The primary function of an automobile rear View Mirror is to provide the driver with a clear vision interpretation of all objects to the rear and side of the vehicle. The rear View Mirror is a bluff body and there are several problems associated with the rear View Mirror. These include buffeting, image distortion (due to aerodynamically induced and structural vibration), aerodynamically induced noise (due to cavities and gaps) and water and dirt accumulation on Mirror glass Surface. Due to excessive glass vibration, the rear View Mirror may not provide a clear image. Thus, vibrations of Mirror can severely impair the driver's vision and safety of the vehicle and its occupants. The rear View Mirrors are generally located close to the A-pillar region on the side window. A conical vortex forms on the side window close to A-pillar due to A-pillar geometry and the presence of side rear View Mirror and flow separation from it makes the airflow even more complex. The primary objective of this work is to study the aerodynamic pressures on Mirror Surface at Various speeds to determine the effects of aerodynamics on to Mirror vibration. Additionally, the Mirror was modified by Shrouding around the external periphery to determine the possibility of minimisation of aerodynamic pressure fluctuations and thereby vibration. The Shrouding length used for the analysis was of 24mm, 34mm and 44mm length. The mean and fluctuating pressures were measured using a production rear side View Mirror fitted to a ¼ quarter production passenger car in RMIT Industrial Wind Tunnel. The tests were also conducted in semi-isolation condition to understand influence of the A-pillar geometry. The mean and fluctuating pressures were converted into non-dimensional pressure coefficients (Cp and Cprms) and the frequency content of the fluctuating pressure was analysed. The results show that the fluctuating aerodynamic pressures are not uniformly distributed over an automobile Mirror Surface. The highest magnitude of fluctuating pressure for the standard Mirror was found at the central bottom part of the Mirror Surface. The highest magnitude of fluctuating pressure for the modified Mirror was found at the central top part of the Mirror Surface. As expected, the modification has significant effect on the magnitude of fluctuating pressure. The results show that an increase of Shrouding length reduces the magnitude of the fluctuating pressure. The frequency-based analysis was done to understand the energy characteristics of the flow, particularly to its phase, since it is the out of phase components that usually cause Mirror rotational vibration. The spectral analysis showed that the magnitude of the energy distribution reduces with increase of shrouding length throughout the frequency range. Flow visualisation was also used to supplement the pressure data. The effects of yaw angles were not included in this study, however, are thought to be worthy of further investigation. On road testing and the variation of mirror locations might have some effects on the fluctuating pressures. These need to be investigated in the future work. The quarter model used in this study was a car specific. However, for more generic results, a simplified model with variable geometry can be used in future study.

This thesis considers the problem of designing gain scheduled flight control system (FCS) for large transport aircraft that satisfy handling qualities criteria. The goal is to design a set of local Linear Time Invariant (LTI) controllers to cover the wide non- linear aircraft operation flight envelope from the viewpoint of the handling qualities assessment. The global gain scheduler is then designed that interpolates between the gains of the local controllers in order to transfer smoothly between different equilibrium points, and more importantly to satisfy the handling qualities over the entire flight envelope. The mathematical model of the Boeing 747-100/200 aircraft is selected for the purpose of the flight controller design and handling qualities as- sessment. In order to achieve an attitude hold characteristic, and also improve the dynamic tracking behavior of the aircraft, longitudinal pitch Rate Command-Attitude Hold (RCAH) controllers are designed as the local flight controllers at the specific equilib- rium points in the flight envelope by means of a state space pole placement design procedure. The handling qualities assessment of the aircraft is presented, based on which the scheduler is designed. A number of existing criteria are employed to assess the han- dling qualities of the aircraft, including the Control Anticipation Parameter (CAP), Neal and Smith, and C∗ criteria. The gain scheduled flight controller is found to have satisfactory handling qualities. The global gain scheduler is designed by interpolating the gains of the local flight controllers in order to transfer smoothly between different equilibrium points, and more importantly to satisfy the handling qualities over the flight envelope. The main contribution of this research is the combination of the gain scheduling technique based on the local controller design approach and handling qualities as- sessment. The controllers are designed based at a number of operating points and the interpolation between them (scheduling) takes place through the scheduling scheme functions. The aircraft augmented with gain-scheduled controller performs satisfactorily and meets the requirement of handling qualities. Moreover, the per- formance using the gain-scheduled controller is considerably improved compared to the performance using the fixed one.

Emissions from passenger transport causes impacts to the environment and human health. With increasing demand for urban transportation caused by population growth and urbanization new transport solutions are needed. Vectus Intelligent Transport develops a new transport solution with the Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) technology which provides individual, automated and on demand transportation. Vectus is currently building their first commercial system at the Suncheon wetlands in South Korea. One of the purposes with the Suncheon PRT system is to reduce the environmental impact on the unique eco-system of the wetlands. The PRT technology is considered a sustainable transport solution due to the fact that it is electrically powered. However, there has not until now been any detailed environmental analysis of a complete PRT system. In this thesis a life cycle assessment (LCA) for the Vectus PRT was performed to identify the parts of the system that contributed to the largest environmental impact and in which phase of the life cycle these impacts occurred, as well as the impact of some system changes. The Suncheon PRT system was used as a ground scenario. All processes needed to construct, operate and dismantle the system were included in the assessment and were used to build a material and energy flow model for the complete life cycle. For the overall system the track stood for the largest impact followed by the vehicles. These impacts occurred at different phases of the life cycle, the tracks during construction due to its large mass and vehicles during operation due to the energy demand. A track made of steel had a lower environmental impact compared to a concrete track due to its lighter structure. By using certified electricity mix the impact during the operation phase could be reduced by over 95 % for most of the impact categories studied. The choice of electricity mix during operation was the single most efficient way to affect the overall environmental impact of the system. Using power collection instead of batteries was the preferred alternative as the vehicle power system due to short lifetime for batteries and increase in number of vehicles to maintain passenger capacity due to charging time. By combining these configurations for the Suncheon PRT system the overall environmental impact could be lowered by about 50 %. According to the LCA a slight decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and increase of emissions of acidifying substances will occur compared to competing modes of transport, such as transportation with cars and buses, due to the construction of the Suncheon PRT. However, during operation minimal emissions will occur at the Suncheon wetlands thus fulfilling the purpose of the PRT. There is also a large potential to substantially lower the impact by choosing renewable power, an alternative not available for gasoline driven vehicles. / Utsläpp från persontransporter påverkar både miljön och människors hälsa. Med ökad efterfrågan av stadstrafik på grund av befolkningstillväxt och urbanisering krävs nya transportlösningar. Vectus Intelligent Transportation utvecklar en ny transportlösning med konceptet spårtaxi (PRT) som erbjuder individuell och automatiserad passagerartransport på begäran. Vectus uppför för närvarande sitt första kommersiella system vid Suncheons nationalpark i Sydkorea. Ett av syftena med spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon är att minska miljöpåverkan vid nationalparken. PRT-tekniken anses vara en hållbar transportlösning tack vare det faktum att driften sker med el. Någon detaljerad miljöanalys av ett komplett spårtaxisystem har dock inte tidigare utförts. I detta examensarbete utfördes en livscykelanalys (LCA) för Vectus PRT för att identifiera vilka delar av systemet som bidrog till störst miljöpåverkan och i vilken del av livscykeln dessa effekter inträffade samt effekter av olika ändringar i systemutformning. Spårtaxisystemet i Suncheon användes som grundscenario. Alla processer som krävdes för att bygga, driva och avveckla systemet ingick i analysen och användes till att bygga en material- och energiflödesmodell för hela livscykeln. För det totala systemet stod spåret för den största miljöpåverkan följt av fordonen. Dessa effekter uppstod under olika faser av livscykeln, spåret under konstruktion på grund av dess stora massa och fordonen under drift på grund av dess energiförbrukning. Ett spår bestående av stål hade en lägre miljöpåverkan jämfört med ett spår i betong tack vare dess lättare struktur. Genom att använda certifierad elmix kunde effekterna under driftsfasen minskas med över 95 % för flertalet av de studerade miljöeffekterna. Valet av elmix under drift var det enskilt mest effektiva sättet att påverka systemets totala miljöpåverkan. Användandet av strömavtagare i stället för batterier var att föredra som alternativ till fordonens energikälla. Detta på grund av kort livslängd för batterier och en ökning av totala antalet fordon i systemet för att upprätthålla passagerarkapacitet på grund av laddningstiden. Genom att kombinera dessa konfigurationer för Suncheons spårtaxisystem kunde den totala miljöpåverkan sänkas ca 50%. Enligt LCAn kommer en liten utsläppsminskning av växthusgaser men en ökning av utsläpp av försurande ämnen ske jämfört med konkurrerande vägtransporter, så som bilar och bussar, genom uppförandet av spårtaxisystemet vid Suncheon. Däremot kommer minimala utsläpp ske vid Suncheons nationalpark under drifttiden vilket uppfyller syftet med spårtaxisystemet. Det finns också en stor potential att avsevärt sänka effekterna genom att välja förnyelsebara energikällor, ett alternativ som inte skulle vara möjligt för bensindrivna motorfordon.

In globalizing world, increase in demand for high speed rail travel requires comfortable ride over bridges while maintaining an economical design. These bridges either have composite steel I-girders, prestressed precast I or box girder superstructures. The span lengths can reach up to 40 meters. If frequency of wheel load pass at a point on bridge matches with one the critical frequencies of the structure, excessive vibration can developed both at the train and the bridge even if the structure is structurally safe. Excessive vibration can discomfort the passengers. Focus of this study is given to identify certain thresholds for the rigidity of span to minimize the passenger discomfort at short-span composite steel I-girder high speed railroad bridges. In this context, various span lengths with different girder configurations have been analyzed under various train design speeds and ballast stiffness. Eigenvalue analyses are performed to determine critical frequencies of bridges. Moving force models are used to determine structural vibrations as recommended by high speed railroad bridge design specifications. It is well-known that stiffer structures can have significantly less vibration amplitudes than lighter ones providing a comfortable ride for high speed train passes.

No description available.

The critical attention that has been given to Vita Sackville-West’s travel literature has primarily focused on the relationships between these texts and the novels of Virginia Woolf on account of the intimate relationship that existed between the two writers. I argue in this paper that Sackville-West’s travel accounts are worthy of study in and of themselves. This report explores the ways that the genre of travel literature was changing in the early twentieth century through Vita Sackville-West’s Passenger to Teheran (1926). Critics such as Marie Louise Pratt have noted that eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British travel accounts had been used as a way to transmit technical knowledge of, and authority over, the East. Sackville-West’s text throws this tradition of the genre into question through its focus on the traveler’s subjectivity. Working from Michel de Certeau’s ideas regarding railway travel and incarceration, I want to demonstrate that the traveler’s subjectivity is augmented by her position as a passenger in various modes of mobility. Ultimately I argue that the privileging of imagination and subjectivity over scientific knowledge found in Passenger to Teheran unravels the traditional epistemology of travel writing which positions the traveler as an authority figure on the East, and instead positions Sackville-West as a traveler-aesthete. This shift in the role of the travel writer reveals that while Pratt’s description characterizes some travel writing, Sackville-West’s travel project is more concerned with discovering the creative potential that travel can stimulate in the mind rather than purporting to reveal facts about the outside world. / text

published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

Baigiamojo magistro darbo tema - naujas keleivių terminalas Tarptautiniame Vilniaus oro uoste. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis literatūros ir informaciniais šaltiniais, atliktais projektais ir prieš projektinėmis studijomis, išanalizuoti oro uostų terminalų pastatų projektavimo principus ir keliamus reikalavimus, atitinkančius šiuolaikiniams poreikiams. Tyrimo objektas – terminalo pastato vietos parinkimas ir projektavimas Tarptautiniame Vilniaus oro uoste. Tyrimo problema glūdi šiandienos situacijoje Vilniuje – augantis keleivių skaičius per metus, transporto infrastruktūros savitumas ir palankus urbanistinis kontekstas yra pagrindiniai veiksniai, sąlygosiantys netolimoje ateityje, šalia jau pastatyto terminalo, naujo terminalo statybą TVOU. Terminalo pasiūlą ir kokybę lemia augantis keleivių skaičius ir naujos technologijos. Darbo autorė siūlo Vilniaus tarptautiniame oro uoste statyti jos suprojektuotą keleivių terminalo pastatą. Projektuojant naują keleivių terminalo pastatą buvo siekiama išraiškingesnės architektūros, komfortabilesnės aplinkos ir mažinti eksploatacines išlaidas. Darbą sudaro 5 dalys: įvadas, analitinė dalis (iki projektiniai tyrimai), projektinė dalis (eksperimentinis projektavimas ir pastato projektas), išvados ir siūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 87 p. teksto be priedų, 35 iliustr., 2 lent., 17 bibliografiniai ir informaciniai šaltiniai; darbo priedai. Atskirai parengti projekto 10 brėžinių ir 2 maketai. / Theme of master final work – new passenger terminal in Vilnius International airport. Objective of the reseach – to analyse the principles and requirement for the passenger terminal building designing on the base of feasibility studies and projects, lieterature and information resources. Subject of reseach – the choice of plane and designing of passenger terminal building in Vilnius International airport. The problem is today‘s situation in Vilnius – increacing passenger number ,transport infrastructure peculiarity and urbanistic context are the key factors, which influence the construction of the new passenger terminal in International Vilnius airport in the near future. The supply of passenger terminal and their quality is predetermined by the passenger and new technology. Author of thesis offers to construct her designed passenger terminal in International Vilnius airport. In this project author try to reach more expressive architecture, better comfort for passengers and to reduce the exploitation expeditures. Structure: introduction, analytic part, design and pilot project, conclussion and suggestions, referentes. Thesis consists of : 87 p. text without appendixes, 35 pictures, 2 tables, 17 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.10 drawings and 2 models.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojama integruotos keleivinio transporto politikos įgyvendinimas Lietuvoje, aptariama politikos formavimo ir įgyvendinimo procesas bei integruotos keleivinio transporto politikos kūrimas, vertinamos politikos įgyvendinimo priemonės, jų pasirinkimas ir įgyvendinimo sėkmingumas, pristatomi svarbiausi Europos Sąjungos teisės aktų reikalavimai ir jų nuostatų pritaikymas bei įgyvendinimas Lietuvos politikos procese. / The thesis analyzes integrated passenger transport policy implementation in Lithuania, discusses the design and implementation process of an integrated passenger transport policy development, describes policy assessment measures, their selection and the success of their implementation, and introduces the most important EU legislative requirements and the application of these provisions in Lithuania’s transport policy.