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The purpose of this project has been to further develop the ergonomic comfort andextended use of a concept sleigh early in development by Bombardier Recreational Productsin Finland. Their concept already featured a modern looking exterior design with a largewindow, innovative doors that gives of vibes of a modern sports car. The original conceptalso has multifunctional benches that allows storage and a prone position. The goal has beento deliver my final concept in the shape of a 3D-model with the new features. Side goals wasgiven besides the ergonomic improvements, these were to make the sleigh fit on a 3.5-meter trailer along with a snowmobile and see if components from other products producedby BRP Finland, Rovaniemi, would be ergonomically beneficial to the sleigh while notaffecting the dimensions in an undesirable way. The process of this project has been basedon three main phases namely Inspiration, Ideation, and Creation. The first phase focused onexploring the market and the users of similar products with the help of a competitor analysiswith sleighs suggested by the company. During the Inspiration phase an academic study wasmade where relevant knowledge was collected. That was for example to support thisdevelopment with information about how the users and stakeholders should be involvedduring an Industrial design process. Very useful information about ergonomics andanthropology aspects was discovered and applied. A form was sent out to users where it wasshown that the passenger comfort was the most important aspect of a sleigh. The secondphase was focused on development of new ideas that were spawned during two workshopsand sketching methods. The third phase, Creation, finalised the concepts and throughmatrices the best concept was selected based on criteria taken from the user’s interest andother aspects of the sleigh like the side goals of the project. The result of this project wasconcept Virgo, which is a concept based in BRPs original design with features spawned andevaluated during this project. Much research and reiterations has gone into thisdevelopment to arrive at minor improvements to bring great customer value to the sleigh ifimplemented when it becomes available on the market

No / Braking system characteristics, brake system performance and brake system component design parameters that influence brake pedal ‘feel’ in a passenger car have been studied using the simulation modelling package AMESim, in particular to model the linear and nonlinear characteristics of internal components. A passenger car hydraulic brake system simulation model incorporating the brake pedal, booster, master cylinder, brake lines and calipers has been developed to predict brake system response to assist in the design of braking systems with the desired brake pedal force / travel characteristic characteristics to create good brake pedal ‘feel’. This has highlighted the importance of system components, in particular the master cylinder and caliper seal deformation, and the operating characteristics of the booster in determining the brake pedal force / travel characteristic. The potential contribution of these 3 components to brake pedal ‘feel’ improvement has been investigated, and the results of the AMESim model have been verified using experimental measurement data. The model can be used in the future to provide an accurate prediction of brake system response at the design stage thereby saving time and cost.

A major factor that negatively impacts flight operations globally is adverse weather. To reduce the impact of adverse weather, avoidance procedures such as finding an alternative flight path can usually be carried out. However, such procedures usually introduce extra costs such as flight delay. Hence, there exists a need for alternative flight paths that efficiently avoid adverse weather regions while minimising costs. Existing weather avoidance methods used techniques, such as Dijkstra’s and artificial potential field algorithms that do not scale adequately and have poor real time performance. They do not adequately consider the impact of weather and its avoidance on passengers. The contributions of this work include a new development of an improved integrated model for weather avoidance, that addressed the impact of weather on passengers by defining a corresponding cost metric. The model simultaneously considered other costs such as flight delay and fuel burn costs. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based rerouting technique that generates optimised alternative flight paths was proposed. The technique used a modified mutation strategy to improve global search. A discrete firefly algorithm-based rerouting method was also developed to improve rerouting efficiency. A data framework and simulation platform that integrated aeronautical, weather and flight data into the avoidance process was developed. Results show that the developed algorithms and model produced flight paths that had lower total costs compared with existing techniques. The proposed algorithms had adequate rerouting performance in complex airspace scenarios. The developed system also adequately avoided the paths of multiple aircraft in the considered airspace.

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No description available.

Highly automated driving is approaching reality at a high speed. BMW is planningto put its first autonomous driving vehicle on the road already by 2021. The path torealising this new technology is however, full of challenges. Not only the transverseand longitudinal dynamic vehicle motion play an important role in experiencedcomfort but also the requirements and expectations of the occupants regarding thevertical dynamic vibration behaviour. Especially during long trips on the motorwaywhere the so far active driver becomes the chauffeured passenger, who reads, worksor sleeps in his newly gained time. These new use-cases create new requirements forthe future design of driving comfort which are yet to be fully discovered.This work was carried out at the BMW headquarters and had the aim to usedifferent machine learning models to investigate and identify patterns between thesubjective comfort values reported by participants in a study, on a comfort scale of 1-7 and the mechanical vibrations that they experienced, measured inm/s2. The datawas collected in a previous independent study and statistical methods were used toinsure the quality of the data. A comparison of the ISO 2631-1 comfort ratings andthe study’s findings is done to understand the need for a more sophisticated model to predict comfort in autonomous driving. The work continued by investigating different dimensionality reduction methods and their influence on the performance of the models. The process used to build, optimise and validate neural networks and other models is included in the method chapter and the results are presented. The work ends with a discussion of both the prediction results and the modelsre-usability. The machine learning models investigated in this thesis have shown great po-tential for detecting complex pattern that link feelings and thoughts to mechanical variables. The models were able to predict the correct level of comfort with up to50% precision when trying to predict 6 or 7 levels of comfort. When divided into high versus low discomfort, i.e. predicting one of two comfort levels, the models were able to achieve a precision of up to 75.4%.Excluded from this thesis is the study of differences in attentive vs inattentive state when being driven in an autonomous driving vehicle. It became clear shortly before the start of this work, that the experiment that yielded the data used for it failed to find a statistically significant difference between the two states. / Självkörande bilar är snart inte längre en dröm utan en mycket sann verklighet. År 2021 planerar BMW att släppa ut sin första autonoma bil på vägarna. Dock är vägen till att förverkliga denna nya teknik full av utmaningar. Utöver den tvärgående och längsgående dynamiska styrningen av fordonet, så spelar även passagerarens förväntningar på det vertikala dynamiska vibrationsbeteendet en växande roll. Speciellt under långa resor på motorvägen där den för nuvarande aktiva föraren blir passagerare, som läser, arbetar eller sover under sin nyvunna tid. De nya användarsenarierna ställer i sin tur nya krav på bilens komfort. Krav som inte har blivit hittills utförligt undersäkta, fastän de kan komma att spela en stor roll i teknikens framgång.Detta examensarbete genomfördes hos BMW:s huvudkontor i Tyskland och hade som mål att undersöka olika maskininlärningsmodeller och deras förmåga att identifiera mönster mellan de subjektiva komfortvärden som rapporterats av deltagarna i en studie, givna på skala 1-7, och de mekaniska vibrationerna som de upplevde mätta i m/s^2. Uppgifterna samlades in i en tidigare oberoende studie. Statistiska metoder användes för att säkerställa datakvaliteten. I detta arbeter har en jämförelse mellan ISO 2631-1-komfortbedömningar och undersökningsresultaten gjorts för att förstå behovet av en mer sofistikerad komfortstandard för att objektifera komfort i självkörande bilar. Arbetet fortsatte med att undersöka olika metoder för att minska datadimensionerna och deras inflytande på modellernas prestanda. Processen som används för att bygga, optimera och validera neurala nätverk och andra modeller är inkluderad i metoddelen och resultaten är presenterade och förklarade därefter. Arbetet avslutas med en diskussion kring både resultatets validitet och modellernas användbarhet.De maskininlärningsmodeller som undersöktes i detta examensarbete har visat stor potential för att upptäcka komplexa mönster som kopplar känslor och tankar till mekaniska variabler. Modellerna kunde förutsäga rätt komfortnivå med upp till 50% precision när 6 eller 7 nivåer av komfort användes. Vid uppdelning i hög mot låg komfort, dvs att kunna förutsäga en av två komfortnivåer, kunde modellerna uppnå en precision på upp till 75.4%.

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of unintentional injury-related death among children ages 14 and under and of these children who were fatally injured more that 60 % were not using safety restraints at the time of the collision. Children who are too large for child safety seats are often restrained improperly or not at all. In addition, many children are being shifted from child safety seats to adult safety belts prematurely. For proper protection, children who have outgrown child safety seats require booster seats combined with vehicle lap/shoulder belts. A booster seat raises a child up so that the lap and shoulder belts fit properly. The current research went through a systematic approach, from several perspectives, to develop an effective pamphlet to increase behavioral compliance of purchasing a booster seat. The pamphlet developed throughout these studies had a substantial and positive effect on intention and perceived control as well as a meaningful and substantial impact on actual purchase behavior. In addition, the associated guidelines that were developed allow others to produce effective printed educational materials. This research consisted of five studies described below. Study 1 consisted of 43 subject matter experts who were used to determine pertinent information that should be included in a complete booster seat pamphlet. Nine of the 20 items showed significance and were included in the first iteration of the pamphlet. Study 2 consisted of 5 parents of children who should be in booster seats and were not at the time of the study, evaluated the usability of the first iteration pamphlet. A total of 18 items were changed in the pamphlet and a subsequent second iteration of the pamphlet was developed. Study 3 consisted of 30 parents of children who should be in booster seats and were not at the time of the study, were used to assess the comprehensibility (Cloze test), hazard-risk judgments (carefulness ratings), and understandability (questionnaire) of three booster seat pamphlets. Significance was found for the second iteration pamphlet in both comprehensibility and understandability, but no significance was found in risk perception. Study 4 consisted of 8 human factors graduate students who were used to assess the reading level (SMOG test), instructional design and inclusion of learning principles (BIDS-3 test), and readability (RAINS test) of three booster seat pamphlets. The second iteration pamphlet and two existing industry pamphlets were used in Studies 3 and 4 and significance was found for the second iteration pamphlet in both instructional design and learning principles as well as readability and was the only pamphlet to have a reading level under 8th grade. Subsequent to these studies a third iteration of the new pamphlet was developed. Study 5 consisted of 45 parents of children who should be in booster seats and were not at the time of the study. Three booster seat pamphlets, two from the child passenger safety industry and the third iteration pamphlet were used as treatments (15 participants per group). Effectiveness of the intervention was tested by assessing three variables, intent to purchase (revealed that when intent was high purchase was high), perceived control of purchasing (revealed that when perceived control was high purchase was high), and actual purchase behavior (third iteration pamphlet showed a significantly higher purchase rate than the industry pamphlets). Of the 19 participants who purchased a booster seat, there were 12 (63%) in the third iteration pamphlet group, 2 (11%) in the alternate 1 pamphlet group, and 5 (26%) in the alternate 2 pamphlet group, and 100% of those who purchased, reported that they use them each time their child rides in a vehicle. This research increased our understanding of information design and well as generating general design guidelines for pamphlets. In addition, this research produced a pamphlet for credible sources to use as an education tool for parents who have children who should be in booster seats and are not placed in them when riding in a vehicle. / Ph. D.

The "Actively Caring for KIDS Process," a multi-component program that taught retail store sales associates to act as behavior-change agents for child passenger safety, was implemented at a nationwide-chain discount store and evaluated with an interrupted time series design and a similar control site for comparison. Key components of the KIDS Process included a) training of sales associates to act as behavior-change agents at the point-of-purchase, b) the use of in-store awareness and supportive materials such as posters and sales associate buttons, and c) incentives for participation in checkpoints. Safety-seat checks (n = 31) were held in store parking lots, where caregivers' safety-seat installations (n = 241) were recorded as safe or at-risk for a variety of criteria and then the seats were reinstalled correctly. Research assistants posing as child caregivers visited the retail stores (n = 156) with the purported objective of obtaining information about selecting and installing a safety seat. Information given by sales associates was systematically recorded as safe or at-risk on a checklist. A 2 (Store) x 2 (Phase) ANOVA on sales associates' percent safe information scores revealed a significant interaction and no main effects. The Control store did not differ across the two phases, but scores at the intervention store were significantly higher after the intervention than during pre-intervention and when compared to the Control store during post-intervention. The training of sales associates resulted in an average 65% increase in percent safe scores. At the parking lot checks, 93 percent of seats checked were misused in one or more ways, with an average of four errors per seat. ANOVA and Chi-square analyses indicated that the intervention failed to have an impact on child safety-seat misuse observed or on the number of participants attending the checkpoints. This is likely a result of few parents attending the checkpoints who had talked to our trained associates. To target more parents, this intervention might be better placed at well-baby checkups. / Ph. D.