O presente estudo tem como objeto a norma contida no artigo 184 do Código Penal, consistente no crime de violar direitos de autor e os que lhe são conexos. A ideia central da pesquisa é perceber as raízes e a finalidade da criminalização das condutas violadoras que, em certa extensão, revelam a eventual dignidade do bem jurídico penal e, aliada à eventual necessidade, fundamenta a manutenção do dispositivo no ordenamento jurídico. Nesse contexto, a preliminar delimitação do bem jurídico penalmente protegido se mostra indispensável para a compreensão da matéria proibida, bem como para o processo de interpretação casuístico. Contudo, o tema é controverso, haja vista que a criminalização das infrações aos direitos intelectuais de forma geral não é consenso entre os penalistas ao redor do mundo, assim como a efetiva aplicação das respectivas penalidades pelos magistrados brasileiros. Isso porque equivocadamente se entende que os direitos de autor seriam, em analogia aos demais direitos intelectuais, uma espécie de direito de propriedade, e a incriminação das condutas infratoras teria por finalidade única a tutela do direito exclusivo de exploração econômica de sua criação ou invento. Da referida análise concluiu-se que, diferentemente dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial, os autorais não se resumem a direitos de cunho patrimonial. O sistema francês denominado Droit d Auteur, absorvido pela legislação brasileira, está guiado para a proteção do autor enquanto criador, de sua personalidade e individualidade, e se concretiza pela concessão de um direito exclusivo de participação pela utilização econômica de sua criação. Trata-se, pois, de um Direito sui generis, haja vista a índole imaterial de seu objeto, bem como sua natureza jurídica peculiar, que o aparta dos demais direitos privados. Portanto, sua colocação em risco produz, de forma mediata, prejuízos a toda a sociedade, como o desincentivo dos esforços e investimentos realizados por sujeitos interventores no processo criativo e comercial, e, consequentemente, a diminuição do progresso técnico, econômico, cultural e social. Concluiu-se, desse modo, que os direitos de autor são dignos da tutela penal ante a seriedade das lesões aos direitos de autor e as consequências nocivas para o livre desenvolvimento da comunidade. Igualmente, a tutela faz-se necessária e adequada diante da falibilidade dos meios de proteção menos gravosos, tal qual a via administrativa e a civil. Por outro lado, criticou-se a previsão normativa contida no caput do artigo 184, em termos de oportunidade, porque a incriminação genérica de toda a esfera do Direito de Autor degenera a finalidade do Direito Penal e, em termos de legalidade, porque carece da determinação, fundamental ao tipo incriminador, visto que não descreve minimamente a conduta típica de modo a permitir ao destinatário da norma orientar a sua conduta. Tais desacertos trazem consequências danosas tanto para o equilíbrio do sistema penal quanto para a aplicação concreta da norma ao fato concreto. Para tanto, sugeriu-se a criação de uma abertura legal para que a prática da administração da justiça permita, em algumas situações nas quais o castigo penal resulte desproporcional ou ineficaz, minimizá-lo, substituí-lo ou, inclusive, afastá-lo. Do mesmo modo, o sistema penal deve hierarquizar os direitos intelectuais no sentido de atribuir-lhes os valores sociais, econômicos, materiais e espirituais que lhes tenham sido dados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos internacionais, constitucionais e legislativos especiais. / The object of the present study is the provision of the article 184 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, consistent on the crime of violating copyright and neighbor rights. The central idea of the research is to identify the background and the purposes of copyright violating conducts criminalization. That understanding, to some extent, reveals the dignity of the legal protected right and, allied with its potential need, justifies the maintenance of the referred provision in the legal system. In that context, the preliminary delimitation of the legal protected right under criminal law shows itself to be essential to comprehend the forbidden behaviors, as well as to the process of interpretation on a case by case basis. The topic is controversial, however, since the criminalization of intellectual property rights infringements is not in consensus among the indoctrinators around the world, as well as the effective execution of the respective penalties this is also the case in the Brazilian magistrates. The reason for that is because copyright is erroneously considered by some a sort of property right similarly to other intellectual property rights and the sole purpose of criminalization would consist on the protection of an exclusive right regarding to the economic exploitation of their creation or invention. From this analysis it was concluded that, unlike industrial property rights, copyright may not be reduced to patrimonial rights. The French system called Droit d\' Auteur, absorbed by the Brazilian legislation, seeks the protection of the author as creator - his personality and individuality - and is materialized by the granting of an exclusive right of participation in the economic use of his creation. This is, therefore, a sui generis right, given the intangible nature of its object, as well as its peculiar legal nature, which separates it from the other private rights. Hence, the threat to such rights produces, indirectly, losses for the whole of society, as the discouragement of the efforts and investments made by the creativity industry, and, subsequently, a reduction in technical, economic, cultural and social progress of the country. It was concluded, therefore, that copyright justifies a criminal protection in face of the seriousness of the injuries to the authors and the harmful consequences for the free development of the community. Also, the criminal safeguard is necessary and appropriate given the failure of other protection fields less severe, such as administrative and civil spheres. On the other hand, the normative contained in the head of article 184 it was criticized, in terms of opportunity and legitimacy. In relation to opportunity because the generic criminalization of the broad field of copyright degenerates the purposes of criminal law. Additionally, vis-à-vis legitimacy, it lacks determination - vital to the incriminating articles , since it does not minimally describe the illegal conduct in order to allow the receiver to guide his behavior. Such misunderstandings have harmful consequences to the balance of the criminal system, as well as to the concrete application of the criminal law. As a result, the creation of a legal breach has been suggested so that the practice of Justices administration allows - in some situations where the criminal punishment will result disproportionate or ineffective to minimize it, replace it or even not to consider it. Likewise, the criminal system must designate the intellectual rights in order to assign them the social, economic, spiritual and material values that have been given by international legal systems, special laws and constitution.

O presente estudo tem como objeto a norma contida no artigo 184 do Código Penal, consistente no crime de violar direitos de autor e os que lhe são conexos. A ideia central da pesquisa é perceber as raízes e a finalidade da criminalização das condutas violadoras que, em certa extensão, revelam a eventual dignidade do bem jurídico penal e, aliada à eventual necessidade, fundamenta a manutenção do dispositivo no ordenamento jurídico. Nesse contexto, a preliminar delimitação do bem jurídico penalmente protegido se mostra indispensável para a compreensão da matéria proibida, bem como para o processo de interpretação casuístico. Contudo, o tema é controverso, haja vista que a criminalização das infrações aos direitos intelectuais de forma geral não é consenso entre os penalistas ao redor do mundo, assim como a efetiva aplicação das respectivas penalidades pelos magistrados brasileiros. Isso porque equivocadamente se entende que os direitos de autor seriam, em analogia aos demais direitos intelectuais, uma espécie de direito de propriedade, e a incriminação das condutas infratoras teria por finalidade única a tutela do direito exclusivo de exploração econômica de sua criação ou invento. Da referida análise concluiu-se que, diferentemente dos direitos de Propriedade Industrial, os autorais não se resumem a direitos de cunho patrimonial. O sistema francês denominado Droit d Auteur, absorvido pela legislação brasileira, está guiado para a proteção do autor enquanto criador, de sua personalidade e individualidade, e se concretiza pela concessão de um direito exclusivo de participação pela utilização econômica de sua criação. Trata-se, pois, de um Direito sui generis, haja vista a índole imaterial de seu objeto, bem como sua natureza jurídica peculiar, que o aparta dos demais direitos privados. Portanto, sua colocação em risco produz, de forma mediata, prejuízos a toda a sociedade, como o desincentivo dos esforços e investimentos realizados por sujeitos interventores no processo criativo e comercial, e, consequentemente, a diminuição do progresso técnico, econômico, cultural e social. Concluiu-se, desse modo, que os direitos de autor são dignos da tutela penal ante a seriedade das lesões aos direitos de autor e as consequências nocivas para o livre desenvolvimento da comunidade. Igualmente, a tutela faz-se necessária e adequada diante da falibilidade dos meios de proteção menos gravosos, tal qual a via administrativa e a civil. Por outro lado, criticou-se a previsão normativa contida no caput do artigo 184, em termos de oportunidade, porque a incriminação genérica de toda a esfera do Direito de Autor degenera a finalidade do Direito Penal e, em termos de legalidade, porque carece da determinação, fundamental ao tipo incriminador, visto que não descreve minimamente a conduta típica de modo a permitir ao destinatário da norma orientar a sua conduta. Tais desacertos trazem consequências danosas tanto para o equilíbrio do sistema penal quanto para a aplicação concreta da norma ao fato concreto. Para tanto, sugeriu-se a criação de uma abertura legal para que a prática da administração da justiça permita, em algumas situações nas quais o castigo penal resulte desproporcional ou ineficaz, minimizá-lo, substituí-lo ou, inclusive, afastá-lo. Do mesmo modo, o sistema penal deve hierarquizar os direitos intelectuais no sentido de atribuir-lhes os valores sociais, econômicos, materiais e espirituais que lhes tenham sido dados pelos ordenamentos jurídicos internacionais, constitucionais e legislativos especiais. / The object of the present study is the provision of the article 184 of the Brazilian Criminal Code, consistent on the crime of violating copyright and neighbor rights. The central idea of the research is to identify the background and the purposes of copyright violating conducts criminalization. That understanding, to some extent, reveals the dignity of the legal protected right and, allied with its potential need, justifies the maintenance of the referred provision in the legal system. In that context, the preliminary delimitation of the legal protected right under criminal law shows itself to be essential to comprehend the forbidden behaviors, as well as to the process of interpretation on a case by case basis. The topic is controversial, however, since the criminalization of intellectual property rights infringements is not in consensus among the indoctrinators around the world, as well as the effective execution of the respective penalties this is also the case in the Brazilian magistrates. The reason for that is because copyright is erroneously considered by some a sort of property right similarly to other intellectual property rights and the sole purpose of criminalization would consist on the protection of an exclusive right regarding to the economic exploitation of their creation or invention. From this analysis it was concluded that, unlike industrial property rights, copyright may not be reduced to patrimonial rights. The French system called Droit d\' Auteur, absorbed by the Brazilian legislation, seeks the protection of the author as creator - his personality and individuality - and is materialized by the granting of an exclusive right of participation in the economic use of his creation. This is, therefore, a sui generis right, given the intangible nature of its object, as well as its peculiar legal nature, which separates it from the other private rights. Hence, the threat to such rights produces, indirectly, losses for the whole of society, as the discouragement of the efforts and investments made by the creativity industry, and, subsequently, a reduction in technical, economic, cultural and social progress of the country. It was concluded, therefore, that copyright justifies a criminal protection in face of the seriousness of the injuries to the authors and the harmful consequences for the free development of the community. Also, the criminal safeguard is necessary and appropriate given the failure of other protection fields less severe, such as administrative and civil spheres. On the other hand, the normative contained in the head of article 184 it was criticized, in terms of opportunity and legitimacy. In relation to opportunity because the generic criminalization of the broad field of copyright degenerates the purposes of criminal law. Additionally, vis-à-vis legitimacy, it lacks determination - vital to the incriminating articles , since it does not minimally describe the illegal conduct in order to allow the receiver to guide his behavior. Such misunderstandings have harmful consequences to the balance of the criminal system, as well as to the concrete application of the criminal law. As a result, the creation of a legal breach has been suggested so that the practice of Justices administration allows - in some situations where the criminal punishment will result disproportionate or ineffective to minimize it, replace it or even not to consider it. Likewise, the criminal system must designate the intellectual rights in order to assign them the social, economic, spiritual and material values that have been given by international legal systems, special laws and constitution.

Criminal protection of an unbiased and impartial court Abstract This thesis deals with the criminal protection of an unbiased and impartial court. Although the thesis deals mainly with issues in criminal law, I consider it necessary to address the independence and impartiality of the court under constitutional law. I also focus, at least briefly, on guarantees of independence and impartiality in our legal order, and how this intersects with selection of new judges, the financial security of judges, non-depositability and non-translatability of the judge, and so forth. A judge may have two roles in criminal law: a perpetrator and a subject the attack. The first role is the judge who commits the crime in connection with the performance of their office. I analyse the offences of Accepting Bribes, Abuse of Competence of Public Official and Negligent Obstruction of Duty of Public Official. On the other hand, the legislator tries to punish crimes affecting the independence and impartiality of the judiciary when the attack is directed at the judge. There are several crimes, where the judge is the subject of the attack, whether it is Bribery, Indirect Corruption, or Interfering with Independence of Courts, Violence against Public Official etc. However, protection of the judiciary can also be found in other...

La protection pénale des ressources pétrolières est en outre un sujet incontestablement pluridisciplinaire. Nous avons vu que le sujet concerne les deux grands ordres juridiques que sont le droit privé et le droit public. Dans le cadre de cette pluridisciplinarité, on remarque que le pétrole s'intègre dans de très nombreuses matières. En tant qu’activité d'intérêt général, le pétrole répond à la mission des services publics, à ses mutations impulsées par l'Etat notamment celles relatives aux lois spéciales qui règlent les ressources pétrolières dans le volet pénal et qui permettent d'atteindre une protection adéquate pour l'investissement de ces ressources. A ce titre, ces considérations se trouvent très liées au droit pénal, qui joue un rôle considérable dans la régulation du pétrole et à plus forte raison dans la stratégie de sécurité pétrolière. L'implantation des structures et infrastructures afférentes aux pétrole font également intervenir le droit pénal. A cela s'ajoute un certain nombre de sujets spécifiques, tel que le domaine pétrolier, suffisamment dense et endogène pour constituer une matière à part entière. / The criminal protection of oil resources is undoubtedly a multidisciplinary subject. This subjectconcerns the two major legal systems that are private law and public law. In the context of thismultidisciplinary approach, oil is integrated into a great many objects. As an activity of generalinterest, the oil responds to the mission of the public services, to its changes impelled by theState especially those relating to the special laws which regulate the oil resources in the criminalaspect that achieve an adequate protection for the investment of these resources. As such, theseconsiderations are closely linked to the criminal law, which plays a considerable role in theregulation of oil, and even more so in the strategy on oil security. The establishment ofstructures and infrastructure related to oil also involve criminal law. To this is added a numberof specific topics, such as the oil field, which is sufficiently endogenous to constitute a separatesubject.

Nous observons des différences significatives au sein de la protection pénale des libertés et droits fondamentaux de la femme entre l'Iran et la France. Ces dissemblances sont issues de divergences fondamentales dans la définition des concepts bâtisseurs des droits de l'Homme, basée sur les perceptions du monde selon l'Islam et la laïcité. Ces divergences influent sur la mise en œuvre juridique des droits de l'homme et de la femme au niveau international et national. La France a réaffirmé ses engagements vis-à-vis de la Déclaration DHC par l'adoption de celle-ci dans le Code constitutionnel français. Elle a adhéré à la majorité des textes internationaux et régionaux concernant les droits fondamentaux de l'Homme, la prévention des violences faites aux femmes et la discrimination à l'égard des femmes. Elle s'est engagée à appliquer les traités internationaux ratifiés et à les absorber en droit interne à travers le mécanisme prévu par le Code Constitutionnel. En Iran, selon le Code Constitutionnel, toutes les lois doivent être compatibles avec les prescriptions islamiques. Nous avons étudié l'incompatibilité avec l'Islam de certains droits proclamés dans la DUDH et dans d'autres textes internationaux, notamment la Convention sur l'élimination de toutes formes de discriminations à l'égard des femmes. Le droit pénal comparé franco-iranien, à l'égard de la protection pénale de la femme, permet d'identifier clairement la politique criminelle dans la lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes et la discrimination à travers les incriminations et les réponses punitives à cet égard. / We observe significant differences in the criminal protection of fundamental rights and freedoms of women between Iran and France. These dissimilarities are derived from fundamental differences in the definition of concepts of human rights based on the perception of the world in Islam and secularism. These differences affect the legal implementation of the human rights of women in the national and international level. France has affirmed its commitment to the DDHC by its adoption in the French constitutional bloc. It has acceded to most international and regional instruments on human rights, prevention of violence against women and discrimination against women. It is committed to implement the ratified international treaties and to internalize through the mechanism provided by the Constitutional Code. Iran claimed the Constitutional Code; all laws must be consistent with Islamic requirements. We studied the incompatibility of Islam with certain rights enshrined in the UDHR and other international instruments including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The French Criminal Law in relation to Iranian penal protection of women clearly identifies the criminal policy in the struggle against violence against women and discrimination through criminalization and punitive responses in this regard.

Confronter le lien familial au droit pénal peut sembler paradoxal. La contradiction s'efface cependant devant le caractère inéluctable et nécessaire de cette rencontre. L'étude de l'impact spécifique de la présence du lien de famille sur les règles répressives s'inscrit dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et propose de mettre en présence deux objets dont les frontières évoluent constamment. À travers une double perspective d'observation et de prospection, cette recherche propose d'analyser le phénomène actuel de mutation de la protection pénale de la famille et de découvrir les principes qui lui sont propres, dans le but de mieux le saisir et de pouvoir en réorienter les applications futures. L'examen révèle l'existence d'un désintérêt répressif global à l'encontre du lien familial à l'endroit où sa prise en compte constitue un atout fondamental pour l'édification et la mise en œuvre cohérente des règles pénales. Cette étude propose d'analyser l'arsenal répressif existant et se donne pour objectif l'édification théorique d'une classification inédite des infractions familiales. La réalisation d'une typologie fonctionnelle de l'infraction familiale en droit pénal permet de pouvoir lui attribuer un outil de traitement procédural adapté à ses spécificités et d'aboutir à la mise en œuvre d'une politique pénale familiale spécifique. Cette ambition questionne la réalité du lien familial pénal et appelle, d'une part, à réinsérer le droit pénal dans le lien familial au stade de la classification des infractions familiales, et, d'autre part, à intégrer le lien familial dans le droit pénal au stade du traitement des infractions familiales. / Studying the family link from a criminal law perspective may seem paradoxical at first sight. Yet this is not the case since the confrontation between these two concepts is as ineluctable as is it necessary. The examination of the impacts of the family link on the repressive rules falls within a multidisciplinary approach and sheds light on two conceptions, whose limits are constantly changing. The purpose of this study is to analyse the current phenomenon of transformation in the criminal protection of families through observation and research; and to break down the principles governing it, so as to better grasp the situation and to give a new orientation towards future implementations. The study reveals the existence of an overall disinterest of the repressive field in the family link precisely where its consideration is a fundamental criterion in the construction and consistent implementation of criminal rules. The purpose of this research is to analyse the existing body of repressive laws and regulations currently in use as well as to establish an unprecedented classification of family offenses. The creation of a functional typology of family offenses in criminal law will make it possible to provide tailored legal tools to deal with this dilemma and to implement a specific criminal policy regarding the family. This endeavour challenges the very existence of the family link in criminal justice and demands not only that it be reintegrated into criminal law at the initial stage of classifying family offenses, but also that it be subsequently taken into consideration when dealing with these offenses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Ferreira Leite Neto.pdf: 634074 bytes, checksum: a26b8b089063e534c38739acf6b89ae6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-09 / The present study aims to analyze the Brazilian coding available in ordinary and constitutional plans, under which the intimacy and privacy of citizens are protected, in view of the exceptional possibility of violation of the confidentiality of telephone communications as a regimented and proportional mean of collecting criminal evidence, provided for in section XII, Article 5 of the Federal Constitution. Listed under section X of Article 5 of the Federal Constitution among the fundamental rights and guarantees, the intimacy and privacy are particularly confronted throughout the work with another constitutional value also proclaimed as inviolable and at the same level of importance, which is the social security, imposing the State adequate criminal protection to sustain it. Regarding the fundamental rights involved with the presented theme, it is considered the principled nature of the rights and guarantees classified as such, meaning that none of these rights can be taken as unconditional and causing them all to be interpreted and applied in a harmonized manner, under the light of proportionality, given the maximum possible protection of the supreme constitutional principle of human dignity. Our position on controversial issues perceived during the study of the normative discipline of telephone interceptions demanded an orientation which, not sparing the contact with the domestic and foreign doctrine and jurisprudence, would take in consideration the analysis of highlighted issues: criminal and criminal procedure protection (adequate and not excessive) as fundamental rights and duties; conflicting principles in views of the matter of exclusion of illegal evidence; the dignity of the human being as a limitation of the right to evidence and the pursuit of the real truth in the criminal field; the proportionality putting a light on the reasoning in the decision that decrees the breach of telephone confidentiality; and the balancing of publicity of criminal proceedings considering the legal confidentiality of documents relating to telephone interception / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o instrumental normativo brasileiro disponível no plano ordinário e constitucional, sob o qual é protegida a intimidade e a vida privada dos cidadãos, em vista da possibilidade excepcional, prevista no inciso XII, do artigo 5° da Constituição Federal, de violação do sigilo das comunicações telefônicas, como meio regrado e proporcional de obtenção de prova criminal. Elencadas no inciso X, do artigo 5° da Constituição Federal, entre os direitos e garantias fundamentais, a intimidade e a vida privada serão notadamente confrontadas ao longo do trabalho com outro valor constitucional também proclamado como inviolável e do mesmo nível de importância, que é o da segurança social, impondo ao Estado uma adequada proteção penal que lhe dê suporte. No trato dos direitos fundamentais envolvidos com o tema proposto, considera-se a natureza principiológica dos direitos e garantias classificados como tais, significando que nenhum desses direitos pode ser visto como absoluto, disso decorrendo que todos eles devem ser interpretados e aplicados de maneira harmonizada, à luz da proporcionalidade, em vista da tutela máxima possível do valor constitucional supremo da dignidade da pessoa humana. O nosso posicionamento sobre questões controvertidas verificadas no estudo da disciplina normativa das interceptações telefônicas exigiu uma orientação que, não dispensando o contato com a doutrina e jurisprudência nacionais e estrangeiras, passasse pela análise dos destacados pontos: a proteção penal e processual penal (suficientes e não excessivas) como direitos e deveres fundamentais; os princípios em conflito em vista da problemática da inadmissibilidade das provas ilícitas; a dignidade da pessoa humana como limitação do direito à prova e à busca da verdade real no campo penal; a proporcionalidade iluminando o cumprimento do dever de fundamentação na decisão que decreta a quebra do sigilo telefônico; e o equacionamento da publicidade do processo penal considerando o sigilo legal dos documentos relativos à interceptação telefônica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Bastelli.pdf: 978010 bytes, checksum: 1c87ef2cf9546369903bdf0e5ffa7c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-05 / The present dissertation has as a theme the criminal protection of the minority and of the vulnerable groups. The study initiates with the conceptualization of the term minority and its distinction related to the vulnerable groups, having as foundation the international treaties and the study conducted by United Nations. Thereafter, it accomplish the criminal protection analyses conferred to the minority and vulnerable groups, either in the international plan defining the international crimes, just like the duty assumed by the Brazilian State in criminalize the conduct of violation to the human rights of the minority , or in the intern plan, describing the legal instruments that secure many kind of groups. Finally, assayed the foundation of the criminal protection in the dogmatic and criminological aspects, to conclude about its relative aptitude in accomplish the minority rights. / A presente dissertação tem como tema a tutela penal das minorias e dos grupos vulneráveis. O estudo tem início com a conceituação do termo minoria e a sua diferenciação em relação aos grupos vulneráveis, tendo por fundamento os tratados internacionais e os estudos realizados no âmbito da Organização das Nações Unidas. Em seguida, empreende-se a análise da proteção penal conferida aos grupos minoritários e vulneráveis, tanto no plano internacional definindo os crimes internacionais, bem como as obrigações assumidas pelo Estado brasileiro em criminalizar as condutas de violação aos direitos humanos das minorias , quanto no plano interno, descrevendo os instrumentos legais que tutelam os mais diversos grupos. Por fim, examina-se os fundamentos da tutela penal das minorias, nos aspectos dogmáticos e criminológicos, para concluir acerca da sua relativa idoneidade em efetivar os direitos das minorias.

La protection pénale du consommateur est un enjeu essentiel, à plus forte raison, à la suite des dernières réformes législatives intervenues en la matière. La protection du consentement du consommateur représente l'essence même de l'intervention du droit pénal dans la sphère consumériste. La question fondamentale qu'il convient de se poser est donc celle de savoir si ce droit pénal sanctionne les comportements délictueux dont peut faire preuve le professionnel de manière accessoire au droit civil ou bien, plus intéressant, s'il revêt une autonomie dans la protection du consentement du consommateur, sans être un simple droit sanctionnant et dissuasif. / The consumer’s penal protection is an essential stake, even more so following the last legislative reforms that occurred in the matter. The consumer’s consent’s protection represents the very essence of criminal law’s intervention in the consumerist sphere. The fundamental question that must be asked is whether criminal law punishes the criminal behaviour that a professional might show as an additional legislation which is dependent on civil law or, more interestingly, if criminal law is in fact autonomous in the consumer’s consent’s protection without being nothing more than a repressive and dissuasive legislation.

Depuis toujours, l’homme agit sur le milieu naturel pour développer son cadre de vie. Ce comportement peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement, de sorte que l’idée de le protéger a progressivement émergé dans la conscience collective. Le législateur français a ainsi développé un important arsenal législatif parmi lequel figurent des dispositions d’ordre pénal ayant vocation à sanctionner les auteurs d’atteintes à l’environnement. Mais le dispositif pénal, bien que nécessaire, ne doit pas être l’unique réponse aux atteintes à l’environnement. Il doit s’articuler avec d’autres mécanismes, tels que la responsabilité civile, et ce afin de permettre notamment la réparation du préjudice écologique. Le droit pénal de l’environnement tel qu’il est aujourd’hui mis en œuvre n’est pas satisfaisant. Il souffre d’imperfections qui affectent son efficacité. Les présents travaux tentent de remédier à cette situation. / Traditionally, the human being has acted on nature to develop its living environment. This behaviour can have bad effects on the environment, so that the idea of protecting it gradually came into the collective consciousness. The French legislature thus developed an important arsenal of laws among which we can find penal provisions made to sanction those who damage environment. But the penal system, while necessary, should not be the only answer to the environment attacks. It must be linked with other mechanisms, such as civil liability, and that in order to allow, among others, the repair of the ecological damage. Criminal law for the environment as it is implemented today is not satisfactory. It suffers from flaws that affect its efficiency. The present works try to find a remedy for this situation.