This study investigates the effect of protectionist tariffs on firm performance, income tax payments, and shareholder payouts and investment. Using the US–China trade war and related Section 301 tariffs as a setting, I find that US firms impacted by these tariffs experience decreased firm performance while simultaneously increasing cash tax planning to presumably decrease their total cash burden to the government. I also find that impacted firms decrease shareholder payouts and acquisitions, but do not decrease other real investment activities that may negatively impact operating performance. Cross-sectional analyses confirm that these effects apply to domestic firms, do not appear to be driven by the retaliatory Chinese tariffs, and are more pronounced for those facing higher market competition or applying for exclusions from the protectionist tariffs.

The problem for this thesis was undertaken because of an intense interest which the writer has in general Western History and more particularly in the History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As the thousands of emigrants moved west to make their homes, they brought with them only enough supplies to support themselves for a relatively short time. When those supplies were gone they needed replacements in order not to bring hardships to the settlers. Where were these precious supplies to come from? Some few principally agricultural products could be produced, but by far the largest portion of these goods had to be imported, at least until the means of production could be established which would obviously require considerable time. The only other source of supply then was at the larger centers of population where the materials could be purchased and be shipped to the western communities where they were so desperately needed. Had the transportation not materialized, the emigrants would have perished before they could have become established. They did not perish, however. The transportation did materialize and thousands of tons of goods were shipped into the Valley for the support of the Saints. Who was entrepid enough to risk their capital, their time and effort to haul these life-giving supplies through all the dangers which would beset them to the valleys of the mountains? What were the problems which these men had to face in this enterprise? They knew there were rivers to cross, mountains to climb, and over one thousand miles of desert to subdue. How were these problems met; what provisions were made to make the problems less hazardous? When they arrived what were the risks which they had to face in being able to dispose of their cargoes to an advantage, and what were their chances of realizing sufficient income from their effort to pay them for their time and effort? What special equipment would be needed to withstand the demands of the long haul across the plains and return for more goods? What about the personal problems which would naturally arise because of the interaction of the seller and buyer? How would the Saints react to large numbers of people coming into the valley who did not share their particular interests and beliefs? All these questions become the logical premise to this study.

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Yes / In the light of the US rejection of the draft protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Graham S. Pearson gives an overview of the main points of BTWC Evaluation Paper No. 22.

With the concentration of poverty increasing throughout the United States (Kneebone, 2014) there has been a recent emphasis on mixed-income housing as a means to alleviate this issue. By creating housing in one area with pricing for different income levels it is assumed that the burden imposed by concentrated poverty will be lowered. Many years and many dollars later however, the results of mixed-income housing projects on low-income residents seem to be mixed – while some projects have found success, others seem to suggest that it has little to no effect. The federal program HOPE VI is one example of efforts to increase the availability of mixed-income housing. It is the purpose of this study to decipher whether the administration of HOPE VI federal grant money has had an effect on certain economic outcomes within the selected metropolitan areas.

There's frequent discourse regarding the rising cost of insulin in the US. Insulin is a drug that over 7 million people rely on for survival, and it has tripled in cost over the last decade. The pricing regulation of the drug is dependent on multiple stakeholders, including wholesalers, pharmacy benefit managers, and manufacturing companies. Due to the lack of governmental intervention in the process of pharmaceutical cost regulation in the US, data on the price negotiations and the rebate system between these entities is unavailable in public records, making it difficult to determine a primary cause as the root of the issue of insulin costs. This paper attempts to understand the policies in place that impact the nature of insulin affordability and assesses the Canadian regulation of the cost of insulin to understand the discrepancy between the affordability in Canada in comparison to the affordability of insulin in US. A literature review was conducted to examine the policies and congressional discourse in order to analyze the current insulin market and the policies currently in discussion. Ultimately the discrepancy between the nature of health care in Canada and in the US is characterized by the underlying social principles that govern each country in terms of health policy. The Canadian health care system is built on the foundation that health care is a human right, whereas in the United States, health care is a commodity. The effect of this ideology is observed in the costs and regulation of pharmaceutical insulin.

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