This paper examines the effect of Business Tax to Value-Added Tax Reform (B2V Reform) of 2016 on the tax burden and research and development activities of High and New Technology Enterprises (HNTEs) in China. The initial hypothesis is that the B2V reform decreases tax burdens and encourages R&D activities of HNTEs. After analyzing the data from the Shanghai Stock Exchange High and New Technology Enterprise Index, however, it is found that the Reform does not significantly affect either the tax burdens or the R&D activities. Subsequent research reveals several explanations for the discrepancy, including firms’ labor-heavy capital structures for which labor costs do not qualify for value-added tax deductions as well as the issue of unused tax deductions from fixed asset purchases. This study informs policy makers how to revise and improve the reform to benefit high-tech companies with labor-intensive capital structures and others with significant upfront investment costs.

Este estudo investiga se o planejamento tributário efetuado pelas companhias abertas é uma prática de gestão que gera valor para o acionista. Embora se possa conjeturar que o aumento de lucros proporcionado pela economia de tributos contribua para elevar o valor da firma, uma avaliação incompleta de todos os custos do planejamento tributário possibilita o surgimento de quadros em que os custos superam os benefícios, reduzindo o retorno para os acionistas e afetando negativamente o valor da firma. Estudos desta questão efetuados em outros países apresentaram resultados variados. Para a verificação empírica, utilizou-se de análise de dados em painel, realizada sobre uma amostra de 1.432 observações do tipo empresa-ano, composta por 310 companhias abertas negociadas em bolsa nos anos de 2007 a 2012. O valor da firma foi estimado pelo Q de Tobin e o planejamento tributário por duas métricas distintas, alternadamente: Book-Tax Differences, controlada por accruals, e total de tributos distribuídos na DVA, ambas padronizadas pelo ativo. Visando obter resultados robustos, a amostra foi estratificada em função da agressividade histórica das firmas quanto ao planejamento tributário. Os resultados mostram que existe uma relação negativa entre planejamento tributário e valor da firma no estrato das firmas mais agressivas, não tendo havido convergência de evidências no estrato das firmas menos agressivas. Em função das peculiaridades do mercado de capitais brasileiro, foram analisados também os efeitos da governança corporativa, da gestão familiar e da concentração acionária sobre a relação estudada. Os resultados mostram que estes fatores não conseguem conter a diminuição de valor ocorrida no estrato das firmas agressivas. A contribuição desta pesquisa para a literatura consiste na demonstração dos efeitos que os custos de agência exercem sobre as avaliações dos investidores no mercado de capitais e na evidenciação da relação negativa entre planejamento tributário e valor da firma, detectada no conjunto das firmas agressivas, o que pode orientar a conduta dos investidores, analistas de mercado e gestores. / This study investigates whether tax planning activities conducted by publicly traded firms represent a management practice that creates shareholder value. While one might say, at first, that the increase in profits provided by the tax savings contributes to raise the value of the firm, an incomplete assessment of all the costs of tax planning facilitates the emergence of scenarios in which the costs outweigh the benefits, reducing the return to shareholders and adversely affecting the firm value. Studies of this issue in other countries found mixed evidence. For the empirical verification, analysis of panel data was conducted on a sample of 1,432 firm-year observations, composed of 310 publicly traded firms in years 2007 to 2012. Firm value was estimated by Tobin\'s Q and tax planning was proxied by two distinct metrics, alternately: Book-Tax Differences, controlled by total accruals, and total taxes distributed in Value Added Statement, both scaled by total assets. In order to obtain more robust results, the sample was stratified according to historical aggressiveness of the firms\' tax planning. The results show that there is a negative relationship between tax planning and firm value in the stratum of the most aggressive firms. Evidence didn\'t converge for the stratum of less aggressive firms. Due to the peculiarities of the Brazilian capital markets, the effects of corporate governance, ownership concentration and family management over the investigated relationship were also analyzed. The results show that these factors can not contain the value destruction that occurs in the stratum of the aggressive firms. The contribution of this research to the literature consists in demonstrating the effects that agency costs have on firm evaluations made by investors in the Brazilian capital markets and the disclosure of the negative relationship between tax planning and firm value found in the group of the aggressive firms, which can guide the behavior of investors, market analysts and managers.

The main aim of thesis is to analyse the development of the collection of tax on corporate income in the Czech Republic between years 2006 and 2014. The partial aim of my work is to analyse the evolution of use of deductions and tax reliefs in the Czech Republic for the mentioned period. The theoretical part of my work will focus on the description of the corporate income tax, description of deduction, and description of deductions which Czech legislation allows. In Chapter 1.4 is description of tax relief. Practical part of my work contains an analysis how dependent tax revenues from corporate income tax rate, gross value added or gross domestic product. In Chapter 2.2 is tested if gross added value or gross domestic product affects the application of deductions, which are divided into different groups - in sum, type of legal form or NACE. In Chapter 2.3 is a similar analysis for tax relief.

There are many recent studies which try to find the evidence of the Laffer curve in national economies or aggregated OECD data. In this Master Thesis I focus on testing of the primary linear relation of the corporate income tax rate and the corporate tax base, that I call herein adjusted Laffer curve. The adjusted Laffer curve is then transferred through the simplification into the ordinary Laffer curve. The linear regression analysis is performed on the OECD data of 34 countries across years 2000 to 2014. Firstly, the countries are split by the national tax system criteria, such as tax quota, tax revenue allocation or tax structure of revenues that I consider essential for further analysis. Based on the results of linear regression I can only find Laffer curve in set of countries that aim to collect tax revenues mainly from direct taxes. However, there are also other major findings, such as the fact that negative relation of the corporate income tax rate and the corporate tax base, can be found in countries with the higher tax quota, while not in those with the lower tax quota.

This work analyse the current discussions and theoretical approaches to personal and corporate taxation (not only in OECD countries). After the introduction, which is focused on theory of income taxation, follows chapters, that analyze the attitudes and issues of personal and corporate taxation. This two main chapters contain synthetic parts, whose outputs are the emerging trends in the future. The emphasis was put on OECD outcomes and recommendations.

This diploma thesis deals with tax evasion of necessary consolidation of public finance in current period. The main goal of this thesis is analyze corporate tax evasion. This thesis is created by using literature, legislation and case law. For the estimate we have used the concept of tax gap, which is based on comparison of theoretical tax liability of the economy with the actual tax receipts.

The thesis is focused on corporate income taxation, namely limited liability company. There is a comparison of the corporate tax between the Czech Republic and Germany in order to define the procedure for calculating the tax liability for both countries. For the purpose of the thesis, a Czech limited liability company is selected for which the tax liability is calculated and proposals for the future are drawn up.

This thesis analyses the potential for international cooperation in the issue of corporate tax rates. Using newly created dataset we study the relationship between the foreign direct investments and corporate tax rates in order to confirm that countries benefit from competing in setting their tax rates. Lowering one's corporate tax rate pays off in increased FDI. Furthermore, under the assumption that competitive behavior is individually rational, we analyze through the use of coherent country clusters the extent of competition within selected clusters, as compared to the situation on the global level. We find that the degree of competitive behavior is lower within coherent block of countries than globally. Thus, there seems to be less mutually harmful competition within coherent clusters of countries, mainly in EU 15, OECD and ASEAN, than on the global level.

Chapter 1 of this thesis analyzes the determinants of income inequality in Canada using micro-level data from Canada’s censuses (1991, 1996, 2000, 2006, 2016). First, it is shown that market-income inequality is higher than inequality based on other types of income (annual wage, annual pre-tax income and annual income after-tax). Inequality is highly driven by the gap between the income shares held by the top 1% income group compared with other income percentiles. It is also explained by the large gap between income percentile of the top 25% income group and the bottom 75% income group. The top 30% income group held 60% of the population total income, while the bottom 30% income group held under 9% of the population total income. Inequality is different by province across Canada. From the findings, within-group inequality dominates between-group inequality, regardless of whether groups are defined by education, occupation, gender, age, language, marital status, or citizenship status. Second, analyzing the determinants of inequality, the results suggest that they vary significantly across income groups. The results highlight the contribution of any explanatory factor to inequality and the proportion of inequality explained by all observable characteristics. The largest part (between 64% and 74%) of income inequality is not explained by individual observable characteristics. Third, these determinants are modified by redistributive policies such as taxes and transfers. Chapter 2 brings further light on income inequality dynamics by gender and inves tigates its determinants from static and dynamic points of view. Using Canada income data, this research uses different measures of inequality to provide evidence on the changes in inequality by gender from 1991 to 2016. In this study, unconditional quantile regression based on the Re-entered Influence Function (RIF) is used to assess the impact of individual characteristics on income quantiles. The contribution of each relevant covariate on the Theil index by gender is documented by applying regression-based decomposition of inequality. Finally, RIF-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition is used to investigate the composite and income structural effects on the changes in inequality measures by gender. Results show that, before 2001, inequality was higher among females than among males, and starting from 2001, the inverse process is observed. The changes in the interquantile differences are not homogeneous along the income distribution for both males and females. The pattern of the effects of covariates on quantiles along the income distribution is gender specific. The findings provide evidence that, in most cases, the income structural effect explains the higher part of inequality. dynamics by gender, even if the size of the impact differs by gender. Furthermore, the composite effect counterbalances the income structural effect most of the time, even if, in some cases, they contribute to the change in inequality measures in the same direction. Chapter 3 investigates the spillover effects of corporate tax across the provinces using Canada’s corporate provincial aggregate data from 1981 to 2019. A dynamic panel model is used to assess the incidence of tax competition within the country. The results show that an increase of statutory taxes in other provinces has a positive effect on the corporate taxable income of a specific province. The results provide the evidence of spillover effects of corporate tax across provinces in Canada. This chapter supports the recommendations proposed by Smart and Vaillancourt (2021) on formula allocation mechanism and by Boadway and Tremblay (2016) on the modernization of business taxation mechanism in Canada.

The recession that started in the late 2000s has created significant economic and financial challenges globally and within nation states. In particular, oil-producing countries have been further affected by the fall in oil price. It is therefore crucial that alternative, more sustainable methods of sourcing revenue be investigated and utilised. The purpose of this thesis therefore is to examine the use of corporate tax regimes as a sustainable revenue source in promoting economic growth and development in Nigeria. Using a qualitative legal analysis, of the Nigerian corporate tax regime and through an extensive literature review, the thesis identified a number of key findings. Inter alia, that revenue from corporation tax structures are a sustainable revenue source mostly because of the amount of revenue generated through Multinational Corporations (MNCs). Secondly, the existing Nigerian corporation tax regime is in need of reform as there are developmental challenges, including lack of implementation and ambiguous legislation, which continue to thwart its success. Therefore, this leads to establishing how, and to what extent that Nigeria can use its corporate tax regime as a sustainable revenue source. The answer to this lies in the legal framework of corporate tax regimes. This thesis argues that legal uncertainties in the corporate tax regimes are the principal reason for the challenges faced by both state governments and MNCs. The thesis concludes by recommending reforms to the Nigerian tax regime while also recommending a tax compliance strategy for both domestic and international corporate tax regimes. This will set a foundation for corporation tax regimes as a sustainable revenue generation source for developing countries.