The Diploma Thesis consists of research and design part. The content of research part is description of dry reservoirs and theory of 2D modelling. The design part of the work deals with the hydrotechnical study of possibility of building a dry reservoir Blučina in two variants of designs of reservoir with objects. The design contains simulations of 2D numerical model of reservoir made in program SMS-SRH of both designed variants. The result is evaluation of both designed variants and recommendation of better option for a possibility of construction in the future in terms of the transformation of the century-flood wave.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19292号 / 工博第4089号 / 新制||工||1630(附属図書館) / 32294 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 竹門 康弘, 准教授 KANTOUSH Sameh Ahmed / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19505号 / 理博第4165号 / 新制||理||1598(附属図書館) / 32541 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)教授 津田 敏隆, 教授 石川 裕彦, 教授 余田 成男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Numerical models are important tools for simulating processes within complex natural systems, such as hydrodynamics and water quality processes within a water body. From decision makers’ perspectives, such models also serve as useful tools for predicting the impacts of water quality problems or develop early warning systems. However, accuracy of a numerical model developed for a specific site is dependent on multiple model parameters and variables whose values are attained via calibration processes and/or expert knowledge. Real time variations in the actual aquatic system at a site necessitate continuous monitoring of the system so that model parameters and variables are regularly updated to reflect accurate conditions. Multiple sources of observations can help adjust the model better by providing benefits of individual monitoring technology within the model updating process. For example, remote sensing data provide a spatially dense dataset of model variables at the surface of a water body, while in-situ monitoring technologies can provide data at multiple depths and at more frequent time intervals than remote sensing technologies. This research aims to present an overview of an integrated modeling and data assimilation framework that combines three-dimensional numerical model with multiple sources of observations to simulate water column temperature in a eutrophic reservoir in central Indiana. A variational data assimilation approach is investigated for incorporating spatially continuous remote sensing observations and spatially discrete in-situ observations to change initial conditions of the numerical model. This research addresses the challenge of improving the model performance by combining water temperature from multi-spectral remote sensing analysis and in-situ measurements. Results of the approach on a eutrophic reservoir in Central Indiana show that with four images of multi-spectral remote sensing data assimilated, the model results oscillate more from the in-situ measurements during the data assimilation period. For validation, the data assimilation has negative impacts on the root mean square error. According to quantitative analysis, more significant water temperature stratification leads to larger deviations. Sampling depth differences for remote sensing technology, in-situ measurements and model output are considered as possible error source.

A two-dimensional axisymmetric thermo-mechanical model of the Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) process was developed and validated with experimental data. Welding temperatures, tool forces, and material flow including defect formation, were accurately predicted by the model. Qualified repair techniques are critical for successful implementation of a welding process for use on large weldments with a significant number of spot joints, and this work demonstrates a repair technique for RFSSW that is validated both experimentally and numerically. Repaired properties are shown to exceed 90% of the original mechanical properties of the RFSSW process. RFSSW has different process parameters for every combination of material alloy, material thickness, weld duration, and machine force limits. Numerical modeling develops the process parameters for any RFSSW iteration in a fraction of the time with the same amount of accuracy. The model can effectively simulate how to determine the optimal weld duration given any experimental parameters.

The need to know how river morphology changes due to sedimentation is increasingly important as we attempt to predict future events. Engineers use numeric models to predict effects of changed morphology on river systems. The numerical model Two-dimensional Unsteady Flow (TUFLOW) has recently added, and is continually improving, its capability to model sediment transport in rivers and coastal systems. This paper evaluates the new tools for modeling sediment transport presently contained within TUFLOW and compares these tools with analytical and laboratory case studies. Currently TUFLOW simulates combined bed and suspended load transport of noncohesive sediments under the effect of currents using the Van Rijn method. New TUFLOW capabilities which have not been extensively tested before include recognized sediment transport relationships such as those of Meyer-Peter and Mueller, Bagnold, and Ackers & White. It is important to note that the software evaluated herein is a snapshot of a continuing software development process. The aim of the TUFLOW developers is to address any shortcomings outlined in this paper where feasible. Eleven different test cases are modeled in the Surface-water Modeling System (SMS) software. The test cases are designed to examine how well TUFLOW simulates sediment transport modeling with channels of varying degrees of slope and contractions. Eight of the test cases are taken from Analysis of the Sediment Transport Capabilities of FESWMS. Three cases simulate a simple flume with varying midsection slopes. Four cases use a simple flume with no slope and different contractions: a short abrupt contraction, a long abrupt contraction, a long gradual contraction, and a wide contraction. Two of the test cases are from laboratory flume experiments that were performed at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. The last test case consists of a river entering a reservoir. The results show that TUFLOW is presently capable of representing sediment transport and morphology reasonably on moderate and shallow slopes and channels with contractions. However, more work is required to improve TUFLOW's morphological capabilities on steep slopes when hydraulic jumps are present. The results show TUFLOW can handle long term simulations. The results show that TUFLOW is not capable at this time of recreating the lab flumes and more features need to be added to accurately portray the flumes. TUFLOW did show perturbations, common for semi-coupled models, in the results for certain test cases. Filtering, a common way of removing perturbations was implemented and gave varying results. The developers are in the process of developing a more advanced scheme for filtering.

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Traditionally geothermal energy utilizes naturally occurring steam or hot water trapped in permeable rock formations through naturally occurring extraction wells or by implementing the hydraulic fracturing process by fracturing rock formations with water-based fracturing fluids. In contrast, in Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) hydraulic fracturing process is utilized to create new or reopen existing fractures by injecting high-pressure fluid into deep Hot Dry Rocks (HDR) under carefully controlled conditions. Fracturing fluids are usually water-based that utilize an immense quantity of water. In EGS, they are essential for conducting hydraulic fracturing which bring the concern of technical approach and environmental impact. Thus, an alternative approach is to use waterless fracturing technologies, such as foam-based fracturing fluid. Foams are a complex mixture of the liquid and gaseous phases, where the liquid phase act as an ambient phase and gas is the dispersed phase. Foam fracturing fluids offer potential advantage over conventional water-based fracturing fluids, including reduced water consumption and environmental impact. Although foam-based fracturing has shown promising results in oil and gas industries, its feasibility has not been demonstrated in EGS conditions that usually involve high temperature and high pressures. One potential barrier to utilizing foam as fracturing fluid in EGS applications is that foams are thermodynamically unstable and will become more unstable with increasing temperature due to phenomena such as liquid drainage, bubble coarsening, and coalescence. Therefore, it is essential to stabilize foam fluids at high temperatures for EGS related applications such as fracking of HDRs. This project aims to evaluate the thermodynamic behavior of foams at high temperature and high pressure conditions closely resembling the geothermal environment. In this research, foam behavior was categorized as foam stability based on its half-life, i.e., the time taken by the foam to decrease to 50% of its original height. A laboratory apparatus was constructed to evaluate the foam half-life for a temperature range of room temperature to 200°C and a pressure range of ambient pressure to > 1000 psi. Two types of dispersed/gaseous phases, nitrogen gas (N2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2), were investigated. Four different types of commercial foaming agents/surfactants with various concentrations were tested, including alfa olefin sulfonate (AOS), sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), TergitolTM (NP – 40), and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). Moreover, five stabilizing agents, guar gum, bentonite clay, crosslinker, silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2), and graphene oxide dispersions (GO), were also added to the surfactants to enhance foam stability. Experimental results showed that N2 foams were more stable than CO2 foams. It was observed that foam half-life decreased with the increase in temperature. Among all the surfactants, AOS foams showed the most promising thermal stability at high temperatures. Moreover, with the addition of stabilizing agents, foam's half-life was enhanced. Stabilizing agents such as crosslinker and GO dispersion showed the most stable foams with half-life recorded at 20 min and 17 min, respectively, at 200°C and 1000 psi. Finally, pressure also showed a positive effect on foam stability; with increased pressure, foam half-life was increased. Based on the experimental data, analytical models for the effect of temperature and pressure were developed, considering foam degradation is a first-order kinetic reaction that linearly depends on the foam drainage mechanism. The effect of temperature on foam half-life was studied as an exponential decay model. In this model, foam half-life is a function of drainage rate constant (DA) and activation energy (Ea) of the foam system. The effect of pressure on foam half-life was found to obey a power-law model where an increase in pressure showed an increase in foam half-life. Furthermore, a linear relation was studied for the effect of pressure on foam activation energy and drainage rate. Then the, combined effects of temperature and pressure were studied, which yielded an analytical model to predict the foam stabilities in terms of half-life for different foam compositions. This research indicates that with an appropriate selection of surfactants and stabilizing agents, it is possible to obtain stable foams, which could replace conventional water fracturing fluid under EGS conditions. / Mechanical Engineering