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Notre thèse en histoire et en archéologie médiévales porte sur les entreprises minières argentifères (plomb, cuivre, zinc, argent) des XIe-XVe siècles en Languedoc oriental (départements 07, 48, 30, 34, 12). Elles sont analysées avec une approche d’histoire des techniques, dans le but d’articuler le déroulement du processus de production avec l’organisation sociale du travail et de questionner les liens que ces entreprises entretiennent avec les pouvoirs. / Our thesis in medieval history and archeology concerns the silver mining enterprises (lead, copper, zinc, silver) of the 11th-15th centuries in eastern Languedoc (départements 07, 48, 30, 34, 12). They are analyzed with a technical history approach in order to articulate the process of production with the social organization of work and to question the links that these firms maintain with the authorities.

This investigation is concerned with primary variations in the silver content of gold which occurs in hydrothermal deposits, particularly those of hypothermal character which are found in Basement rocks in Southern Rhodesia. The nature of the gold produced by a number of different mines has been studied by reference to production data, and microscope techniques as well as gold and silver assays have been used to determine and to explain the variations in gold fineness. The literature does not contain a great deal of information which is relevant to this topic, but an attempt has been made here to summarize the more important contributions by different writers. From this it emerges that the interpretations given by different investigators are in conflict and that paradoxes may arise when efforts are made to explain observed variations in fineness in terms of certain generalizations which have become entrenched in the literaure. In particular, it is shown that falling temperature alone cannot account for the occurrence of silver-rich gold in certain deposits. The Gwanda district of Southern Rhodesia has been selected as a typical gold belt, and the variation in fineness in 150 producers is described. The deposits are hypothermal in character, and the average fineness of the gold is high but variable, but in a small proportion the fineness is low. It is shown that the nature of the host rock and the distance of a deposit from the granite contact appear to have no influence on the fineness of the gold and that there is no zonal arrangement of fineness values. There is a suggestion that diversity of mineral species in any particular area may be accompanied by rather wide fluctuations in the gold fineness. The variations of fineness in eight typical Southern Rhodesian deposits are studied in detail, by analysis of production data, by assaying specimens of the ore and by the examination of polished specimens of gold-bearing ore. Briefer reference is made to two other deposits in the territory, and to deposits in other countries which appear to bear out the conclusions reached in this section. It emerges that there are two factors which can commonly be correlated with variations in fineness. The first of these is the grade of the ore: high-grade ore generally contains purer gold than low-grade ore. Secondly, the textural evidence indicates that gold which separates relatively early in the paragenesis contains more silver than that which is deposited in the final stages of metallization. A general survey which draws on the literature as well as on the writer's examinations of deposits in the territory indicates that, in general, gold which is associated with late-stage minerals such as tellurides, antimony, bismuth and bismuthinite is silver-poor. Gold associated with galena may be either silver-rich or silver-poor, whereas gold which is of the same age as chalcopyrite or sphalerite is very frequently rich in silver. The difficulty which is encountered in establishing the age of gold which is intimately associated with pyrite and arsenopyrite renders uncertain the correlation between fineness and age of gold in these latter cases. There are, however, indications that gold which is truly contemporaneous with either pyrite or arsenopyrite is silver-rich. In the discussion, the objections to the common practice of singling out temperature as the most potent factor controlling gold fineness are listed. Chief amongst these objections is the fact that gold does not in all deposits increase in fineness with increasing depth: examples are quoted where fineness was found to decrease as deeper levels of the ore body were exploited. It is shown that there is no consistent relationship between the size of gold grains and their silver content. It is the writer's conclusion that in hydrothermal deposits in this territory the high fineness of the gold is due to increasing solubility of silver in the ore fluids in the late states, and that where hydrothermal deposits are characterized by gold with low average fineness, an unusually large proportion of the gold has been deposited early in the paragenotic sequence. In the majority of hypothermal deposits, however, the bulk of tho gold separates late in the sequence and the fineness is accordingly high. It is believed that the relationship which exists between fineness and tenor in many deposits is due to protracted crystallization of gold in those portions of the ore body which remained permeable to the latest stages. These portions of the ore body, which represent either valuable ore shoots or ore shoots in miniature, are likely to contain gold of variable character, but the average silver content will be low because a large proportion of the gold is "late" gold. The factors which might cause epithermal gold to have a lower fineness than mesothermal or hypothermal gold are briefly discussed. Some possible applications of this study are indicated in the final chapter. It is claimed that records of gold fineness might constitute a valuable addition to mill records. Tentative suggestions are made regarding a method whereby the approaching exhaustion of a deposit might in some cases be predicted. With regard to the origin of the gold in the Witwatersrand sediments, it is pointed out that the modified placer hypothesis is not fully equipped to explain certain of the variations in the composition of the gold.

The mining of silver, although not as significant as the mining of gold, has a history of money being made and lost, as well as instances of fraud and theft. In the late 1880s, when silver and lead deposits were discovered 100 km south-east of Pretoria, the Barnato family was quick to invest and float a company to exploit the deposit. To the north of Pretoria, Alois Nellmapius, later famous as the founder of the Hatherly distillery, established a company to mine a silver and copper rich deposit. The Strubens, pioneers of the Witwatersrand gold fields, discovered a silver rich copper deposit on their farm ‘The Willows’ east of Pretoria. The successful silver mining companies listed on the Stock Exchange in Johannesburg soon attracted the attention of the Randlords of Johannesburg and specifically that of H Eckstein & Co. The development of the company’s activities in silver mining in the 1880s and 1890s forms a significant part of this study. The relationship between the mine owners and their managers during the nineteenth century is explored, along with local and international events in politics and economics that had an impact on the mining of silver in South Africa over the period from 1885 to 1999. Silver mining in South Africa has had a ‘rise and fall’ life from the 1880s with three significant periods of investment, mining activity and decline. As with most commodities, prices vary over time. The international metals market has been a dominant factor in the life of the silver mines of greater Pretoria. The relationship between rising and falling international metal prices, and the operating lives of the mines, form a theme throughout this dissertation as it will be shown that the operating periods all coincided with periods of strong metal prices. In the one hundred and fourteen years, coupled with large tonnages of base metals – lead, copper and zinc - the mines produced over ninety-three tons of silver. Over thirty silver mines and ventures were revealed during the research, but discussing all of them in this dissertation was not feasible. It is therefore limited to the history of the seven mines that produced the greatest amounts of silver and other metals such as lead, copper and zinc and how their individual and interrelated histories together form the dominant part of the history of silver mining in the greater Pretoria region. / History / M.A. (History)

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2019 / South Africa is a land in which mining has played a pivotal role over the last one hundred and fifty years. Silver was one of the metals prospected for and mined during the 1885-1895 period. There were a few silver mines that developed into very successful operations and produced large tonnages of argentiferous lead or copper and the largest of these, and the primary focus of this thesis, was the mine now referred to as the Argent silver mine. This thesis is about the development of mineral beneficiation technology, coupled with excavations and the analysis of the lifeways of the black mine workers at the Argent mine. I intend to follow the trend taken by some archaeologists over the last ten years for such sites in both the UK and the USA and combine an industrial archaeological study with the social or historical archaeological study. This holistic multi-disciplinary approach to industrial or mining sites and their communities helps to provide a more integrated analysis of humans and technology at a particular site (Norris 2009; Ford 2011; Tumberg 2012; Cowie 2015). The Argent Silver Mine appears to have been at the forefront of new and developing mining beneficiation technologies, both in the 1890s and the 1920s. This thesis will show how many of the new beneficiation technologies were apparently employed at the Argent mine before being brought into more general use in other mining industries, such as gold, in South Africa. The social development of South Africa’s black people, from the late nineteenth century, has been one of repression and enforced living conditions. From a formerly agrarian and rural lifestyle they became cogs in the wheels of industrialisation and foremost in this industrial jump, was the mining industry. Mining began in the 1870s with diamonds at Kimberley and gold at Pilgrim’s Rest in eastern Mpumalanga. It was, however, the finding of gold on the Witwatersrand that opened up so many mining industries, of which silver mining was but one, coupled with ancillary engineering support industries. It was this industrialisation that was to change black lives forever and to create the urban black populations of South Africa today. The results of this thesis provide evidence of their lifeways and potential employment positions on a silver mine. / TL (2020)

While a number of short articles and histories of Silver Reef have been written, they tend either to be anecdotal in character or to emphasize the merely sensational aspects of the mining camp. These writings have failed to investigate some of the most basic sources of information concerning this highly interesting mining epic in Southern Utah. Therefore, there remains a real need for a thoroughly researched and documented history of silver Reef - a need that this thesis tries to meet.

A dissertação propõe uma análise da presença judaica no romance histórico As minas de prata, obra da literatura romântica composta por José de Alencar, cuja narrativa está situada na época do Brasil colonial. Como recurso de composição, o romance instaura um narrador que transita entre os séculos dezessete e dezenove, e realiza, por meio desse expediente, a representação das origens da nação e do povo brasileiro, sob o estatuto da veracidade histórica. Para adentrar o procedimento de representação do judeu, o presente trabalho procura examinar os modelos que a narrativa utiliza para a composição do período histórico que ela pretende retratar, com o intuito de investigar a construção dos personagens de origem judaica sob o conjunto geral do texto. Para tal fim, são analisados os temas de natureza moral, teológica, retórica e poética, entre outros, e, sob essa ótica, o romance revela adotar modelos do período literário em que está situada sua narrativa. Nesse sentido, o estudo dos emblemas, do latinismo, do sermão sacro, do gênero picaresco, do herói prudente, da enumeração bíblica, da composição numérica, da tipologia bíblica proporcionam a amplitude necessária para que a investigação da presença judaica seja embasada na arquitetura estética geral do romance. No exame da presença judaica, a narrativa mostra guiar-se por semelhante composição, isto é, nela, os modelos coloniais atuam não só como conteúdo da época narrada mas também como forma de representar o judeu. Para tal exame, assim como dos outros aspectos analisados, a dissertação confronta passagens do romance com temas da literatura do período colonial, e com isso, procura mostrar que os personagens judeus encontram fundamentalmente na teologia católica e na tipologia bíblica os modelos básicos que lhes dão as formas tipificadas. A título de conclusão, procura-se inseriri os elementos investigados ao longo da pesquisa na discussão que envolve o escritor José de Alencar em sua trajetória romântica de definir uma identidade para o Brasil e seu povo por meio do romance histórico. Nessa esteira, propõe-se uma interpretação que homologa o binômio velho/novo nos âmbitos da literatura: colonial/romântica, do estado político: dependente/independente, da escritura sagrada: velho testamento/novo testamento e, por fim, da formação do povo brasileiro. / In this dissertation, it is offered an analysis of the Jewish presence in the historical novel \'As minas de prata\' (The Silver Mines), a work from Romantic literature written by José de Alencar setting its plot in Brazil\'s colonial times. As a compositional device, the novel resources to a narrator that dwells from the 17th to the 19th centuries, thus making the representation of the origins of Brazil and Brazilians under the banner of historical truth. In order to get inside the procedure of representation of the Jew, the present work aims to examine the models used by that narrative in composing the period of history that it is designed to portray, with the intention of investigating the construction of the Jewish origin characters as seen from the text as a whole. For such task, themes of a moral, theological, rhetorical and poetic nature, among others, are examined, and the novel is shown to apply models of the literary period in which its narrative is set. In this sense, the study of emblems, Latinism, religious sermon, picaresque genre, prudent hero, biblical enumeration, numerical composition, biblical typology provides the needed comprehensiveness for the investigation of the Jewish presence to be based on the general aesthetic architecture of the novel. In the examination of the Jewish presence, the narrative shows itself as being guided by a similar composition, that is to say, in it the colonial models play a role not only as time driven contents but also as a form of representating the Jew. For such an examination, as well as of other analyzed aspects, the dissertation compares passages of the novel with themes of the colonial literature, thus striving to show that the Jewish characters take their basic models from the Catolic theology and the biblical typology. As regards conclusion, the elements investigated along the research are tentatively inserted in the discussion that involves José de Alencar in his Romantic journey to define an identity to Brazil and its people through the historical novel. In this direction, an interpretation is proposed confirming the pair old/new in the domains of the literature: Colonial/ Romantic; of the state: dependent/independent; of the sacred books: Old Testament/ New Testament, and lastly of the formation of Brazilian people.

No description available.

A dissertação propõe uma análise da presença judaica no romance histórico As minas de prata, obra da literatura romântica composta por José de Alencar, cuja narrativa está situada na época do Brasil colonial. Como recurso de composição, o romance instaura um narrador que transita entre os séculos dezessete e dezenove, e realiza, por meio desse expediente, a representação das origens da nação e do povo brasileiro, sob o estatuto da veracidade histórica. Para adentrar o procedimento de representação do judeu, o presente trabalho procura examinar os modelos que a narrativa utiliza para a composição do período histórico que ela pretende retratar, com o intuito de investigar a construção dos personagens de origem judaica sob o conjunto geral do texto. Para tal fim, são analisados os temas de natureza moral, teológica, retórica e poética, entre outros, e, sob essa ótica, o romance revela adotar modelos do período literário em que está situada sua narrativa. Nesse sentido, o estudo dos emblemas, do latinismo, do sermão sacro, do gênero picaresco, do herói prudente, da enumeração bíblica, da composição numérica, da tipologia bíblica proporcionam a amplitude necessária para que a investigação da presença judaica seja embasada na arquitetura estética geral do romance. No exame da presença judaica, a narrativa mostra guiar-se por semelhante composição, isto é, nela, os modelos coloniais atuam não só como conteúdo da época narrada mas também como forma de representar o judeu. Para tal exame, assim como dos outros aspectos analisados, a dissertação confronta passagens do romance com temas da literatura do período colonial, e com isso, procura mostrar que os personagens judeus encontram fundamentalmente na teologia católica e na tipologia bíblica os modelos básicos que lhes dão as formas tipificadas. A título de conclusão, procura-se inseriri os elementos investigados ao longo da pesquisa na discussão que envolve o escritor José de Alencar em sua trajetória romântica de definir uma identidade para o Brasil e seu povo por meio do romance histórico. Nessa esteira, propõe-se uma interpretação que homologa o binômio velho/novo nos âmbitos da literatura: colonial/romântica, do estado político: dependente/independente, da escritura sagrada: velho testamento/novo testamento e, por fim, da formação do povo brasileiro. / In this dissertation, it is offered an analysis of the Jewish presence in the historical novel \'As minas de prata\' (The Silver Mines), a work from Romantic literature written by José de Alencar setting its plot in Brazil\'s colonial times. As a compositional device, the novel resources to a narrator that dwells from the 17th to the 19th centuries, thus making the representation of the origins of Brazil and Brazilians under the banner of historical truth. In order to get inside the procedure of representation of the Jew, the present work aims to examine the models used by that narrative in composing the period of history that it is designed to portray, with the intention of investigating the construction of the Jewish origin characters as seen from the text as a whole. For such task, themes of a moral, theological, rhetorical and poetic nature, among others, are examined, and the novel is shown to apply models of the literary period in which its narrative is set. In this sense, the study of emblems, Latinism, religious sermon, picaresque genre, prudent hero, biblical enumeration, numerical composition, biblical typology provides the needed comprehensiveness for the investigation of the Jewish presence to be based on the general aesthetic architecture of the novel. In the examination of the Jewish presence, the narrative shows itself as being guided by a similar composition, that is to say, in it the colonial models play a role not only as time driven contents but also as a form of representating the Jew. For such an examination, as well as of other analyzed aspects, the dissertation compares passages of the novel with themes of the colonial literature, thus striving to show that the Jewish characters take their basic models from the Catolic theology and the biblical typology. As regards conclusion, the elements investigated along the research are tentatively inserted in the discussion that involves José de Alencar in his Romantic journey to define an identity to Brazil and its people through the historical novel. In this direction, an interpretation is proposed confirming the pair old/new in the domains of the literature: Colonial/ Romantic; of the state: dependent/independent; of the sacred books: Old Testament/ New Testament, and lastly of the formation of Brazilian people.