The effect of the chemical composition, austenitisation temperature and tempering temperature and time on the mechanical properties and on the ballistic performance of martensitic steel armour plates was studied. It was established in this study that the mechanical properties and the ballistic performance of martensitic steels can be optimised by controlling the chemical composition and the heat treatment parameters. However, it was observed that for a given chemical composition of the steel the heat treatment parameters to be applied to advanced ballistic performance armour plates were different from those required for higher mechanical properties. Such a contradiction rendered the relationship between mechanical properties and ballistic performance questionable. Systematic analysis of the microstructure and the fracture mechanism of some martensitic armour plate steels was carried out to explain the improved ballistic performance of steels whose mechanical properties were below that specificied for military and security applications. It was inferred from phase analysis and its quantification by X-ray diffraction, characterisation of the martensite using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy that the retained austenite located in the plate interfaces and on grain boundaries of the martensite was the main constituent resisting localised yielding during ballistic impact on thin steel plates. A part of the kinetic energy is transformed into adiabatic heat where a reaustenitisation of the plate martensite and the formation of new lath martensite was observed. Another part is used to elastically and plastically deform the ballistic impact affected region around the incidence point. Dislocation pile-ups at twinned plate interfaces suggest that the twin interfaces act as barriers to dislocation movement upon high velocity impact loading. The diameter of the affected regions, that determines the volume of the material deforming plastically upon impact, was found to vary as a function of the volume fraction of retained austenite in the martensitic steel. Upon impact, retained austenite transforms to martensite by Transformation Induced Plasticity, the “ TRIP ” effect. High volume fractions of retained austenite in the martensitic steel were found to yield low values of the ratio yield strength to ultimate tensile strength (YS/UTS) and a high resistance against localised yielding and, therefore, against ballistic perforation. A Ballistic Parameter was proposed for the prediction of ballistic performance using the volume fraction of retained austenite and the thickness of the armour plate as variables. Based on the martensite structure and the results of the ballistic testing of 13 armour plate steels a design methodology comprising new specifications was proposed for the manufacture of armour plates whose thicknesses may be thinner than 6mm. / Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

The increasing demand for more sustainable construction has led to the development of new structural systems that include wood as building material. Cross laminated timber (CLT) has been identified as a potential system to address this need and to provide alternative options in the range of low- to medium-rise construction. The appeal in using CLT as a shearwall is driven by the combination of the rigid panels and small dimension fasteners, which allows for significant energy dissipation in the structure. However, there is currently no reliable analytical model to accurately predict the behaviour of multi-segment CLT shearwalls. The current study aims to develop an analytical model capable of predicting the elastic and plastic phases associated with the behaviour of multi-panel CLT shearwalls. The model describes the wall behaviour as a function of the connectors’ properties in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility. This dependency means that the only input required in the model is the behavioural parameters of the connections. The proposed model contains six cases with a total of 36 different failure mechanisms. Two final wall behaviours were developed, and it was found that behaviour (i.e. single wall) could be achieved if the yielding in the hold-down occurred prior to yielding in the panel joints. Inversely, the other behaviour (i.e. coupled panels) was achieved if the yielding in the vertical joint occur prior to yielding in the hold-down. The analytical model was validated using a numerical model, and the results of the comparison showed very close match between the two models. The study proposed simplified design provisions with the aim to optimize the walls ductility (CP behaviour) or strength and stiffness (SW behaviour).

This thesis presents the results of a research project to investigate the behaviour of the two components of a reverse channel connection to concrete filled tubular sections: the reverse channel and the steel tubular section, at both ambient and elevated temperatures. This research forms part of a European Union funded project on the robustness of joints to composite columns under fire conditions. The specific objectives of this research are to develop methods of quantifying the load-deformation behaviour at various temperatures of the two components. This research has been carried out through a combination of experiments, numerical simulations and analytical developments. Two series of tests have been carried out at different elevated temperatures, one for the reverse channels with lateral loads to the web applied as tensile loads through bolts and one for the concrete filled tubular sections under lateral loads applied through two steel plates (simulating the legs of a reverse channel) in the longitudinal direction of the section. These tests have been used to provide data for the validation of the numerical models based on using the general finite element package ABAQUS. The validated numerical models have been used to conduct a number of parametric studies to provide extensive data for the development of analytical methods to determine the load-deflection characteristics of the two components. For the reverse channel web, the load-deflection relationship consists of two parts and this research has developed analytical equations to predict initial stiffness, yield and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is based on extending and simplifying the Timoshenko solution for a plate under a block of lateral loads. The yield resistance is based on the yield line solution that the failure patterns were chosen based on the results attained from test and simulations. The ultimate resistance was calculated based on virtual work principle for the patterns considered in the yield resistance part. For the rectangular concrete filled tubular sections under lateral pulling forces applied through two plates, the load-deflection curve consists of two parts, depicting a linear phase followed by a nonlinear part. This research has developed expressions to calculate initial stiffness, yield resistance, and ultimate resistance. The initial stiffness is formulated according to the Timoshenko solution for a partially loaded plate. The yield resistance is determined by employing yield line solution for the yield patterns obtained from both the test and FE modelling. The ultimate resistance is evaluated by implementing the virtual work principle to the patterns considered in former part. The analytical load-deflection solutions have been compared with the numerical simulation and the experimental results and the agreement is generally satisfactory.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-08T12:46:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-09T13:40:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-09T13:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosviniciusdacostameireles.pdf: 1025983 bytes, checksum: cea549ed4e95d1fc32f3195af73c96f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Este trabalho que fala sobre O Homo religiosus: a antropologia filosófica de Viktor Emil Frankl tem como objeto a antropologia frankliana e visa, como objetivo, compreender tal modo de pensar sobre o ser humano em sua dinâmica espiritual na vivência da religiosidade. A partir de uma pesquisa teórico-bibliográfica, tendo como obras principais A presença ignorada de Deus (1948), O homem incondicionado (1949), Homo patiens (1950) e A busca de Deus e questionamentos sobre o sentido da vida (1984), a pesquisa versa sobre a antropologia frankliana, a dimensão espiritual, a busca do sentido e o relacionamento com Deus. A pesquisa é dividida em três momentos, sendo o primeiro uma contextualização e crítica na concepção de homem a qual Frankl recebe da tradição, o segundo uma proposta de superação desta compreensão e o terceiro momento a vivência do Homo religiosus. / This study that talks about The Homo religiosus: the philosophical anthropology of Viktor Emil Frankl has as its object Frankl‘s anthropology and seeks, as its objective, to understand this way of thinking about the human being in his spiritual dynamics in living religiosity. From a theoretical literature, having as the main works: The Unconscious God ( 1948) , The unconditioned man (1949) , Homo patiens (1950) and The search for God and questions about the meaning of life (1984), the research focuses on the anthropology of Frankl, the spiritual dimension , the search for meaning and the relationship with God. The research is divided in three diferent phases, the first being a contextualization and a critic about the conception of man which Frankl receives from tradition, the second is a proposal to overcome this understanding and the third moment, the experience of the Homo religiosus.

This diploma thesis deals with design of roof structure of the church in Brno Lesná. It is arched shell, which is symmetrical only by one axis. The roof is clamped by bond beam at supports of roof structure, which sits on a reinforced concrete walls, which transfers load to foundations. This structure is checked for the Ultimate Limit State and Service Limit State. Text part of design contains report, where is described structural system and technological proces. The structural design report contains assessment proces of designed structure.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design and analysis of a bridge at the R48 bypass over the Ostravica River. For this purpose, three variants of the supporting structure solution were developed from which a variant of additionally prestressed chamber girder with perpendicular walls was selected. The main task is to assess the construction for phased construction. The static calculation was drawn up according to European

The topic of this thesis is detailed design of supporting structure of continous box girder bridge across a deep valley called Lazný creek. The bridge have to pass the second class road with category S 9,5. The design is processed by two options. The chosen option is designed as a girder with five spans 44,8 m + 55 m + 55 m + 55 m +44,8 m. Total length of bridge is 268,57 m, the main girder is gradually cast into the formwork suspended on a special ceiling scaffolding. The axis of the bridge is in a plan straight with the constant transversal slope 2,5 %. The thesis contains six models in software SCIA ENGINEER. Part of the work is situated on time depended analysis with construction phases. Assesment of ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states were done by hand according to the valid standards and regulations. Structural analysis, drawing documentation and vizualization are parts of this work.

It is of interest to investigate extended usability of Saab’s Deployable Aircraft Maintenance facility(DAM) with respect to Eurocode standards. One of the features of the deployable hangar is that it shouldcomply with the structural strength standards for permanent buildings which requires compliance withEurocodes.Eurocodes are European standards which deals with the development of building and structural design.Compliance with Eurocodes works as a proof of requirement for mechanical strength, stability andsafety of structures. The Eurocodes were created by the European Committee for Standardization withthe intent to simplify technical obstacles and enable trade within Europe and elsewhere.The thesis has resulted in the creation of a Finite Element Model (FE-Model) of the deployable hangar,for which different loading combinations have been applied. From the FE-results, trade-off curves havebeen generated that show the effect that the different loading conditions have on the differentcomponents of the hangar. This is done for the current configuration of the hangar and for differentproduct variants. The analysis includes the effects of increased load levels.From the trade-off curves it is possible to see to what extent the hangar can withstand increased load.This is being measured with a Eurocode ratio. It has been found that the Eurocode ratio is directlydependent on increase of loads i.e. increased loads give a linear increase in Eurocode ratio for most ofthe components studied. The product variants consists of different lengths of the hangar. From the studyit has been found that adding or removing sections does not have a substantial effect on the strength ofthe hangar and the Eurocode ratio mostly remains constant. In addition the most critical componentshave been found and design suggestions have been proposed to improve the strength of the hangarwithin compliance with Eurocodes.

No description available.

Composite IsoTruss™ structures incorporate intersecting longitudinal and helical members. At the intersections, the fiber tows can be interwoven to achieve mechanical interlocking for increased joint integrity. Interlocking introduces gaps and curvilinear fiber paths similar to the crossovers in filament-wound structures, potentially facilitating local delamination within the members, thus reducing the strength and/or damage tolerance of the structure. Optimizing the interlocking pattern at the joints along with efficient consolidation minimizes these effects. Joint specimens were fabricated using a specially designed machine. Specific tow intersection patterns at the joint were: 1) Completely encapsulating the longitudinal member with the tows of the helical member; and 2) Interweaving the tows of the helical member with the tows of the longitudinal member. Consolidation was accomplished using: 1) a braided sleeve; 2) a coiled sleeve; 3) a sparse spiral Kevlar® wrap; 4) a polyester shrink tape sleeve; 5) twisting the entire bundle of longitudinal fiber tows; and 6) cinching the joints using aramid fiber. Ultimate compression strength and stiffness is directly related to the straightness of the tows in the longitudinal members at the intersections. An encapsulated joint reduces member strength by only 4.6%; whereas, an interwoven joint reduces member strength by 30.5%. The fiber paths of the longitudinal member in encapsulated joints are straighter than in interwoven joints, resulting in an average strength difference of 26.2%. Physical properties, strength, and stiffness show that consolidation quality directly affects performance. Consolidation using sleeves provides high quality consolidation, high strength, and high stiffness. Encapsulated joints consolidated using sleeves have an average ultimate strength and Young's modulus 34% and 21% higher, respectively, than encapsulated joints consolidated using other methods. Interwoven joints consolidated using sleeves have an average ultimate strength and Young's modulus 28% and 19% higher, respectively, than interwoven joints consolidated using other methods. Consolidating specimens using a braided sleeve yields the highest quality based on consistency, strength, and stiffness. Consolidating specimens by twisting the longitudinal member yields the lowest strength and stiffness. These conclusions will be applied to IsoTrussâ„¢ grid structure design and manufacturing technology.