Over the past decade, concerns regarding food safety and access to and control over food have become widespread in South Korea and are often associated with concerns over the global agri-food system. Large consumer cooperatives that have memberships that can exceed 800,000 members have emerged as a popular and effective way of addressing these concerns. Yet, these important alternatives to the global agri-food system have received little attention by researchers and policymakers alike. This study investigated attitudes towards an ongoing agricultural and rural crisis and food concerns for consumers and farmers in South Korea. Further, the roles of consumer cooperatives in addressing this crisis and as an alternative to the global food system were documented. Surveys were conducted with 412 conventional consumers and 452 consumers that were members of consumer cooperatives as well as 166 conventional farmers, and 118 farmers that grow food for these cooperatives. In addition, 11 Korean food experts that reflect a wide diversity of stakeholder interests including government, NGO, universities and farmers were also interviewed. Korean consumers identified that freshness was the most important factor when they purchase foods, followed by food safety and price. It seemed that the global agri-food system is unlikely to address these consumer concerns. Public rallies that raised concerns about the import of beef from the US reflected widespread public resistance to agricultural globalization and the pursuit of economic liberalization by the Korean government. Participants perceived that government policies neglected domestic agriculture and were the primary cause of low rate of food self-sufficiency in Korea. Both conventional farmers and member farmers strongly opposed policies that promote industrial economic growth at the expense of local farmers and food systems. Farmers in this study were generally highly critical of the global agri-food system, especially those that were relatively young and well educated. Member farmers benefitted from their relationships with consumer cooperatives, and earned an 11-30% premium compared to farmers that sell their products to large retail markets. Korean consumer cooperatives represent an important frame for building alternative food systems and for promoting cooperation between consumers and farmers into the future. / February 2016

All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) were first developed and marketed in the U.S. in the 1970s. They have soared in popularity for occupational and recreational uses since that time. In 2008, there were approximately 10.2 million all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in use in the United States. In 2001, it was estimated that 23 million Americans rode ATVs; 69% were adults and 31% children (CPSC, 2003). Deaths and injuries from ATVs have increased over time. According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Kentucky led the nation for ATV deaths from 2002-2006, with increasing numbers of fatalities annually. ATV use on farms is increasing across the country because the vehicles provide an efficient and reliable replacement for horses and tractors for farm work, such as checking livestock, feeding, or fence repair. Aging farmers and farmers with physical disabilities can often increase their productivity by using ATVs for their transportation needs on the farm. ATVs also serve as an inexpensive and popular recreational vehicle used by families especially in rural areas. In 2001, there were an estimated 481 ATVs per 1,000 (CI95% ± 27) farms in the southern region of the U.S. A literature review and a descriptive cross-sectional study were conducted. The specific aims of this dissertation were to: 1. Critically analyze the state of the science on ATV-related injury risk factors and explore recreational and occupational use of ATVs on farms. 2. Describe individual characteristics and demographic factors that are associated with ATV ownership and ridership among adult farmers. 3. Describe individual characteristics and environmental factors that are associated with ATV injury on farms. 4. Test models for predicting ATV ownership, ATV ridership, and ATV injury risk factors among adult farmers.

Pagrindinių magistrantūros studijų baigiamasis darbas 66 puslapių, 29 paveikslai, 14 lentelių, 30 literatūros šaltiniai, 2 priedai, lietuvių kalba. Tyrimo objektas: ūkininkai įgyvendinantys ekonominės veiklos diversifikacijos strategiją, diversifikavimo paramos priemonės. Darbo tikslas: išnagrinėti Lietuvos ūkininkų ūkių ekonominės veiklos diversifikavimo vadybinius aspektus ir sudaryti sprendimo diversifikuoti ūkininko ūkio veiklą pagrindimo, priėmimo ir įgyvendinimo modelius. Uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti ekonominės veiklos diversifikavimo strategijos pasirinkimo ir įgyvendinimo teorinius aspektus. 2. Išanalizuoti ūkininkų ūkių ekonominės veiklos diversifikacijos būklę Lietuvoje. 3. Ištirti ūkininkų ūkių strateginių sprendimų diversifikuoti ekonominę veiklą priėmimo motyvaciją ir veiksnius. 4. Parengti pasiūlymus ūkininkų sprendimams, dėl jų ūkių veiklos diversifikacijos pagrindimo. Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros, dokumentų bei teisės aktų analizė; kokybinis tyrimas ir jo analizė (pusiau standartizuota anketinė apklausa); statistinių duomenų analizė, loginis modeliavimas ir kiti metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai • pirmoje darbo dalyje išnagrinėta ekonominės veiklos diversifikavimo strategijos pasirinkimo ir įgyvendinimo teoriniai aspektai. • antroje dalyje išanalizuota Lietuvos ūkininkų apsisprendimas diversifikuoti ūkio veiklą patirtis, motyvai, bei apsisprendimo priklausomybės nuo veiksnių. • trečioje darbo dalyje pateikti sprendimo diversifikuoti ūkininko ūkio veiklą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Final work of University Postgraduate Studies consists of 66 pages, 29 figures, 14 tables, 26 sources of literature 2 appendixes, in Lithuanian language. The object of the research: farmer’s who use a diversification strategy, diversification strategy supports. Aim: To examine the Lithuanian diversification of farmers activity in the aspect of strategic management and to make justification, adoption and implementation models. Objectives: 1st Examine the economic diversification strategy for the selection and implementation of the theoretical aspects. 2nd Analyze farmers' farms in the state of diversification of economic activities in Lithuania. 3rd To examine the strategic decisions of farmers farm diversification of economic activities and making the motivation factors. 4th To prepare proposals for decisions by farmers for their farm business diversification reasons. Research methods: scientific literature, documents and legislative analysis and qualitative research analysis (semi-standardized questionnaire), statistical analysis, logic simulation and other methods. Survey results: • the first part of this examination of a strategy of diversification of economic activities in the selection and implementation of the theoretical aspects. • the second part analyzed the Lithuanian farmers resolve to diversify the economic activities of experience, motives, and self reliance of factors. • The third part of the decision to diversify the farm's business... [to full text]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges faced by farm schools in exercising the right to basic education. In doing so, also to determine possible reasons behind learners' drop-out rate at farm schools. This stUdy was prompted by political changes, which took place after the democratic elections of April 1994, impacting on the provisioning of education in South Africa. The South African education system and its institutions were confronted by many laws and policies, including the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 (84/1996), the National Education Policy Act 27 of 1996 (27/1996) and specific obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Through literature and empirical studies it was found that the State's commitment to social justice, especially to education, remains unfulfilled for large numbers of children, youths and adults living in rural areas. Literature revealed that the South African government is failing to protect the right to a primary education for learners living on commercial farms by neither ensuring their access to farm school, nor maintaining the adequacy of learning conditions at these schools. The research findings revealed that poverty resulting from unemployment or low income on the farms increases the need for teenagers to be in paid employment in the evenings or at the weekend, increasing absenteeism and ultimately resulting in learners dropping out, and an increase in child-labour. The empirical method, using questionnaires, was successful in obtaining information about what challenges are faced by farm schools in exercising the right to basic education and the reasons behind farm school learners dropping-out. It also established how participants felt and thought about their experiences and perceptions on the challenges confronting the right to basic education as well as the reasons behind farm school learners dropping out. The study established that if the State could respect and fulfil economic and social rights of the farm sChool community, including the right to basic education, by eradicating measures that deny the enjoyment of the right to education as seen at the farm schools, great progress and sustainability as far as education is concerned could be achieved by these schools. A number or recommendations were made with regard to the research on findings for the Sedibeng-West District (08). / Thesis (M.Ed. (Education Law))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

För att kunna sträva efter en hållbar utveckling och lämna över en god miljö till nästa generation krävs ett samordnat arbete kring de källor som utgör påverkan på naturen och miljön. Jordbruket är en sektor som påverkar naturen och miljön genom dess näringsläckage till mark och vatten.  För att minska näringsläckaget krävs styrmedel som har till syfte att effektivisera för ett mer hållbart jordbruk. Greppa Näringen är ett tyrmedel i Sverige som startades som ett projekt för att stoppa framförallt utlakning av kväve från svenska åkermarker. En bättre förståelse av vad som ligger bakom lantbrukares val att inte ansluta sig till Greppa Näringen är avgörande för att kunna designa ett optimalt program anpassat för lantbrukarna. Denna studie har genomförts utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer för att identifiera faktorer och bakomliggande aspekter som ligger till grund för att lantbrukare inte väljer att ansluta sig till Greppa Näringen. Fem lantbrukare har intervjuats och de faktorer som har identifierats är kunskap, engagemang, tid, förtroende, påverkan utifrån och ekonomi. De mest betydande aspekterna som lantbrukarna nämnde var att verksamheten inte är relevant för Greppa Näringen (kunskap), att lantbrukarna har prioriterat annat inom verksamheten (engagemang och tid) samt att lantbrukarna inte tar till sig den informationen som Greppa Näringen ger ut (engagemang). Faktorerna ekonomi och påverkan utifrån har endast nämnts av en lantbrukare. / n order to strive for a sustainable development and hand over a good environment to the next generation, a coordinated work requires on the point- sources that has great impact on nature and the environment. The agriculture is a sector which has great impact on nature and the environment through its leaching of nutrients to soil and water. To reduce the leakage of nutrients, a set of instruments is required. Instruments, which aim to improve the efficiency of a more sustainable agriculture. Greppa Näringen is an instrument in Sweden that started as a project to mainly stop the leaching of nitrogen from Swedish arable land. A better understanding of what is behind farmers' decision not to participate in Greppa Näringen is crucial to be able to design the most ideal program adapted for the farmers. This study has been conducted from qualitative interviews to identify the factors and underlying aspects that explain why farmers choose not to participate in Greppa Näringen. Five farmers were interviewed and the factors that have been identified are, knowledge, commitment, time, trust, influence from the society and economy. The most commonly mentioned aspects were; that the farm is not of relevance for Greppa Näringen (knowledge), that farmers have prioritized other things within the farm (commitment and time) and also that farmers do not adopt information from Greppa Näringen, even though it is presented to them (commitment). The factors economy and influence from the society has only been mentioned by one of the farmers.

Alternative food systems (AFSs) are so defined because they purport to challenge a value or ameliorate a negative impact of the dominant conventional food system (CFS). Short food supply chains (SFSCs) are a type of AFS whose alterity is defined by socially proximal economic exchanges that are embedded in and regulated by social relationships. This relational closeness is argued to have benefits with respect to economic, environmental, and social sustainability. However, it would be a mistake to assume that AFSs and CFSs are paradigmatically differentiated or that their structures engender particular outcomes. The first article traces a misguided attempt to find indicators of success for farms participating in short food supply chains. The effort was misguided, because in designing the original study there was an assumption that producers participating in these AFSs shared similar goals, values, and definitions of success. The true diversity of these variables was discovered through the analysis of eighteen semi-structured interviews with Burlington and Montpelier area farmers who participate in SFSCs. This diversity motivated an exploration of the origins, common applications, and recent academic skepticism regarding assumptions of the relationship between certain food systems structures and broader food systems outcomes. The second article undertakes to develop a framework for exploring the actual motivations of SFSCs farmers and challenging common AFS assumptions. A framework that differentiates motivations guided by formal and substantive rationality is used to code the aforementioned data. Common themes amongst the responses are discussed demonstrating that producer motivations for participating in AFSs can be diverse, contradictory, and subject to change.

De 1850 à nos jours, l'agriculture et la société rurale dans l'arrondissement de Montreuil-sur-Mer sont en pleine mutation. Les techniques et les structures de production et de commercialisation se modernisent. Les cultures et l'élevage se développent. Le syndicalisme, le mutualisme et le coopératisme apparaissent. Les exploitations sont de plus en plus vastes et les paysans de moins en moins nombreux. L'arrondissement dispose de l'une des associations de défense des intérêts des cultivateurs et de diffusion du progrès les plus puissantes et les plus actives du département : la Société d'agriculture de Montreuil-sur-Mer, fondée en 1821. Cette dernière, dirigée par Octave Corne de 1923 à 1956, atteint véritablement son apogée dans l'entre-deux guerres. Néanmoins, tout au long de la période, le territoire demeure l'un des espaces les moins avancés du Pas-de-Calais. La productivité, notamment céréalière, est l'une des plus faible du département. Les exploitations sont moins bien équipées que dans les région d'Arras et de Béthune. Le retard résulte principalement des conditions naturelles relativement difficiles, de la qualité des sols souvent médiocre et des mentalités particulièrement conservatrices. Des disparités subsistent également à l'échelle cantonale sur le territoire. L'essor des cultures et de l'élevage est plus important dans les cantons du Littoral et du sud de la Canche que dans ceux du nord-est. Les régions de Fruges et d'Hucqueliers sont incontestablement les espaces les plus déshérités de l'arrondissement. / Agriculture and the rural society have been constantly changing in the district of Montreuil-sur-Mer since 1850. The production and marketing techniques and structures haves modernized. Farming and cattle breeding have developed. Unionism, mutualism and cooperation have emerged. Farms have become huger and the numbers of farmers has been decreasing. The district has got one of the most powerful and active organizations in the country. The Agricultural Company of Montreuil-sur-Mer was established in 1821 and has been defending the farmers interests and spreading progress since. It was run b Octave Corne from 1923 to 1956. It reached its climax during the interwar period. However, the territory remained one of the least developed areas of the Straits of Dover throughout those years. Productivity, cereal crops in particular, has been one of the lowest of the Straits of Dover. Farms are less well-equipped than in the Arras and Bethune areas. Backwardness mainly results from the natural conditions which are quite hard, the poor quality of the soil and from a conservative attitude. Disparities remain at a local level as well. The rapid expansion of farming and cattle breeding is far more important in the coast areas and in the south of the Canche than in the north eastern ones. The regions of Fruges and Hucqueliers are indisputably the most deprived of the district.

Le titre de la thèse concernant le succès des nématodes peut sembler extremement vaste. Notre projet était pourtant bien d’avoir une vue d’ensemble de l’ensemble des acteurs, à savoir les nématodes parasites du tube digestif mais également l’hôte et certains aspects de sa réponse, et enfin l’éleveur qui est celui qui décide du mode d’élevage et des traitements antiparasitaires. Nous avons essentiellement travaillé en conditions expérimentales et sur une espèce de ces strongles. En ce qui concerne les traits de vie des nématodes plusieurs grands phénomènes conditionnent leur succès : a) leur capacité assez variable selon les isolats à infester un hôte, b) l’interaction entre résistance aux antiparasitaires et cette capacité à infester, c) enfin leur aptitude à survivre aux stress climatiques au cours de leur phase non-parasitaire. / The success of gastrointestinal nematodes in their sheep hosts is so extensive that they present one of the leading threats to ruminant health and production throughout the globe. This thesis research identified three key factors which influence their success including the gastrointestinal nematode biology, the sheep host protective response and the farmers control decisions. Using Haemonchus contortus as a model species, we demonstrated that the success of GIN biology is aided by their capacity to overcome numerous selective pressures that target both parasitic and free-living stages in their life cycle. This was achieved by amplifying life-history traits following challenge to recoup any costs in survival and reproduction. In turn, high levels of fitness were maintained and they remained stable in the face of numerous selective pressures. Sheep have the capacity to exert almost perfect control over GIN success by blocking their life cycle through via protective responses.

Nos dias atuais a criação de peixes tornou-se uma atividade econômica rentável. A criação de alevinos, para posterior comercio após o seu desenvolvimento, é uma pratica que vem ganhando espaço no cenário nacional há algum tempo. O comercio da carne de peixes vem sendo muito visada e para isso o peixe necessita estar apto para o comércio. Comparando entre os gêneros macho e fêmea, o primeiro apresenta, quando adulto, um maior peso e um maior tamanho, o que economicamente é mais interessante para o piscicultor. Mas o controle de gênero não é fácil de ser feito, quando se tem os alevinos não se sabe ao certo a quantidade de machos e fêmeas presentes nos tanques de criação. Para se obter uma população de apenas machos é utilizado um procedimento no qual um hormônio masculino é inserido no ambiente dos alevinos, tanto por meio de inserção do hormônio na ração tanto pela inserção direta do hormônio nos tanques de criação dos alevinos. Nesse segundo método e utilizado um banho de imersão sendo que a exposição a esse hormônio causa uma mudança sexual dos peixes, sendo que todos migram para o sexo masculino. Após a imersão essas águas ficam com sua composição alterada sendo que o hormônio permanece presente na mesma. O tratamento dessas águas residuais do processo é muito complicado sendo que se faz necessário um tratamento mais drástico do que o tratamento convencional aplicado às plantas de ETE. O presente estudo faz uma análise de um método para tratar o hormônio utilizado nos banhos de imersão. O hormônio em questão utilizado no estudo foi o 17α-metiltestosterona (MT) que é um dos hormônios utilizados na reversão sexual de peixes. O estudo focou no tratamento eletroquímico do hormônio MT utilizando-se de parâmetros para a realização do mesmo. Os parâmetros utilizados para análise foram quatros: Temperatura, concentração de NaOH, pH e densidade de corrente. / Nowadays fish farming has become a profitable activity. The creation of fingerlings for further trade after its development is a practice that has gained importance in the national scene for some time. The trade of fish meat has been widely targeted and that the fish need to be able to trade. Comparing gender male and female, first presented as an adult, a greater weight and a larger size, which is economically more interesting to the farmer. But control of gender is not easy to do when you have the fry do not know for sure the number of males and females present in the breeding tanks. To obtain a population of only males is used a procedure in which a male hormone is inserted into the environment of the fingerlings, either by insertion of the hormone in the diet either by direct insertion of the hormone in the breeding tanks of fry. In the second method and used a bath and that exposure to this hormone causes a change fish sex, all of which migrate to the male. After soaking in these waters are being altered its composition that the hormone is still present in it. The treatment of such waste water process is very complicated and it becomes necessary a more drastic than the standard treatment applied to the plants to WWTP. This study is an analysis method of treating a hormone used in immersion baths. The hormone in question used in the study was 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)which is a hormone used in the sex reversal of fish. The study focused in the electrochemical treatment of hormone MT using parameters for realization thereof. The parameters used to analyze four were: temperature, NaOH concentration, pH and current density.

Este estudo identificou um conjunto de razões que limita o uso de técnicas de gestão nas empresas agropecuárias. Analisando como os produtores rurais administram os seus negócios, e em acordo com a teoria da administração, estas razões foram discutidas através de uma matriz de atividades administrativas. Essa matriz relaciona as funções de planejamento, organização, direção e controle, exercidas no nível estratégico e operacional da empresa agropecuária, com as áreas administrativas de produção, finanças, comercialização e pessoal. Isso possibilitou uma identificação mais precisa dos fatores limitantes à gestão da empresa agropecuária e suas relações com a competência administrativa, composta pelas variáveis conhecimento, habilidades e atitudes. Os principais motivos que justificam o baixo envolvimento dos profissionais da assistência técnica com a gestão da propriedade rural também foram identificados. A coleta de dados primários envolveu duas fases. Na primeira, a investigação valeu-se da técnica de grupos focais, que permitiu reunir informações qualitativas sobre o assunto, em 8 sessões focais com agricultores, pecuaristas e os técnicos que os assistem. Na segunda fase, o assunto foi abordado de forma quantitativa, através da aplicação de 494 questionários junto ao mesmo público alvo, em vários estados do país. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados estatisticamente e os resultados se mostraram altamente significativos (P<0,05). Em linhas gerais, as principais conclusões do estudo foram: (1) a natureza familiar predominante na empresa agropecuária lhe confere uma forma própria de gestão; (2) há significativas diferenças na opinião e percepção de técnicos e produtores sobre a melhor forma de se gerenciar as empresas agropecuárias; (3) os produtores rurais não alteram, contínua e sistematicamente, seu planejamento estratégico de produção, em função das incertezas de mercado e dos custos associados à alteração do processo produtivo; (4) no planejamento financeiro, os produtores rurais normalmente direcionam seus recursos para serem aplicados em estoques ou ativos fixos; (5) na organização da infraestrutura e do pessoal, há uma tendência dos produtores em superdimensionar a disponibilidade desses fatores de produção, visando uma redução dos riscos operacionais inerentes à produção; (6) na organização das finanças, normalmente há um descompasso entre o detalhamento dos registros e a real capacidade de implementá-los com eficiência na empresa; (7) a estrutura funcional dos recursos humanos é ineficiente e centralizada, com acúmulo de responsabilidades no produtor rural; (8) a direção operacional da produção ocupa o maior tempo de trabalho do produtor, gerando ineficiências na direção das demais áreas administrativas; (9) as principais dificuldades no controle são a coleta de dados a campo, resultado do baixo nível de conhecimento, habilidades e atitudes de seus funcionários; e (10) a formulação de recomendações para o gerenciamento da empresa agropecuária deve considerar as características da empresa e do empresário rural, ao invés de serem estabelecidas a priori sem o conhecimento da situação particular de cada caso. Por fim, considerando a importância relativa das diferentes atividades administrativas em empresas agropecuárias referenciais e os fatores limitantes à gestão nessas empresas, fez-se recomendações para a melhoria do processo de aconselhamento administrativo aos produtores rurais. / The study identified some reasons that explain the limited use of scientific management tools by Brazilian farmers. A matrix of management activities was built to classify these reasons. The matrix crosses the management functions of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, considered both in the strategic and operational levels, with the production, financial, commercial, and human resource administrative areas. This classification allowed a more precise identification of factors that are limiting the use of scientific management tools and their relationship to the farmer’s competence as given by their knowledge, abilities and attitudes. The study also identified some of the major reasons that explain why extension agents were not fully involved with counseling farmers on their management activities. Primary data used in the study were collected during two phases. During the first, 8 focus group manned by cash crop farmers, beef cattle farmers, and extension agents and counselors, were used to produce qualitative information. During the second phase, quantitative information were collected via a survey with 494 individual questionnaires applied to the same public covered by phase one. For the statistical tests performed 95% of significance was required. Some conclusions of the study are: (1) the family farm predominant nature requires an specific form of management; (2) farmers differ significantly from extension agents or counselors on farm management subjects; (3) farmers do not alter their strategic production plans in response to price changes or other signals perceived as short or mid term movements due to costs of changes in their production processes; (4) in managing their cash flow, farmers tend to immobilize their resources as fixed assets, therefore dangerously reducing their liquidity ratios; (5) in organizing their human resources structure farms tend to concentrate into their hands amounts of responsibilities larger than they can handle; (6) in organizing their financial flows there is a large gap between the desired level of details and their abilities to collect the data; (7) in organizing farm’s production infrastructure and human resource base there is a tendency to overestimate their needs in order to reduce productive or operational risks; (8) directing the productive process requires most of the time of the farmer, therefore reducing the amount of time dedicated to other areas of the administrative process; (9) the major difficulties faced in the function of controlling are linked with problems of collecting data. This is due to low levels of formal education that characterize the farm hired labor; and (10) counseling rules should not be formulated as general rules but the farm and the farmer individual characteristics must be considered in counseling for management purposes. Finally, the relative relevancy of the managerial activities in the "referential farms" were considered, together with their limiting managerial factors, in recommending improvements in the process of managerial counseling to farmers.