This paper adds to the understanding and transparency of equity pricing in emerging markets. Its novel contribution is that it empirically investigates the pricing of Country Risk in BRIC markets, using a two-factor intertemporal pricing model. Bridging the gap between academics and practitioners, this paper contributes to the debate as to whether or not it is justified to adjust discount rates for emerging market companies – as given by the CAPM – by including an unconditional country risk premium. In choosing between country risk proxies, the sovereign yield spread adjusted for relative equity volatility appears to supersede the classical sovereign yield spread in explaining return variations. Evidence is presented that country risk is priced in India and China indicating some type of market segmentation; in these markets, the addition of a country risk premium to the discount rate is justified. Moreover, the paper complements the market integration literature in that it is shown that the correlation between the change in country risk premium and the equity risk premium might show signs of market segmentation or market integration, rendering the pricing factor for country risk in specific countries significant or insignificant, respectively. © 2010 Soeriowardojo, G.T. All rights reserved.

Problem: Which of Thailand’s four main sectors that nation brands compete including tourism, FDI, export promotion, and talent attraction that should be develop a main focus in developing a stronger Nation Brand for the country comparing to other four countries in South East Asia including Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines? Purpose: The purpose of this paper are 1) to study and analyze the current status of Thailand’s nation brand equity and 2) to examine the feasibility in each of Thailand’s four main sectors that nation brands compete including tourism, FDI, export promotion, and talent attraction by comparing to other four countries in ASEAN including Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia in order to generate recommendations for the country in developing a stronger nation branding strategy in the future. Method: In order to achieve our purpose, firstly, we chose ‘Asset-based Nation brand equity’ model to collect the information and perform analysis on the contribution of both nation internal and external assets towards nation brand equity. Secondly, ‘Nation brand internal analysis’ model was chosen in order to be a guideline for gathering data and performing analysis on Thailand’s nation brand capability in each of the 4 main sectors comparing to the other four countries. In addition, due to our research topic and limited time frame, we would rely on secondary sources as our main source of information with some guidance from our primary source. After the analysis had been performed, we had reached the conclusion and generated recommendation for our target group Conclusion: For the analysis of Nation brand equity, Thailand has equipped relatively strong internal assets both innate and nurtured as the country is rich with beautiful landscape and fascinating culture together with a strong support for the art from both governmental and private sectors. However, as for external assets, both disseminated and vicarious assets of Thailand still weakly contribute to the strength of the nation equity. Due to these reasons, we have recommended Thai governmental units to set up the organizations to improve the quality of disseminated asset and also start cooperation with private sector in order to come up with external portrayal in popular culture that can effective represent and enhance the country’s image. As for the result of ‘Nation brand internal analysis’, Thailand has shown moderate to high capability in the Export Promotion sector which was the highest among the other 3 sectors. However, based on the data in the analysis part, there are still lots of things needed to be done both by Thai governmental units and private sector in order to boost the country’s nation brand capability to achieve competitive advantage in the international market in the long run. According to this point, we had listed some recommendations for the governmental units to use as a general guideline in obtaining a strong nation brand that could help the country become more competitive in the global market.

Internationalisering är en populär trend för svenska företag. För några av dem är det en nödvändig åtgärd för överlevnad och tillväxt. Spanien som marknad är viktig för svenska företag. Vid etablering på den spanska marknaden påverkas svenska företag av vissa förändringar i den rådande miljön. De kan påverkas av ekonomiska, sociala/kulturella, juridiska, politiska och även tekniska faktorer. Företagen har också en marknadsföringsmix att erbjuda som består av produkt, pris, plats och promotion. Denna studie undersöker i vilken grad två av dessa faktorer, produkt och pris måste anpassas eller standardiseras för att passa den spanska marknaden. Författarna undersöker även hur den nya miljön påverkar företagets beslut.   Detta är en kvalitativ studie och den bygger på intervjuer via telefon och Skype med två konsulter och två svenska företag som redan är etablerade i Spanien, Filippa K och ORDNING&REDA. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka i vilken grad de svenska företagen i Spanien anpassar eller standardiserar sina produkter och priser till den nya marknaden. För att kunna dra en slutsats behöver författarna ta reda på hur den spanska marknaden skiljer sig från den svenska.   Slutsatsen är att den spanska marknaden inte skiljer sig från den svenska marknaden i så stora drag men olikheter i köpbeteende existerar. Varje företag måste därför inse sitt eget behov av att göra eventuella förändringar, antingen för sina produkter och/eller priser. De undersökta miljöfaktorerna som påverkar ett företags verksamhet i Spanien utgör inte något problem och det är troligtvis därför företagen inte behöver anpassa sina produkter eller priser i stor utsträckning. Den vanligaste delen att anpassa är texterna på produkterna. Men det är viktigt att beakta den nya kultur och affärskultur som råder samt användningen av det spanska språket och katalanska. Det är även viktigt att ta hänsyn till den ekonomiska situationen i Spanien. Svenska företag har en stor konkurrensfördel eftersom de har en mycket positiv country of origin effekt.   Författarna uppfattade ett samband mellan de undersökta delarna av marknadsföringsmixen med den rådande miljön vilket resulterar i om företaget väljer att standardiserar eller anpassar. / Internationalisation is a popular trend for all companies, not least for Swedish companies. For some it is a necessary action for survival, growth and development. Spain as a market is important to Swedish companies. H&M, Volvo, Saab, IKEA, Ericsson and Scania are some of the already established companies in Spain. During their establishment on the Spanish market, the Swedish companies are faced with certain changes in the environment such as economic, social/cultural, legal, political and also technological factors. The companies has also a marketing mix to offer and to deal with which consists of product, price, place and promotion. This study examines two of these factors, product and price and in which grade these two factors have to be adopted or standardised to the Spanish market. It also studies how the new environment affects the Swedish companies’ to make its decisions. This is a qualitative study and it is based on interviews through telephone and Skype with two consultants and two originally Swedish enterprises that are already established in Spain, Filippa K and ORDNING&REDA. The aim with this study is to investigate in which grade the Swedish companies in Spain need to standardise or adapt its products and prices to the new market. To make a connection the authors need to find out how the Spanish market differs from the Swedish one. The conclusion is that the Spanish market does not differ from the Swedish market in big terms, but different purchasing behaviour exists. Therefore each company has to consider themselves if there is a need to make any changes for their products and price levels. The environmental factors do not pose any difficulties for the companies to operate in Spain and it is probably why the companies which operate there do not need to adapt their products or prices in a big grade. The most common part to adapt is the lyrics on the products. But it is important to consider the different culture in the society and in the business, the use of the Spanish language and the Catalan, and also the economic situation in Spain. The Swedish companies have a great advantage since they have a great country of origin effect. The authors perceived a connection between the examined parts of the marketing mix with the actual environment which concludes in the fact if the companies decide to standardised or adapt.

The increase in foreign students in countries such as the US, the UK and Francesuggests that the international ‘education industry’ is growing in importance. Thepurpose of this paper is to investigate the empirical determinants of internationalstudent mobility. A secondary purpose is to give tentative policy suggestions to hostcountry, source country and also to provide some recommendations to students whowant to study abroad. Using pooled cross-sectional time series data for the US overthe time period 1993-2006, we estimate an econometric model of enrolment rates offoreign students in the US. Our results suggest that tuition fees, US federal support ofeducation, and the size of the ‘young’ generation of source countries have asignificant influence on international student mobility. We also consider other factorsthat may be relevant in this context.

The era of Globalization fastens the pace of corporation internationalization. National boundaries are no longer limitations for the quick transportation of people, commodities or capital all over the world. Under such circumstances, ¡§global mobility¡¨ equals ¡§competitiveness,¡¨ and the concept of ¡§Third-country Expatriation¡¨ takes place coordinately. The utilization of ¡§Third-country Nationals (TCNs)¡¨ within Multinational corporations (MNCs) stands for maturity in global development. It means MNCs already possess several well-developed overseas subsidiaries which are adequate to providing competent expatriates to become TCNs. Third-country Expatriation not only assists MNCs in expanding overseas sites, accelerating regional development, building regional talent pool, but also can be used as strategic management for MNCs to foster global talents or even business successors. Nevertheless, it¡¦s indeed a pity that there are very limited researches related to Third-country Expatriation both among domestic and foreign researchers. Both practitioners and academics have treated lightly the unique role of TCNs in the international workforce. With the growing international development of domestic MNCs and newly emerging overseas markets, the importance of Third-country Expatriation related issues is definitely about to enhance. This research adopts the exploratory quantity method, and conducts the in-depth interview with three domestic and foreign MNCs. Through the examination of their Third-country Expatriation practices, this research is able to come up with a more complete and integrated study on each human resource management activities, including: the planning for Third-country Expatriation system ¡V (1) reasons for third-country expatriation, (2) types and positions for third-country expatriation, (3) the main role of third-country expatriation system¡¦s planning, and the human resource management for Third-country Nationals ¡V (1) TCNs¡¦ selection (including decision-making and selection standards), (2) TCNs¡¦ education and training, (3) TCNs¡¦ compensation management, (4) TCNs¡¦ performance management, (5) TCNs¡¦ repatriation, (6) TCNs¡¦ oversea life support system, (7) other TCNs¡¦ management practices issues. On the other hand, based on the research results, this research also provides some essential suggestions and advices for domestic Taiwanese companies who plan to develop Third-country Expatriation system in the future.

<p>This paper adds to the understanding and transparency of equity pricing in emerging markets. Its novel contribution is that it empirically investigates the pricing of Country Risk in BRIC markets, using a two-factor intertemporal pricing model. Bridging the gap between academics and practitioners, this paper contributes to the debate as to whether or not it is justified to adjust discount rates for emerging market companies – as given by the CAPM – by including an unconditional country risk premium. In choosing between country risk proxies, the sovereign yield spread adjusted for relative equity volatility appears to supersede the classical sovereign yield spread in explaining return variations. Evidence is presented that country risk is priced in India and China indicating some type of market segmentation; in these markets, the addition of a country risk premium to the discount rate is justified. Moreover, the paper complements the market integration literature in that it is shown that the correlation between the change in country risk premium and the equity risk premium might show signs of market segmentation or market integration, rendering the pricing factor for country risk in specific countries significant or insignificant, respectively. © 2010 Soeriowardojo, G.T. All rights reserved.</p>

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 7, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Master thesis, Master's degree program Marketing, Economic School Linnaeus University, Växjö Sweden, Spring semester 2015. Author: Andersson Anthon, Guntell Robin Tutor: Soniya Billore Examiner: Anders Pehrsson Title: Advancing the COO Construct From an Affective Dimension: The Application of Projective Technique Purpose: The purpose in this article is to break from traditional research and its accompanying cognitive research methods in order to advance the COO field from a more accurate perspective that also involves an affective dimension as well. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing from prior research in the COO field, the methodology accounted for assumptions that were tested in collage technique and ad copy technique. Findings: The results shows that some people only seems to be susceptible to COO influence when communicating emotional CSAs nonverbally, whilst some people only reveal rational CSAs when being cognitively asked about COO influence in a directed manner. As a result, the present findings might suggest that prior research in the academic field might suffer from bias. Practical implications: In the light of COO, managers should bear in mind that some people cannot be targeted with solely rely on a cognitive marketing communication strategy. More specifically, the ad copy technique provides guidelines for appropriate design of advertisements when one consider to serving the brand’s origin as salient cue in consumers’ minds. Originality/value: Advancing the COO construct with using collage technique, this study is to the best our knowledge the second to account for an affective dimension as well.

Magistro darbe atskleista kaimo turizmo paslaugų samprata, jų reglamentavimas, išnagrinėtos pagrindines paslaugų rinkos elementų sąvokas ir svarbiausi aplinkos veiksnius, įtakojantys kaimo turizmo paslaugų rinką ir jos plėtrą. Pateikiama kaimo turizmo paslaugų rinkos vertinimo metodologija. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje pagrindinis kaimo turizmo paslaugų rinkos plėtros veiksnys, yra: Europos Sąjungos fondų parama. Atlikta Lietuvos ir Šiaulių apskrities kaimo turizmo paslaugų sektoriaus 2004 – 2008 metų struktūros ir dinaminių pokyčių analizė. Vartotojų segmentavimas pagal kilmę atskleidė, kad pagrindiniai kaimo turizmo paslaugų vartotojai yra Lietuvos gyventojai, jie sudaro apie 89 proc., o užsienio poilsiautojai apie 11 proc. nuo visų kaimo turizmo poilsiautojų, analizuojamu laikotarpiu. Šiame tyrime nustatyta, kad poilsiautojų skaičius Šiaulių apskrities kaimo turizmo sodybose per analizuojamą penkmetį išaugo beveik 6 kartus, o vietų pasiūla tik 2 kartus. Pastebima tendencija, kad kaimo turizmo paslaugų paklausa auga didesniu tempu, nei pasiūla. Atlikus Lietuvos ekonominių rodiklių įtakos analizę, nustatyta, kad reikšmingiausias ryšys yra tarp nakvynių skaičiaus ir BVP dalies tenkančios vienam šalies gyventojui dydžio bei vartojimo kainų santykinio lygio. Atlikus kaimo turizmo paslaugų plėtros Šiaulių apskrityje vertinimą, patvirtinta hipotezė, kad galima kaimo turizmo verslo plėtra ten, kur jis nėra išplėtotas, nors potencialas tam yra. / The master thesis reveals the concept of the country tourism services, their regulation, and analyses the main notions of the market elements and the basic environmental factors influencing upon the market of the country tourism and its development. The methodology of evaluation of the country tourism services market is provided here. It was established that the main factor of development of the country tourism services market in Lithuania is: the support from European Union funds. We performed the analysis of the structure and dynamic changes of the country tourism services sector in Siauliai District within the period of 2004 – 2008. The segmentation of inhabitants according to their origin revealed that the main users of the country tourism services are the residents of Lithuania, they make up about 89 percent, and foreign holidaymakers - about 11 percent of the overall amount of the country tourism holidaymakers during the analysed period. It was established in the course of the research that the amount of the holidaymakers in the homesteads of country tourism in Siauliai District increased almost 6 times during the analysable period, and the supply of places just twice. We can observe a tendency that the demand of the country tourism services is growing in a faster rate than the supply. Upon the analysis of the influence of Lithuanian economic indices, it was established that the most important connection is between the amount of stays and the amount of the portion of... [to full text]

SUMMARY MODELLING A COUNTRY TOURISM COMPLEX IN VARENA DISTRICT Key words: turism, country turism, complex of country tourism services Problem. Tourism is one of the most rapidly developing business sectors in the world, influencing social and economical wealth of individual regions and fostering the growth of various business sectors (food supply, accomodation, transport, etc.). In Lithuania, the tourism sector can be characterised in growing stage and it has favourable conditions for developing. One of the most promising sectors of Lithuanian tourism is country tourism, defined as a type of tourism containing all tourism services related with getting familiar with country environment and resting in it. The development of country tourism is characterised in state level, where the goal is not only to extend the tourism sector, but also to increase the employment of country people and to accelerate the economical development of country. Science literature which studies the specifics of country tourism is analyzed in this work. The empirical research based on the analysis mentioned allows to define the main spheres that require more attention from country tourism service providers in order to ensure the tourist satisfaction. The research is conducted while analysing the attitudes of country tourism owners and their clients in Varena Disctrict towards the complex of country tourism services. The object of research – country tourism services in Varena District. The objective... [to full text]