Better communication, more stakeholder engagement, policy integration, policy certainty and more resources to encourage innovation and access are needed to improve the effectiveness of Pacific Carbon Trust (PCT). This British Columbia Crown corporation, created to establish a carbon offset market and facilitate a carbon-neutral government, successfully met its ambitious first year target to offset the provincial government’s operating emissions. Stakeholder interviews reveal most participants feel PCT has been largely effective and has the potential to be replicated with modifications in other jurisdictions. As part of a larger climate change action framework, this instrument can be used to demonstrate innovative ways to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while helping influence cultural norms and behaviour. It can also play a part in stimulating the local green economy and positioning B.C. as a green innovation hub. Mixed methods have been used to evaluate how effectively PCT is living up to its potential.

Amphibious operations are a topic central to the history of World War Two in the Pacific Theatre. The majority of research on this topic has been centred on the impact of American experiences and successes attributed to the development and evolution of amphibious warfare. The contributions of the United Kingdom and Japan to the development of amphibious warfare have been either overlooked or marginalized. This thesis will investigate the amphibious activities of all three powers both during and before the Pacific War, and seek to explain the importance of each nation's contribution to amphibious warfare. In addition, the thesis will demonstrate how in its highest forms amphibious operations became a fully fledged system of global force projection. The thesis will explain how each of these powers interpreted the legacy of the failure of the 1915 Gallipoli campaign both in the context of their own wartime experiences, and in their respective strategic worldviews. This interpretation is central to how each power prepared for amphibious operations in the next war. The importance of the geography of the Pacific Ocean to the evolution and development of amphibious warfare will be discussed, as will the advances in technology that allowed the creation of logistical systems to support these operations.

Since the end of the Cold War internal conflict has emerged more and more into the foreground of concern in the international arena. It is seemingly more perverse and intractable than traditional interstate conflict, and as a result it is increasingly harder to resolve. Recurrence of internal conflict has been and remains to be a significant issue. Because of the nature of internal conflict and the underlying causes of the violence, the way in which its resolution is approached has a significant impact on the likelihood of success. The theory of peacebuilding, while still in its infancy, is gaining more and attention as a way in which to approach internal conflict and help to establish long-term peace in post-conflict societies. This thesis analyses the theory of peacebuilding and develops a framework based on this research that includes what I believe are the most relevant aspects of the approach. This framework is then applied to three cases; East Timor, Bougainville and the Solomon Islands. The theory is based on the idea of building long-term sustainable peace. This is done by not only improving the security situation in the host state but also working through the underlying causes of the violence and helping to establish sustainable and self-reliant institutions that will help support peace within the state long after the peacebuilders have withdrawn. The main focus of this research is internal conflict in the Pacific region. Conflict in the region, while somewhat insignificant on an international scale, is disproportionate to the small size of the region. The effects of conflict are felt long after the fighting has stopped. The theory of peacebuilding in the Pacific is approached by examining three peacebuilding missions that have been undertaken in the region and analysing the strengths and weaknesses of these cases. From here the overall success of these missions is examined. Ideas about peacebuilding success are then developed and a look at the future of peacebuilding in the region is outlined.

No description available.

No description available.

Feasibility of ohmic heating to overcome gel-weakening in Pacific whiting surimi was investigated. An ohmic heating apparatus was developed using two rhodium-coated stainless steel electrodes inside a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube, a variable transformer, and voltage and current transducers. Rapid heating associated with the ohmic process quickly inactivated endogenous proteinase(s), resulting in significantly high shear stress and shear strain of surimi gels (78% moisture content, 2% NaCl). Degradation of myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin examined by SDS-PAGE were significantly reduced and continuous gel structure were shown by scanning electron microscopy. Whiting surimi heated in a 90°C water bath for 15 min exhibited poor gel quality and disordered microstructure due to proteolysis of MHC. Electrical conductivity, a critical parameter influencing rate of heat generation during ohmic heating, was elucidated. Electrical conductivities of whiting surimi pastes with four moisture contents (75, 78, 81, and 84% wet basis) and added NaCl (1, 2, 3, and 4%) were measured from 10 to 90°C using ohmic heating at voltage gradient of 3.3, 6.7, and 13.3 V/cm. Electrical conductivity significantly increased with temperature and salt content and slightly increased with moisture content. The effect of the voltage gradient was evident at combinations of high moisture (81, 84%) and NaCl content (3, 4%), due to electrochemical reactions at the electrodes. The empirical model of electrical conductivity as a function of temperature and compositional characteristics predicted values with an error range of 0-15.6%. Finally, kinetic models of textural degradation of whiting surimi were developed using two different approaches: isothermal and nonisothermal procedure over a range of temperature (40-85°C) and time (0.5-35 min). The effect of thermal lag was accounted for using the models derived from the Arrhenius equation. Textural degradation obtained from both methods followed first order kinetic. Degradation of MHC derived from nonisothermal procedure was best described by apparent reaction order of 1.4. Degradation rate of gel texture and MHC increased with temperature and reached the highest rate at 55 and 57°C, respectively. Then they decreased to minimum rate at 70 and 75°C, respectively. The kinetic model for the loss of MHC satisfactorily estimated MHC content of the controls with an averaged error of 10.8%. Relationship between degradation of MHC and gel texture are discussed. / Graduation date: 1996

Nearly three months of current meter records from five moorings off the Oregon coast taken between October 1977 and January 1978 were analyzed for near-inertial motions. The moorings were located from the midshelf out to the foot of the continental slope, spanning the continental margin. All but two of the eleven current meters were continuously below the mixed layer. For spectral analysis, the current observation period was divided into two time periods, one with large amplitude near-inertial motion (41.1 cm/sec maximum of the band-passed records) throughout and the other with much less near-inertial energy. The spectra of the current meter records showed between a 1 and 6% increase in frequency of the near-inertial peak above f (= 0.0592 cph) in all but three cases. The exceptions showed spectral peaks about 14% below f and were linked to a Doppler shift. The period of large amplitude near-inertial motion had diagonal coherence scales of over 450 meters vertically and 115 kilometers horizontally. An east-west (cross-shelf) wavelength of about 50 kilometers was estimated directly from the phase differences between current meters with roughly horizontal separations. The observed response of a current meter about 35 meters below the mixed layer to sharp maxima in the wind stress was similar to that predicted by the Pollard and Millard (1970) model for wind forced near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. The winds associated with a series of atmospheric fronts were apparently responsible for generating a 14-day period of large amplitude near-inertial motion observed below the mixed layer. / Graduation date: 1982

Graduation date: 1982

Graduation date: 1986

Graduation date: 1973