removed, within-region analysis generally revealed that old-growth was most distinct. Old-growth stands had the highest abundance of individuals, but were comprised of the fewest species. Thinned stands were characterized by the highest species richness. Within-region analysis revealed an interaction of management effects and specific locale effects; locale effects dominated for soil microarthropods and epigeic macroarthropods, while management options dominated for litter arthropods. Within the Southern Oregon region, I attempted to correlate arthropod community structure (canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of within-stand samples) with a suite of soil chemical and microbiological descriptors. Full analysis of twelve variables within one exemplary stand revealed several potential trends (negative: dissolved organic carbon, soil moisture, distance from the beginning of the transect; positive: total CO��� field respiration, mineralizable nitrogen, water-induced respiration, substrate-induced respiration). Relatively shallow slopes and very low r-value coefficients of correlation characterized all statistical tests. Few of the trends apparent at one site were paralleled at more than one other site; at all sites potential correlates had very low r-values. No community revealed separate clouds in CCA analysis, indicating distinct "micro-communities" of arthropods inhabiting distinct micro-habitats. Lack of distinctive species assemblages and lack of correlation with microhabitat variables indicated that arthropods respond on different temporal and/or spatial scales then the microbial-oriented variables, and that each taxon is responding in an individual manner. / Graduation date: 1998

This ethnography describes RV [recreational vehicle] seasonal migration as an adaptive, transhumant strategy. The study population is retired, transhumant migrants, who are members of a nation-wide, membership camping organization. Fieldwork was conducted over a period of seven months at two sites located on the West Coast. These sites reflect northern and southern locations corresponding to seasonal migration patterns. Standard scholarly orientations to the study of retired RV seasonal migrants manifest ethnocentrism and a tendency to stereotype RVers as amenity-migrants. An original and primary objective of the present study was to reach beyond these conceptualizations and popularized images through first-hand, descriptive accounts collected within the context of the culture. This research expands on two existing studies focusing on social and cultural aspects of RV seasonal migration. In contrast to these accounts, the present study provides cultural description of the daily life of retired RVers focusing on the distinctive ways that members of this subculture express mainstream American cultural values underlying their adaptive strategies. This study proposes an alternative conceptualization of RV seasonal migration, derived from the culture itself. The conclusion is that these adaptive strategies reflect patterns of social organization, patterns of resource management, and patterns of social, familial, and interpersonal relationships, that are congruent with mainstream American cultural values of self-reliant individualism, equality, and material comfort; values that have historical, philosophical roots in the Protestant Work Ethic. The RVers' identity derives from maintaining membership in a temporary, fluid, mobile community. They have cohesive social networks with well-defined boundaries, which they defend against threats to group identity. This study contributes to an understanding of what RV seasonal migration means to the participants themselves, and by extension, to their families, to communities, and to our aging society. / Graduation date: 1996

An approach to understanding and managing anadromous salmon, steelhead, and sea-run cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) based on life history and evolutionary adaptive capacities of species and stocks is presented. Species, stocks, and local populations are viewed as systems that are continuously adapting to changing environmental conditions. They have the potential capacity to evolve in different ways in different environments through both life history and evolutionary adaptation. Habitat organization forms a template for genus, species, stock, and local population life history organization. Harvesting, habitat alteration resulting from land use practices and other human activities can alter the organization and adaptive capacities of species and stocks, and thus their long term persistence. The adaptive capacity of Oncorhynchus relative to its habitat and management environment is examined at the species, stock, and local population levels. Life history characteristics of representative stocks and local populations are analyzed using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DECORANA). Fresh water migration distance and latitude are used to "explain" ordination patterns of Oncorhynchus species in the North Pacific Basin. Fresh water migration difficulty and mean annual runoff are used to interpret life history patterns of Columbia Basin chinook salmon stocks. Upstream migration difficulty and fall water temperatures are used to explain the ordination patterns of local populations of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Fishery management practices are examined in terms of their impacts on the organization and adaptive capacity of species, stocks, and local populations of Oncorhynchus. Management generalizations and guidelines derived from the life history theory are applied to management of Willamette spring chinook salmon. Maintaining habitat changes in the Willamette Basin within the historic range of fluctuations will tend to maximize co-organization of local populations. Management activities should provide relatively constant habitat and fishery conditions for natural selection processes to "organize" life history traits over a period of at least a few generations. Fisheries should selectively harvest local populations that show a high degree of realization of their adaptive capacity. By focusing instead on maximizing the co-organization of stocks, their habitat and fishery environments, and protecting the adaptive capacities of stocks, we will go a long way toward providing long-term sustainability for social communities dependent on fisheries. / Graduation date: 1994