SAMMANFATTNING   Titel: Hållbarhetsprestationer och bolagsskatt: Komplement eller substitut? - En kvantitativ studie om publika europeiska bolag   Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi   Författare: Nicklas Johansson   Handledare: Jan Svanberg   Datum: 2017 - Januari   Syfte: Företagens sociala ansvar (CSR) är en viktig fråga för många av företagets intressenter, inte minst samhället. Hur företag betraktar bolagsskatt som en del av detta ansvar är därmed en betydelsefull fråga då statens skatteintäkter bidrar till välfärden i samhället. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan CSR och europeiska bolags effektiva skattesats, dels utifrån total CSR-prestation samt utifrån dimensioner av CSR.   Metod: Studien utgår från en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och en deduktiv ansats. Studien har vidare en kvantitativ strategi och en longitudinell design för att samla in sekundärdata från Thomson Reuters databas Datastream för åren 2011-2016. Urvalet består av 465 publika europeiska företag för vilka data analyserats med multipla regressionsanalyser i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS.   Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat indikerar ett negativt samband mellan total CSR-prestation och bolagsskatt, men att detta samband drivs av att CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen har en starkare negativ inverkan än den positiva inverkan som CSR-aktiviteter inom den sociala dimensionen bidrar med. Slutsatsen därav är att CSR och bolagsskatt både kan utgöra substitut och komplement till varandra. CSR-aktiviteter inom miljödimensionen används som substitut till bolagsskatt medan bolagsskatt betraktas som ett komplement till CSR inom den sociala dimensionen.   Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Då sambanden visat sig skilja sig åt mellan olika dimensioner bör framtida forskning inte utgå från ett samlat mått på CSR utan gå in mer i detalj på de kategorier och indikatorer som bygger upp dimensionerna. Det kan också finnas skillnader mellan industrier och land, varför det vore intressant med studier som undersöker sambandet inom respektive industritillhörighet och land i Europa.   Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien bidrar till att fylla forskningsgapet som existerat för europeiska bolag om sambandet mellan CSR och bolagsskatt samt till att undersöka sambandet på dimensionsnivå av CSR. Studien bidrar också till teorin om CSR och bolagsskatt som substitut, komplement eller oberoende aktiviteter. Slutligen kan studien öka förståelsen för hur bolags CSR- och skattebeteende hänger ihop hos myndigheter och organisationer som arbetar med lagstiftning och upprättandet av riktlinjer för hållbarhetsredovisning.   Nyckelord: CSR, ETR, ESG, socialt ansvar, hållbarhetsarbete, bolagsskatt, skattebetalningar, miljödimension, social dimension och företagsstyrningsdimension. / ABSTRACT   Title: Sustainability performance and corporate tax: Complement or substitute? - A quantitative study of public European companies   Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration   Author: Nicklas Johansson   Supervisor: Jan Svanberg   Date: 2017 - January   Aim: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important issue for many of the company's stakeholders, not least society. How companies regard corporate tax as part of this responsibility is therefore an important issue as the state's tax revenues contribute to the welfare of society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between CSR and European companies' effective tax rate, partly based on total CSR performance as well as dimensions of CSR.   Method: The study is based on a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive approach. The study also has a quantitative strategy and a longitudinal design for collecting secondary data from the Thomson Reuters database Datastream for the years 2011-2016. The sample consists of 465 public European companies for which data were analyzed by multiple regression analyzes in the IBM SPSS statistics program.   Result & conclusions: The study's results indicate a negative relationship between total CSR performance and corporate tax, but this connection is driven by the stronger impact of CSR activities in the environmental dimension relative to the positive impact of CSR activities in the social dimension. The conclusion is that CSR and corporate tax can both be substitutes and complementary to each other. CSR activities within the environmental dimension are used as substitutes for corporate tax while corporate tax is considered as a complement to CSR in the social dimension.   Suggestions for future research: When the relationships were found to differ between different dimensions, future research should not be based on a single measure of CSR, but go into more detail on the categories and indicators that build the dimensions. There may also be differences between industries and countries, so it would be interesting with studies that examine the relationship within each industry and country in Europe.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes to filling the gap of research that exists for European companies on the relationship between CSR and corporate taxation and to investigate the relationship at the dimensional level of CSR. The study also contributes to the theory of CSR and corporate taxation as substitutes, complements or independent activities. Finally, the study can increase understanding of how companies' CSR and tax behavior relate to government agencies and organizations involved in legislation and the establishment of guidelines for sustainability reporting.   Keywords: ETR, Corporate Tax, Tax Payments, CSR, ESG, Social Responsibility, Sustainability, Environmental Dimension, Social Dimension and Corporate Governance Dimension.

My diploma thesis is focused on German taxation and the impact on Czech subjects exporting to Germany. The main aim of this thesis is to give Czech entrepreneurs useful and current information about the German taxation system and to show basic tax calculations. My thesis is split into four chapters. The opening chapter deals with the internal market of the European Union, its history and its four freedoms. The second chapter outlines export of goods and services from the Czech Republic to Germany, the possibilities of entering the German market and the basic steps to be carried out while entering this area. Second part of the thesis presents the practical part. The third chapter includes particular German tax system and the comparison of Czech and German tax systems. The last chapter is focused on the use of German tax system in practice, especially VAT and it gives (as well as the third chapter) practical taxation examples.

The aim of this thesis is to compare the benefits of the vehicle acquisition for businesses on a financial leasing or a loan. The theoretical part is in greater detail focused on the current state of the legislation on tax and non-tax obligations of businesses associated with the acquisition of a vehicle. The theoretical part also briefly describes two systems of EU countries which tax their cars based on the CO2 production. The practical part of this thesis is a model example which compares the economic advantages of a financial leasing and a loan. The results are also being compared with the current state of the Czech Republic market.

This thesis is dealing with development and analysis of value added tax rates and income tax rates in developed countries. Developed countries are member states of European Union and member states of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Standard value added tax rates are analysed during period 1971 till 2011 for both formations with following comparison. The development of corporate tax rates is observed from 1981 to 2011 again for both formations with comparison afterwards. For the same period of time are analysed free marginal rates of personal income tax but only within OECD. Next can be found analysis and comparisons of rates mentioned above from seven chosen states including the Czech Republic. In the final part, the development of tax rates in chosen states with respect to the development of GDP in these states is presented. The development in chosen states is surveyed for the period 1981-2011.

The topic of this master thesis is the German tax system which is a relatively complicated entity. The aim of this thesis is to provide the updated and practical information useful for the Czech exporters and for their business activities in Germany. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the main export features from the Czech Republic to Germany. Next chapter analyses the different legal forms of companies that can be set up in Germany. The third chapter presents the process of the tax harmonisation and co-ordination within the EU. Next two chapters create the practial part of the master thesis. Particular types of both direct and indirect taxes are object of the fourth chapter. Finally, the last chapter applies the theoretical knowledge gained from the previous parts of the thesis in form of examples and situations from the tax practice and real business life of the entrepreneurs who export their goods and services to Germany.

This diploma thesis focuses on the comparison of corporate tax in the Czech Republic and Austria. The theoretical part deals in general with the taxes and tax systems of both countries. The next part is focused on the analysis and comparison of corporate tax in the Czech Republic and Austria. This issue is further illustrated on the selected company for the tax period 2020. Finally, is proposed a procedure for the further business of the company.

This diploma thesis “Tax Harmonisation in the European Union” focuses on an assessment of current developments in the harmonization of the various types of taxes. It compares the pros and cons of tax harmonization versus tax competition. It assesses continuation of the harmonisation process feasibility and its consequences. It contains an overview of the implementation of harmonization measures into the tax system in the Czech Republic.

This master thesis is dealing with development and application of a model that employs fuzzy logic. The model is used to support a decision of a selected Czech company that plans to invest abroad and establish a subsidiary. Selected indicators determine an investment risk in all countries considered for the investment. The model was implemented in parallel in two systems: MS Excel and MATLAB®.

The first paper demonstrates how, through the capital reallocation channel, increased automation in routine occupations has reduced employment and wages in non-routine occupations. Automation in routine occupations absorbs capital from non-routine occupations, reducing employment and wages in the latter. This mechanism is referred to as automation cross-occupation spillovers. Between 1980 and 2010, automation reduced average labor income by 21%. Cross-occupation spillover accounts for two-thirds of this drop. Furthermore, I find that automation has contributed to the rise of inequality in the United States. Indeed, automation accounts for 30.3% of the increase in occupational labor income inequality between 1980 and 2010. The second paper reconciles two stylized facts that characterize modern economic growth, balanced growth, and structural change, in a context where the factor intensities differ. I extend the neoclassical growth model to two sectors with different factor intensities, and I derive the dynamics of the sectoral TFPs that ensure aggregate balanced growth. I derive the condition on the TFP growth such that balanced growth is consistent with structural change. The condition of balanced growth in a two-sector model with different factor intensities is that the aggregate TFP growth minus the wage growth weighted by the aggregate labor share is constant. In this framework, structural change occurs through two channels. The first is the change in the sectoral TFP ratio and the second is the change in the relative cost of factors. The empirical analysis confirms that the model replicates the stylized facts aforementioned. The third paper shows, both theoretically and empirically, how corporate tax cuts contributed to structural change. For nearly a century, the United States has consistently reduced corporate taxes while maintaining the labor income tax. This shift in tax structure has an uneven impact on goods and services production, contributing to the divergence of sectoral value-added. Indeed, the factor intensity of the goods-producing sector and the service-producing sector differs, thus, changes in corporate taxes affect them differently. A 1% increase in the corporate tax retention rate raises the value-added of the services sector by 0.27 percentage points relative to the value-added of the goods sector. / Dans le premier article, nous examinons comment l’automatisation dans les professions routinières, en réallouant le capital, entraîne une diminution de l’emploi et des salaires dans les professions non routinières. En effet, l’automatisation des professions routinières mobi- lise le capital des professions non routinières, ce qui réduit l’emploi et les salaires dans ces dernières. Ce mécanisme est appelé effets indirects de l’automatisation entre les professions. De 1980 à 2010, le revenu moyen du travail a diminué de 21% en raison de l’automatisa- tion. Les effets indirects en représentent les deux tiers. En outre, l’automatisation contribue à l’accroissement des inégalités de revenus aux États-Unis. En effet, 30,3% de l’augmentation des inégalités de revenus entre les professions entre 1980 et 2010, est imputable à l’automatisation. Le second article concilie deux faits stylisés qui caractérisent la croissance économique contemporaine: la croissance équilibrée et le changement structurel, dans un contexte où les intensités des facteurs de production varient selon les secteurs. Le modèle de croissance néoclassique est étendu à deux secteurs avec des fonctions de production différentes. Nous dérivons la dynamique de la Productivité Totale des Facteurs (PTF) de chaque secteur qui permet d'assurer une croissance équilibrée. Nous dérivons ensuite la condition de croissance de la PTF afin que la croissance équilibrée soit compatible avec le changement structurel. Dans un modèle à deux secteurs avec des intensités de facteurs différentes, la condition de croissance équilibrée est que la croissance de la PTF agrégée moins celle des salaires pondérée par l'intensité du travail soit constante. Dans cette situation, le changement structurel est expliqué par deux variables. La première est le ratio de la PTF des secteurs, et la seconde est le coût relatif des facteurs. L'analyse empirique montre que le modèle reproduit les faits stylisés mentionnés. Le troisième article met en évidence, tant sur le plan théorique qu'empirique, comment la réduction de l'impôt sur les sociétés a contribué au changement structurel. Les États-Unis ont continuellement diminué l'impôt sur les sociétés tout en conservant l'impôt sur le revenu du travail depuis près d'un siècle. La modification de la structure fiscale a un effet disproportionné sur la production du secteur des biens et celle du secteur des services, ce qui entraîne une disparité de la valeur ajoutée entre les deux secteurs. En effet, les intensités des facteurs de production de biens et celles des facteurs production de services sont différentes, ce qui implique que les variations de l'impôt sur les sociétés affectent ces deux secteurs différemment. Une hausse de 1% du taux de rétention de l'impôt sur les sociétés entraîne une augmentation de 0,27 point de pourcentage de la valeur ajoutée du secteur des services par rapport à celle du secteur des biens.

The diploma thesis deals with the tax system in the Visegrad Four countries, specifically with the determination of the corporate income tax base and their comparative analysis. The thesis provides characteristic of items involving the corporate income tax base in Hungary, Poland and the Slovak Republic. Subsequently, these items are compared, and the comparison also includes determination of the corporate income tax base in the Czech Republic. Further, the thesis also analyzes the impact of legislative regulations of the corporate income tax base on the tax base width, the effective tax rates and the tax revenue in these countries.