Le législateur a introduit, à la fin des années 1980, une institution permettant à tout individu majeur et apte de confier, advenant son inaptitude, son bien-être, la gestion de ses biens et, de façon générale, sa protection à une personne en qui il a confiance. Cette institution s’appelle le mandat donné en prévision de l’inaptitude du mandant. Toutefois, les besoins du mandant ne peuvent être déterminés avec précision avant la survenance de son inaptitude. Cette situation a amené une certaine doctrine, en vue d’assurer la sauvegarde de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, à invoquer en matière de mandat de protection les principes gouvernant les régimes de protection. Malheureusement, en l’absence de disposition expresse à cet effet, il semble que cette voie ne puisse être adoptée. En conséquence, le présent mémoire tente de démontrer que les principes énoncés à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et les fondements du régime contractuel prévu au Code civil du Québec permettent d’assurer la protection du mandant dans le respect de ses intérêts et de ses attentes légitimes. Cette approche concilie également le respect de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, de ses volontés et de son besoin de protection et assure l’efficacité de l’institution. / In the late 1980s, the legislator introduced an institution allowing an individual of full age and able to exercise his civil rights to entrust, in the event of his inability, his well-being, the administration of his patrimony and, in general, his protection to a trusty person. This institution is called the mandate given in anticipation of the mandator’s incapacity. However, the onset of the mandator’s inability is a precondition to an accurate evaluation of his needs. This situation has led a certain doctrine, in order to safeguard the residual autonomy of the mandator, to invoke the principles governing the protective supervision of a person of full age. Unfortunately, without a specific provision to that effect, it appears that this pathway cannot be adopted. Accordingly, this text attempts to demonstrate that the principles brought up by the Charter of human rights and freedoms and the general provisions governing contractual agreements under the Civil Code of Québec allows to ensure the protection of the mandator in respect of his interests and his legitimate expectations. This approach also reconciles the respect of the mandator’s residual autonomy, his wishes and his need of protection and ensures the effectiveness of the institution.

Le vieillissement de la population est un phénomène démographique auquel est confronté le Québec. Dans ce contexte, la protection des personnes inaptes et vulnérables, prendra de plus en plus d'importance au cours des prochaines années. Ces personnes doivent bénéficier d'une protection adéquate lors de l'ouverture d'un régime de protection à leur égard. Considérant que l'ouverture d'un régime de protection au majeur inapte est toujours le résultat d'une décision judiciaire, le greffier de la Cour supérieure du Québec a un rôle fondamental à jouer à l'occasion dans le processus judiciaire. À titre d'officier de justice, il a compétence pour prononcer le jugement d'ouverture du régime de protection. Par conséquent, le présent mémoire consiste à vérifier si les majeurs inaptes sont bien protégés par le rôle et les pouvoirs de l'officier de justice. Pour ce faire, le sujet à l'étude a fait l'objet d'une double approche. Dans un premier temps, le cadre juridique à l'intérieur duquel le greffier doit exécuter ses fonctions sera étudié. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats et l'analyse d'une enquête empirique auprès des greffiers de la Cour supérieure du Québec seront exposés. Cette démarche permet une approche comparative entre la théorie et la pratique en la matière et permet de constater qu'il peut y avoir un écart entre les deux. / Aging population is a phenomenon faced by Quebec. In this context, the protection of incapacitated and vulnerable individuals will be increasingly important in the coming years and they should benefit adequate protection from the institution of protective supervision. Considering that the institution of protective supervision is always the result of a court order, the clerk of the Superior Court of Quebec has a fundamental role to play during the judicial process. The judicial officer has jurisdiction to pronounce the judgment of institution of protective supervision. The following study will attempt to verify whether the proven inapt persons are well protected under the actual system whereby the judicial officer has the function and the powers to decide. To do this, a two way analysis will be used. First, the legal framework within which the clerk shall perform its functions will be studied and second, the results and analysis of an empirical survey of clerks of the Superior Court of Quebec will be discussed. This approach should reveal the existing gap between theory and practice.

La représentation légale du mineur est un attribut général et impérieux de l'autorité parentale. Elle pallie l'incapacité générale d'exercice du mineur en dépassant la distinction classique entre l'autorité parentale sur la personne et l'autorité parentale sur les biens mais elle est indissociable du pouvoir de direction et de contrôle de la personne de l'enfant. Elle demeure cependant soumise au clivage s'agissant de la détermination des représentants légaux ou du régime des actes. En tant que prérogative parentale, elle est mise en œuvre de manière autoritaire car la volonté du mineur est exclue, mais la modération du pouvoir et l'association permettent d'atténuer les contraintes de la représentation. En dépit des obligations qu'elle implique, la nature familiale et parentale de la prérogative contribue par ailleurs à limiter le contrôle qui est exercé sur celle-ci. / The legal representation of the minor is an imperative and a general attribute of the parental authority. It compensates the general incapacity of the minor exceeding the classical distinction between parental authority over the person and parental authority over the goods, but it is inseparably linked with the power of direction and control over the person of the child. It remains however subject to division regarding the determination of legal representative or the regime of legal acts. As a parental prerogative, it is implemented in an authoritarian way because the will of the minor is excluded, but the moderation of the power and the association mitigate the constraints of the representation. In spite of the obligations that legal representation implies, the domestic and parental nature of the prerogative contribute furthermore to limit the control exercised over it

This thesis focuses on employees' incapacity to work as a factor that negatively affects the functioning of an organization. The resulting negative financial impact is felt not only at the level of specific organizations, but also can affect a country's macroeconomic performance. To be able to understand the issue of work absence, it is necessary to consider it in the context of a state's political and social situation. It is also essential to take into account legislative regulations regarding absenteeism that dictate the procedures required for both employees and employers. A serious problem associated with sick leave is the unauthorized absence of employees from work that results in significant burden on employers as well as hinders the macroeconomic functioning of the state. Although there are public institutions involved in activities for reducing absenteeism, the task of investigating the reasons for increased work absence is usually left up to the employer. That includes a responsibility to find and incorporate into the organization's policy an effective and appropriate solution for reducing work absence and stabilization of amount of absence. It is also important to avoid creating an environment that leads to so called "presenteeism," which is the presence of employees in the workplace...

The aim of this dissertation is to provide the readers with as comprehensive view of the issue of sickness and accident rate of workers in relation to work attendance as possible. The dissertation deals with both absenteeism of sick individuals, i.e. the incapacity for work, and presenteeism, that is the performance of gainful employment despite acutely impaired health condition. Due to the different nature and level of knowledge of the examined phenomena, each of them is devoted a different level of attention. The issue of the incapacity for work due to disease or injury is analyzed in more detail. Development of the parametric values is set in the context of administration and legal changes, which have occurred in the Czech Republic since the early 1990s, and conditionality of the occurrence of the incapacity for work due to disease or injury are further investigated based on individual anonymized data. In the part dealing with presenteeism, the dissertation introduces the readers to the basic findings that have been published so far about this type of addressing health incapacitation. Attention is also paid to the mutual comparison of the incapacity for work and presenteeism, both on the basis of theoretical and empirical knowledge. In conclusion of the dissertation, the level of absence and...

<p>Disability in South African labour law is reduced to incapacity. An evaluation of disability and incapacity was made to advocate a clear conceptual break between the two concepts. Also, that disability should be grounded in a social model paradigm of disability which was a materialist critique of how capitalism constructs disability. To enhance the analysis discourse analysis was employed to illustrate how language, ideology and power sustained the notion of disability in capitalist society. A comparative analysis was made drawing on American disability jurisprudence and Canadian disability jurisprudence to illustrate the difference in approach between the two legal systems with a suggestion that the Canadian approach was better suited to the development of a South African disability law. And the development of South African disability law it was argued would benefit if a legal construction of disability was crafted to deal with the obstacles that disabled people encounter in the work-place.</p>

<p>Disability in South African labour law is reduced to incapacity. An evaluation of disability and incapacity was made to advocate a clear conceptual break between the two concepts. Also, that disability should be grounded in a social model paradigm of disability which was a materialist critique of how capitalism constructs disability. To enhance the analysis discourse analysis was employed to illustrate how language, ideology and power sustained the notion of disability in capitalist society. A comparative analysis was made drawing on American disability jurisprudence and Canadian disability jurisprudence to illustrate the difference in approach between the two legal systems with a suggestion that the Canadian approach was better suited to the development of a South African disability law. And the development of South African disability law it was argued would benefit if a legal construction of disability was crafted to deal with the obstacles that disabled people encounter in the work-place.</p>

Le législateur a introduit, à la fin des années 1980, une institution permettant à tout individu majeur et apte de confier, advenant son inaptitude, son bien-être, la gestion de ses biens et, de façon générale, sa protection à une personne en qui il a confiance. Cette institution s’appelle le mandat donné en prévision de l’inaptitude du mandant. Toutefois, les besoins du mandant ne peuvent être déterminés avec précision avant la survenance de son inaptitude. Cette situation a amené une certaine doctrine, en vue d’assurer la sauvegarde de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, à invoquer en matière de mandat de protection les principes gouvernant les régimes de protection. Malheureusement, en l’absence de disposition expresse à cet effet, il semble que cette voie ne puisse être adoptée. En conséquence, le présent mémoire tente de démontrer que les principes énoncés à la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne et les fondements du régime contractuel prévu au Code civil du Québec permettent d’assurer la protection du mandant dans le respect de ses intérêts et de ses attentes légitimes. Cette approche concilie également le respect de l’autonomie résiduelle du mandant, de ses volontés et de son besoin de protection et assure l’efficacité de l’institution. / In the late 1980s, the legislator introduced an institution allowing an individual of full age and able to exercise his civil rights to entrust, in the event of his inability, his well-being, the administration of his patrimony and, in general, his protection to a trusty person. This institution is called the mandate given in anticipation of the mandator’s incapacity. However, the onset of the mandator’s inability is a precondition to an accurate evaluation of his needs. This situation has led a certain doctrine, in order to safeguard the residual autonomy of the mandator, to invoke the principles governing the protective supervision of a person of full age. Unfortunately, without a specific provision to that effect, it appears that this pathway cannot be adopted. Accordingly, this text attempts to demonstrate that the principles brought up by the Charter of human rights and freedoms and the general provisions governing contractual agreements under the Civil Code of Québec allows to ensure the protection of the mandator in respect of his interests and his legitimate expectations. This approach also reconciles the respect of the mandator’s residual autonomy, his wishes and his need of protection and ensures the effectiveness of the institution.

Le vieillissement de la population est un phénomène démographique auquel est confronté le Québec. Dans ce contexte, la protection des personnes inaptes et vulnérables, prendra de plus en plus d'importance au cours des prochaines années. Ces personnes doivent bénéficier d'une protection adéquate lors de l'ouverture d'un régime de protection à leur égard. Considérant que l'ouverture d'un régime de protection au majeur inapte est toujours le résultat d'une décision judiciaire, le greffier de la Cour supérieure du Québec a un rôle fondamental à jouer à l'occasion dans le processus judiciaire. À titre d'officier de justice, il a compétence pour prononcer le jugement d'ouverture du régime de protection. Par conséquent, le présent mémoire consiste à vérifier si les majeurs inaptes sont bien protégés par le rôle et les pouvoirs de l'officier de justice. Pour ce faire, le sujet à l'étude a fait l'objet d'une double approche. Dans un premier temps, le cadre juridique à l'intérieur duquel le greffier doit exécuter ses fonctions sera étudié. Dans un deuxième temps, les résultats et l'analyse d'une enquête empirique auprès des greffiers de la Cour supérieure du Québec seront exposés. Cette démarche permet une approche comparative entre la théorie et la pratique en la matière et permet de constater qu'il peut y avoir un écart entre les deux. / Aging population is a phenomenon faced by Quebec. In this context, the protection of incapacitated and vulnerable individuals will be increasingly important in the coming years and they should benefit adequate protection from the institution of protective supervision. Considering that the institution of protective supervision is always the result of a court order, the clerk of the Superior Court of Quebec has a fundamental role to play during the judicial process. The judicial officer has jurisdiction to pronounce the judgment of institution of protective supervision. The following study will attempt to verify whether the proven inapt persons are well protected under the actual system whereby the judicial officer has the function and the powers to decide. To do this, a two way analysis will be used. First, the legal framework within which the clerk shall perform its functions will be studied and second, the results and analysis of an empirical survey of clerks of the Superior Court of Quebec will be discussed. This approach should reveal the existing gap between theory and practice.

Text in Afrikaans / Werknemers is benewens sekere hoogs uitsonderlike gevalle altyd voor ontslag op substantiewe - en prosessuele billikheid geregtig, hetsy in 'n individuele ofkollektiewe verband. Prosessuele billikheid in besonder het 'n inherente waarde, o.a. omdat die uiteinde van 'n proses nie voorspel kan word nie. Die werkgewer word ook daardeur in staat gestel om die feite te bekom, en arbeidsvrede word daardeur gehandhaaf. Van verdere belang vir prosessuele billikheid is die nakoming van eie of ooreengekome prosedures, die beskikbaarstelling van genoegsame inligting, voorafkennisgewing en bona fide optrede deur die werkgewer. Die primere remedie in die geval van 'n onbillike ontslag is herindiensstelling, alhoewel herindiensstelling nie in die geval van 'n prosessuele onbillike ontslag beveel behoort te word nie. Die riglyne soos in die verlede deur die howe en arbiters ontwikkel is grootliks in die Konsepwet op Arbeids= verhoudinge, soos bevestig in die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge, 1995, gekodifiseer. / Prior to dismissal employees are always entitled to substantive - and procedural fairness, be it in an individual or a collective context, subject to highly exceptional circumstances. Procedural fairness in particular has an inherent value, inter alia because the outcome of a process cannot be predicted. The employer also thereby establishes the facts and by conducting a process, labour peace is promoted. Also of importance for procedural fairness is adherance to own or agreed procedures, providing the employee with sufficient information, prior notification and bona fide conduct by the employer. The primary remedy in the case of an unfair dismissal is reinstatement, though reinstatement should not follow in the case of a dismissal which is (only) procedurally unfair. The guidelines as developed by the courts and arbitrators have largely been codified in the Draft Labour Relations Bill, as subsequently confirmed in the Labour Relations Act, 1995. / Mercentile Law / LL. M.