京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23862号 / 工博第4949号 / 新制||工||1773(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 角 哲也, 准教授 竹門 康弘, 准教授 Kantoush Sameh / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The last two decades have seen new insights, data and analytical methods to establish the behaviour of structures in fire. These methods have slowly migrated into practice and now form the basis for modern quantitative structural fire engineering. This study presents a novel methodology for determining the imposed heat fluxes on structural members. To properly characterise the temperature rise of the structural elements, a post-processing model for computational fluid dynamics tools was developed to establish the heat fluxes imposed on all surfaces by a fire. This model acts as a tool for any computational fluid dynamics model and works on the basis of well resolved local gas conditions. Analysis of the smoke layer and products of combustion allow for heat fluxes to be defined based on smoke absorption coefficients and temperatures. These heat fluxes are defined at all points on the structure by considering full spatial and temporal distributions. Furthermore, heat fluxes are defined by considering directionality and both characteristic length and time scales in fires. Length scales are evaluated for different structural member geometries, while time scales are evaluated for different structural materials including applied fire protection. It is the output given by this model that provides the input for the thermal analysis of the structural members that is a necessary step prior to the structural analysis to be undertaken. The model is validated against the experimental results of the previously mentioned large scale fire tests, showing good agreement. In addition, comparisons are made to current methods to highlight their potential inadequacies.

Ce travail de thèse s’est inscrit dans le contexte d’utilisation d’un cycle de conversion de l’énergie de type Brayton au CO2 supercritique, pour les réacteurs à neutrons rapides refroidis au sodium (RNRNa). Dans le cas d’une fuite accidentelle dans l’échangeur de chaleur Na − CO2 d’un RNRNa, le CO2, avec une pression opérative d’environ 200 bars, serait injecté dans le sodium liquide qui se trouve à basse pression,provoquant un jet sous-détendu et réactif deCO2 dans le sodium. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse était le développement d’un modèle numérique du jet réactif diphasique de CO2 dans du sodium.Un modèle numérique d’un jet sous-détendu non-réactif de gaz dans du liquide, utilisant une approche3D non-stationnaire de type multi-fluide CFD, a été développé. Les résultats numériques ont été validés à travers la comparaison avec résultats expérimentaux obtenus avec mesures optiques. Un modèle décrivant la réaction chimique entre le sodium et le CO2 a été ensuite développé et intégré dans le modèle 3D multi-fluide. Le modèle résultant permet de calculer les profils de température obtenus au sein du jet et sur les parois des tubes de l’échangeur de chaleur. / This PhD work was motivated by the investigations in the frame of supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles as possible energy conversion cycles for the Sodium-cooled Fast nuclear Reactors (SFRs). Following an accidental leakage inside the sodium-CO2 heat exchanger of a SFR, the CO2, having an operating pressure of about 200 bars, would be injected into the low-operatingpressure liquid sodium, creating an underexpanded reactive CO2-into-sodium jet. The goal of this PhD work is the development of a numerical model of the two-phase reactive CO2-into-sodium jet.A numerical model of an underexpanded non-reactive gas-into-liquid jet was developed, adopting a 3D unsteady multi-fluid CFD approach. The numerical results have been validated through the experimental results obtained with a facility employing optical probe technique. A numerical model for the chemical reaction between sodium and CO2 was then developed and integrated into the 3D two-fluid model. The resulting model allows to determine the temperature profiles inside the reactive jet and on the heat exchanger tubes.

Apresenta-se um trabalho numérico e experimental, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento dos pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados, quando submetidos a forças verticais estáticas e repetidas. Avalia-se a contribuição da armadura de flexão, na resistência de placas de concreto apoiadas sobre meio elástico. Verifica-se experimentalmente o modo de ruína de placas submetidas a carregamento monotônico e a carregamento repetido, com e sem armadura, e acompanha-se o desenvolvimento das fissuras no concreto e das deformações no aço. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos, com as recomendações da NBR 6118:2003, para o dimensionamento de estruturas submetidas à fadiga. É desenvolvido modelo numérico capaz de representar a interface do solo com a placa do pavimento, a fissuração do concreto, a contribuição da armadura e o comportamento pós-fissuração. Com auxílio do modelo numérico, validado a partir dos resultados experimentais, estuda-se a influência de alguns parâmetros importantes para o dimensionamento dos pavimentos, tais como: capacidade de suporte da fundação, espessura das placas, área de aço, dimensões das placas em planta, posição de aplicação da força e presença de juntas de transferência de deslocamento. Os resultados experimentais mostram uma significativa contribuição da armadura positiva na resistência de placas isoladas sob forças verticais centradas. Verificou-se que as forças repetidas provocam fadiga do aço e que o número de ciclos depende da deformação provocada na armadura. A partir dos resultados são traçadas diretrizes para o dimensionamento, no qual devem ser considerados os momentos positivos e os negativos, e deve ser feita a verificação da fadiga do concreto e da armadura / A numerical and experimental study on the behavior of structurally reinforced concrete pavement under vertical static and repeated load is presented. The contribution of bending reinforcement to the strength of concrete slab is assessed. It is experimentally verified the fracture of reinforced and plain concrete slabs under monotonic loads and under cyclic loads. The concrete cracking and the strain on steel are monitored. The results are compared to the brazilian code recommendations to the design of structures under fatigue. A numerical model that represents the soil-slab interface, the concrete cracking, the reinforcement contribution and the tension stiffening behavior is developed. Some important parameters to the pavement design are analyzed using this finite element model, whose reliability was verified to experimental results. These parameters are: the soil capacity; the slab thickness; reinforcement ratio; slab dimensions; load positions; and joints conditions. The tests data show an important contribution of the positive reinforcement on the strength of an isolated slab with centered load. It has been verified the fatigue of the steel. The number of cycles depends on the reinforcement strain. The results are used to propose some directions to the design. The positive and negative bending moments have to be considered and the fatigue on the concrete and on the reinforcement has to be verified

Desde meados de 2007, um aumento significativo de unidades construídas pelo sistema Paredes de concreto tem influenciado o mercado da construção habitacional no Brasil. Em abril de 2012, foi publicada uma norma brasileira que trata exclusivamente desse sistema. Além disso, o desafio em minimizar o déficit habitacional estimula a utilização desse método alternativo, pois quando aplicado adequadamente proporciona alta produtividade e menor custo em relação a outros métodos construtivos. Por essas razões, é importante conhecer quais modelos de cálculo são seguros e pertinentes para a análise estrutural de edificações construídas pelo sistema Paredes de Concreto. Neste trabalho são avaliados, por meio da comparação de resultados, quatro modelos de cálculo, dos quais dois são numéricos, utilizados para o pré-dimensionamento e dimensionamento de paredes de concreto armado, moldadas no local. Este tipo de estrutura tem sido bastante utilizada na construção de edifícios. Deste modo utilizou-se como estudo de caso, um projeto adaptado de um edifício real com quinze pavimentos tipo, para a aplicação dos modelos de cálculo e algumas normas de projeto. Os dois modelos numéricos foram desenvolvidos no software SAP2000, baseado no Método dos Elementos Finitos, considerando análise elástica linear. O primeiro discretiza as paredes com elementos de casca e o segundo com elementos de barra. A interação entre o solo e a estrutura não foi considerada neste trabalho. Normas de projeto foram comparadas na etapa de pré-dimensionamento quanto às resistências últimas à compressão com objetivo de avaliar a recente norma brasileira. A verificação ao dimensionamento das paredes quanto às tensões normais de compressão e tração e tensões de cisalhamento foi realizada baseada nas expressões da NBR 16055:2012. Por fim, verificou-se o Estado Limite de Serviço das deformações excessivas globais, referentes à movimentação lateral do edifício e a estabilidade global do edifício estudado, pela NBR 6118:2007. / Since 2007, a significant use of the system known as Concrete Wall has been influenced the Brazilian residential construction market. In April 2012, a Brazilian code exclusively devoted to this system was published. Besides that, the challenge in reducing housing deficit estimulate the use of this alternative method, because when properly applied it provides high productivity and lower costs compared with other construction methods. For these reasons it is important to evaluate which designing models are safe and appropriate to structural analysis of buildings constructed in Concrete Wall system. In this work it is evaluated, through results comparison, four designing models, of which two are numerical, used to pre-design and to design reinforced concrete walls casted in place. This kind of structure has been widely used in buildings construction. Thus, an adapted project from a real building with fifteen floors was used as a case study in order to apply the designing models and some project design codes. Both numerical models were developed in SAP2000 software, based on Finite Element Method, considering elastic linear analysis. The former used shell elements to represent the walls and the latter used frame elements. The soil-structure interaction has not been considered in this work. Project design codes were compared at the pre-design stage in terms of the ultimate compression resistance, aiming evaluate the recent Brazilian code. The check of normal stress of compression, normal stress of tension, and shear stress, was made based on NBR 16055:2012 expressions. Finally, the service limit state related to global excessive deformation due to the lateral movement of the building and the global stability was verified through NBR 6118:2007.

O fenômeno de injeção de vapor em tanques de alívio é de relevância no projeto de reatores de água leve, sejam eles do tipo reator de água pressurizada (PWR) ou reator de água fervente (BWR). Este fenômeno permite a rápida absorção do vapor injetado em massa de água, por meio de sua condensação, uma vez que este vapor pode conter contaminantes químicos ou radiológicos que não permitem o seu descarte diretamente no ambiente. Desta forma, facilita-se a coleta do vapor produzido por descarga de vapor da água do resfriamento do reator, radiologicamente contaminada, e evita-se o que projeto de dispositivos e equipamentos necessite considerar a elevada pressão do vapor. A rapidez com que se dá a condensação é fruto de processos físicos que ocorrem na interface de vapor e água e que ainda não possuem modelo analítico e numérico definido. Em 1972 um modelo semi-empírico foi proposto, o qual, desde então, vem evoluindo. Não obstante, até o presente momento, não há modelo definitivo que se proponha a abranger toda extensão das condições experimentais. Estes modelos são fortemente dependentes do fluxo de massa que atravessa a interface de vapor e água, entretanto, até a presente data, não há expressão que determine este fluxo de massa, de tal forma que o valor de 275 Kg/m2/s vem sendo assumido como \"representativo da ordem de grandeza do fenômeno\" até o presente momento. Neste trabalho, é proposto um método de cálculo analítico do fluxo de massa, considerando-se como premissa a isentropia da injeção, e o desenvolvimento da 1ª e 2ª leis da Termodinâmica. Ainda, o fenômeno é analisado experimentalmente, por meio da análise dos dados produzidos no experimento do Circuito Termo Hidráulico de 150 bar (Loop 150), realizado nas dependências do CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO DA MARINHA EM SÃO PAULO. Por fim, um modelo numérico em software comercial foi desenvolvido para complementar a análise. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que a formulação isentrópica do fluxo de massa corrige de maneira satisfatória o fluxo de massa constante utilizado até então nos modelos semi-empíricos. Tal comprovação se deu através de análise numérica e da confrontação com dados experimentais obtidos na literatura. / The phenomenon of vapor injection in relief tanks presents relevance in the design of light water reactors, be they of the type pressurized water reactor (PWR) or boiling water reactor (BWR). This phenomenon allows the rapid absorption of the vapor injected in a mass of water, by condensation. Since this vapor may contain chemical or radiological contaminants that do not allow its discharge directly in the environment, it must be collected. The condensation avoids the design of devices and equipment, which need to consider the high vapor pressure, and allows the vapor to be collected. The rapidity with which the condensation occurs is the result of physical processes that occur at the interface of steam and water. These processes do not yet have a defined numerical and analytical model. In 1972 a semi-empirical model was proposed, which has, since then, evolved. Nevertheless, up to the present moment, there is no definitive model that intends to cover every extension of the experimental conditions. These models are strongly dependent on the mass flow through the steam and water interface, however, up to date, there is no expression that determines this mass flow. For the sake of this, the value of 275 kg / m2 / s has been assumed as \"representative of the order of magnitude of the phenomenon\" up to the present moment. In this work, a method of analytical calculation of mass flow is proposed, considering as premise the isotropy of the injection, and the development of the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. Still, the phenomenon is analyzed experimentally, by means of the analysis of the data produced in the experiment of Loop 150, realized in dependencies of the CENTRO TECNOLÓGICO DA MARINHA EM SÃO PAULO. Finally, a numerical model in commercial software was developed to complement the analysis. The result is proven with an isentropic mass flow formulation, which satisfactorily corrected the mass used in the former semi-empirical models. Such verification was performed through a series of data and confrontation with experimental data in the literature.

A utilização de concreto projetado como suporte de túneis é uma prática amplamente difundida no mundo inteiro. Este tipo material possui a característica de começar a agir estruturalmente desde pequenas idades. Apesar disso, os correntes processos de dimensionamento de suportes negligenciam o desenvolvimento de suas propriedades com o tempo, em acoplamento aos efeitos tridimensionais da região onde se localiza a frente de escavação. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de relatar os procedimentos utilizados na análise da influência de alguns parâmetros da interação maciço - suporte, sobre os esforços solicitantes finais do suporte de um túnel, tanto para o caso de concreto projetado, com suas propriedades dependentes do tempo, quanto para materiais com propriedades constantes. São elaboradas soluções adimensionais para o problema da quantificação de esforços solicitantes de compressão e flexão no suporte. A maioria das simulações realizadas para atingir essa meta foi conduzida com auxílio de técnicas de processamento paralelo. / Shotcrete has been more and more used worldwide for tunnel support. This kind of material has the characteristics of starting to act structurally since early ages. Nevertheless, the current processes of support design neglect the development of its properties after some time in connection to the 3D effects of the region where the face of the tunnel is located. The present work relates the procedures adopted in analyzing the influence of some ground-support interaction parameters on the support structure internal forces of a tunnel, not only when shotcrete is used, with its time-dependent properties, but for materials with constant properties as well. Dimensionless solutions are developed for the support thrust and bending moments quantification problem. Most of the numerical simulations performed to reach this purpose were carried out by means of parallel processing techniques.

Na prática de fundações por estacas helicoidais submetidas a esforços de tração (também conhecidas como ancoragens helicoidais) frequentemente são observadas discrepâncias entre valores de capacidade de carga previstos por métodos teóricos e medidos em provas de carga. Entre outros fatores, estas diferenças ocorrem pelo fato de nenhum dos métodos teóricos existentes considerarem adequadamente o efeito da instalação no comportamento deste tipo de ancoragem. Durante a penetração por rotação das hélices da estaca/ancoragem no terreno, os parâmetros de resistência e de rigidez do solo penetrado, e as tensões radiais em torno da estaca são modificados. O nível de degradação do solo que suportará as cargas aplicadas na ancoragem é dependente do tipo e características do solo, e do número e geometria das hélices. Diante deste cenário de incertezas provenientes do efeito da instalação, duas distintas abordagens probabilísticas são apresentadas nesta dissertação. A primeira abordagem tem o intuito de verificar o efeito da variabilidade de distintas variáveis influentes no comportamento de ancoragens helicoidais. Para este fim, foi utilizado o método de expansão em Polinômio de Caos, baseado na modelagem numérica de ancoragens helicoidais em areia, calibrada com os resultados medidos em modelos testados em centrifuga. Foi verificado nesta parte o nível de influência de cada parâmetro de entrada do solo no comportamento carga x deslocamento da ancoragem. No segundo enfoque, foi proposto e avaliado um modelo probabilístico para simular a curva carga x deslocamento, obtida em provas de carga. Nesta parte, foi realizada uma análise de confiabilidade para verificação do estado limite de serviço de ancoragens helicoidais baseada em resultados de provas de carga executadas no Brasil. São também apresentadas nesta análise as incertezas provenientes da variabilidade do fator de torque utilizado na verificação da capacidade de carga durante a instalação da ancoragem. / Discrepancies between predicted and measured results of uplift capacity of helical piles (or helical anchors) have been commonly observed in the practical experience. Among other factors, these differences occur because the existing theoretical methods do not consider adequately the installation effect on the behavior of this type of anchor. During the anchor installation, the penetration by rotation of the helical plates into the ground modifies the soil strength and stiffness parameters, and the radial stresses around the pile. The degradation degree of the soil penetrated is dependent on the type and characteristics of the soil, and also on the number and geometry of helices. Against this background of uncertainty due to the installation effect, two different probabilistic approaches are presented in this dissertation. The first approach is used to verify the effect of the variability of different influential variables on the behavior of helical anchors. For this purpose, the probabilistic method named Sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansion was used, based on the numerical modeling of helical anchors in sand, calibrated with measured results obtained from reduced models tested in centrifuge. As a result, the level of influence of each soil input parameter on the anchor load-displacement behavior is presented. In the second approach, a probabilistic model to simulate the load-displacement curve obtained in load tests was proposed and evaluated. For this part, a reliability analysis was performed to check the serviceability limit state of helical anchors, based on the results of field load tests performed in Brazil. In addition, the uncertainties arising from the variability of the torque factor were evaluated. The torque factor is frequently used to verify the uplift capacity of helical anchors during installation.

L’étude de la propagation sonore dans un milieu confiné nécessite une connaissance précise des caractéristiques acoustiques et géométriques des parois qui le délimitent. En effet, le relief géométrique des parois d’un local engendre des phénomènes acoustiques complexes pouvant impacter significativement la propagation sonore : diffusion, diffraction ou encore résonance si le relief présente une géométrie particulière. L’objectif de cette étude est de développer un modèle numérique simulant la propagation sonore dans un espace confiné délimité par des parois à relief géométrique. Dans un premier temps, la méthode de décomposition rectangulaire adaptative (ARD) est utilisée pour simuler la propagation en milieu confiné. Cette méthode est ensuite couplée à la méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD) et l’utilisation de filtres d’impédance numériques (DIF) pour simuler des parois à relief géométrique possédant une impédance dépendante de la fréquence. L’intégration de la méthode FDTD dans la méthode ARD est rendue possible par l’utilisation de couches absorbantes parfaitement adaptées (PML). Le modèle numérique est validé par comparaison aux méthodes Kobayashi Potential (KP) et sources images ainsi qu’à des résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, le modèle est utilisé pour étudier la diffusion acoustique causée par plusieurs parois à relief expérimentales. Un coefficient d’absorption acoustique apparent est ainsi estimé pour caractériser chacune de ces parois / The study of sound propagation in an enclosed space requires a precise knowledge of the acoustic and geometrical characteristics of its boundaries. Indeed, the geometric relief on the walls of a room causes complex acoustic phenomena that can significantly impact the sound propagation: scattering, diffraction or even resonance if the relief has a particular geometry. The objective of this study is to develop a numerical model of sound propagation in an enclosed space bounded by walls with geometric relief. First, the Adaptive Rectangular Decomposition (ARD) method is used to simulate the propagation in a room. Then, this method is coupled with the Finite Difference in Time Domaine (FDTD) method and the use of digital impedance filters (DIF) to include boundaries with geometric relief and frequency-dependent impedance. The integration of the FDTD method into the ARD method is made possible by the use of perfectly matched layers (PML). The numerical model is validated by comparison with the Kobayashi Potential (KP) and image source methods as well as experimental results. Finally, the model is used to study the sound scattering caused by several experimental relief walls. An apparent sound absorption coefficient is thus estimated to characterize each of these different walls

Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) is a promising source of energy for the future. However, it is still under development and many challenges need to be overcome to develop competitive solutions. While the design of the station keeping system of traditional offshore oil and gas structures is driven mainly by their low frequency motions, MRE devices are installed at nearshore locations and move dynamically. Because of these criteria, MRE mooring systems require novel mooring systems and associated standards. MRE mooring standards need to take into account the highly dynamic behaviour of these systems, which can lead to large mooring loads. The nature of these loads needs to be investigated to improve the confidence in mooring design and to improve cost-effectiveness. The aim of this thesis is to develop the understanding of peak mooring loads on highly dynamic mooring systems, in particular, the environmental conditions associated with the loads. In addition, preliminary research into the response of the mooring systems to environmental conditions is presented. Both field tests and tank tests have been conducted. Field tests give insight into the behaviour of a dynamic mooring system in real sea conditions. Measuring the mooring loads and the environmental conditions - wave, and current if available – for several months, a methodology has been developed to detect peak mooring loads and identify the associated environmental conditions in order to compare them with the environmental conditions recorded throughout the field tests. The principal finding is that peak mooring loads occur for sea states with large but not always the highest significant wave height HS. The understanding of the effect of tidal conditions on peak mooring loads requires further work. A tank test of a dynamic mooring system in moderate sea states has been conducted to observe the dynamic behaviour of the mooring system. Tank tests enable detailed observations of the dynamic behaviour of a system in a well controlled environment and allow the calibration of a numerical model. The model can be used to investigate separate physical parameters. The results from this thesis will assist in the development of specific standards for MRE mooring systems. These standards are essential for the evolution of the MRE industry.