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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Y-cracking in continuously reinforced concrete pavements

Momeni, Amir Farid January 1900 (has links)
Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Kyle A. Riding / When transverse cracks meander there is a high possibility for transverse cracks to meet at a point and connect to another transverse crack, creating a Y-crack. Y-cracks have been blamed for being the origin of punchouts and spallings in CRCPs. When the direction of maximum principal stress changes, it could cause a change in the crack direction, potentially forming a Y-crack. Finite Element Models (FEMs) were run to model the change in principal stress direction based on design and construction conditions. The finite element model of CRCP using typical Oklahoma CRCP pavement conditions and design was assembled. The model included the concrete pavement, asphalt concrete subbase, and soil subgrade. The effect of areas of changed friction on the direction of principal stress was simulated by considering a patch at the pavement-subbase interaction. Investigated factors related to this patch were location of patch, friction between patch and subbase, and patch size. Patches were placed at two different locations in the pavement: a patch at the corner of the pavement and a patch at the longitudinal edge between pavement ends. A change in the friction at the corner had a large effect on the stress magnitude and direction of principal stress, while a patch in the middle did not significantly change the stress state. Also, patch size had a noticeable effect on stress magnitude when the patch was at the corner. Another model was developed to understand the effect of jointed shoulder on direction of maximum principal stress. Analysis of this model showed that the stresses were not symmetric and changed along the width of the pavement. This meandering pattern shows a high potential for Y-cracking. Also, several finite element models were run to understand the effects of different shrinkage between mainline and shoulder. In order to simulate the effects of the differential drying shrinkage between the hardened mainline concrete and the newly cast shoulder, different temperature changes were applied on the mainline and shoulder. For these models, the orientation of the maximum principal stress was not significantly changed from different amounts of temperature decreases between mainline and shoulder. Also, effect of different longitudinal steel percentages was investigated by comparing two finite element models with different steel percentage. The model with higher steel percentage (0.7%) indicated more variation in stress, potentially leading to more crack direction diverging.
2

A FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE ON INTERSTATE 86 IN OLEAN, NEW YORK

Swart, Charles Scott 10 October 2006 (has links)
No description available.
3

Short continuously reinforced concrete pavement design recommendations based on non-destructive ultrasonic data and stress simulation. / Recomendações de projeto baseadas em dados ultrassônicos não destrutivos e simulação de tensões para pavimento de concreto continuamente armado de curta extensão.

Salles, Lucio Salles de 19 May 2017 (has links)
Four sections of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) were constructed at the University of São Paulo campus in order to introduce this kind of pavement structure to Brazil\'s technical transportation community. Sections were designed as 50 m long concrete slab, short in comparison to traditional CRCP, in order to simulate bus stops and terminals - locations of critical interest for public infrastructure. The thesis presented herein concludes this research project initiated in 2010. As the initial goal of this study was the development of coherent, reliable and intuitive design recommendations for the use of CRCP technology in Brazil, a profound understating of its structural and performance peculiarities was needed. For that, the cracking process of the experimental CRCP sections was recorded over a span of seven years. Due to the sections\' short length and lack of anchorage, the experimental \"short\" CRCP presented a cracking behavior quite different than traditional CRCP. There were much less visible cracks than expected. To address this issue, a novel technology in ultrasonic non-destructive testing of concrete structures was applied. Through ultrasonic signal interpretation it was possible to discover several incipient non-visible cracks within the slabs - many of these became apparent on the slab surface in later crack surveys - and to characterize visible and non-visible cracks regarding crack depth. The updated crack map with non-visible cracks showed similarities with traditional CRCP. Additionally, the ultrasonic data analysis provided important information on thickness variation, reinforcement location and concrete condition that were applied in theoretical simulations (finite element software) of the short CRCP. Simulations were attempted considering different slab geometries, firstly with transverse cracks as joints with high load transfer efficiency (LTE) and secondly with a continuous slab without cracks or joints. The latter simulation was more accurate reaching a shift factor between field and simulated stresses in the order of 0.7 to 1.0. Deflection data and LTE analysis from cracks and panels in between cracks further attested the slab continuous behavior, which contradicts current CRCP design models and performance predictors. Furthermore, critical traffic and environmental loading conditions concerning Brazil\'s climate and bus traffic characteristics were investigated and related using a selected fatigue model resulting in design recommendations in a chart format for the short CRCP aimed at long-term projects for over 20 years of operation. The design chart was successfully applied to investigate three failures presented by the experimental short CRCP due to thickness deficiencies pointed out by the ultrasonic testing. / Quatro seções de pavimento de concreto continuamente armado (PCCA) foram construídas no campus da Universidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de introduzir esta estrutura, de reconhecido sucesso internacional, à comunidade técnica de engenharia de transportes brasileira. As seções foram projetadas com uma placa de concreto de 50 m de extensão, curta em comparação ao PCCA tradicional, com a finalidade de simular paradas e terminais de ônibus - locais de grande interesse para a infraestrutura pública. A tese aqui apresentada conclui este projeto de pesquisa iniciado em 2010. Como o objetivo inicial deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de recomendações de projeto coerentes, confiáveis e intuitivas para a utilização do PCCA no Brasil, foi necessário um profundo entendimento de suas peculiaridades estruturais e de desempenho. Para isso, o processo de fissuração das secções experimentais foi acompanhado durante sete anos. Devido à curta extensão e falta de ancoragem das seções, o PCCA \"curto\" apresentou um padrão de fissuração diferente do PCCA tradicional com muito menos fissuras visíveis na superfície do que o esperado. Para abordar esta questão, uma nova tecnologia ultrassônica para ensaios não destrutivos de estruturas de concreto foi aplicada. Pela interpretação do sinal de ultrassom, foi possível descobrir várias fissuras incipientes (não visíveis) dentro das placas - muitas dessas foram observadas na superfície da placa em levantamentos de fissuras posteriores - e caracterizar fissuras visíveis e não-visíveis quanto à profundidade da fissura. O mapa de fissuração atualizado com fissuras não visíveis mostrou semelhanças com PCCA tradicional. Além disso, a análise dos dados de ultrassom forneceu informações importantes sobre a variação da espessura, localização da armadura longitudinal e condição do concreto, que foram aplicados em simulações teóricas (software de elementos finitos) do PCCA curto. Simulações foram propostas considerando diferentes geometrias, primeiramente com fissuras transversais como juntas com alta eficiência de transferência de carga (LTE) e posteriormente com uma placa contínua, sem fissuras ou juntas. Esta última simulação foi mais precisa alcançando um fator de conversão entre tensões de campo e simuladas na ordem de 0,7 a 1,0. Dados de deflexão e análise de LTE em fissuras e placas entre fissuras atestaram novamente o comportamento contínuo das placas, o que vai em contradição com os modelos atuais de dimensionamento e de previsão de desempenho para o PCCA. Ademais, o tráfego crítico e condições de carga ambiental correspondentes ao clima e tráfego de ônibus típicos brasileiros foram investigados e relacionados usando um modelo de fadiga resultando em recomendações de projeto para o PCCA de curta extensão sendo direcionado para projetos de longo prazo para mais de 20 anos de operação. O gráfico de projeto foi aplicado com sucesso para investigar três falhas apresentadas pelo PCCA curto experimental devido a deficiências de espessura apontadas pelo teste ultrassônico.
4

Análise do comportamento de pavimento experimental de concreto continuamente armado de curta extensão. / Performance analysis of short experimental continuously reinforced concrete pavement.

Salles, Lucio Salles de 18 February 2014 (has links)
O pavimento de concreto continuamente armado (PCCA) é caracterizado pela presença de uma alta taxa de armadura longitudinal localizada acima do meio da placa; essa armadura possibilita ao pavimento uma placa de concreto sem juntas. Diferentemente do pavimento de concreto simples, no PCCA não há uma indução da fissuração; as fissuras ocorrem de maneira aleatória, porém são mantidas fortemente apertadas pela armadura longitudinal proporcionando uma estrutura de alta durabilidade exigindo o mínimo de manutenção. Perante tais benefícios, decidiu-se construir quatro seções experimentais deste pavimento no campus da Universidade de São Paulo. A maior diferença entre o PCCA experimental e aqueles encontrados na literatura técnica é a extensão; com o intuito de simular uma parada de ônibus, cada seção possui 50 metros de comprimento, curtas em comparação com os até 400 metros de comprimento encontrados em PCCA tradicionais. Para analisar o comportamento do pavimento foram esquematizados três estudos de desempenho: levantamentos de fissuras; testes de deformação com provas de carga dinâmicas (PCD) com um caminhão carregado; e testes de deflexões com o Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). A análise da fissuração mostra um comportamento bastante distinto daquele encontrado em PCCA tradicionais; a curta extensão, aliada à falta de ancoragem da placa, resultou em uma fissuração bastante tardia e em um elevado espaçamento entre fissuras. A seção 1, não apresenta, até esta data (dezembro de 2013), nenhuma fissura. A pouca fissuração sugeriu a hipótese de que as fissuras estariam invisíveis a olho nu em função do forte efeito de amarração das barras longitudinais. Entretanto, apesar de tais diferenças, o estudo das tensões através das deformações obtidas pelos strain gauges nas PCD apontam um desempenho estrutural adequado do pavimento; as tensões de tração na flexão resultaram em valores bastante inferiores à resistência do concreto, assegurando a qualidade da placa. Além destas afirmações, as PCD possibilitaram uma série de análises de tensões com configurações de carregamento diferentes. O estudo de deflexões mostrou que nas proximidades da borda longitudinal do pavimento, as deflexões são maiores devido à falta de ancoragem do sistema; no centro as deflexões foram típicas de pavimentos de concreto. A retroanálise das bacias de deflexão resultou em valores de módulo de elasticidade e módulo de reação do subleito baixos próximos à borda, reforçando o impacto da falta de ancoragem. A análise da eficiência de transferência de carga entre fissuras mostrou um desempenho altamente satisfatório de todas as fissuras, inclusive aquelas mais próximas das bordas, o que, novamente, certifica a integridade estrutural da placa. / The continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is characterized by the presence of a high longitudinal reinforcement percentage located above the slabs middle; this steel allows a concrete slab without joints. Unlike jointed plain concrete pavements, the CRCP has no cracking induction; the cracks occur randomly, but are held strongly tight by the longitudinal steel, thus, providing a highly durable structure that requires minimal maintenance. Given these benefits, it was decided to build four experimental sections of this pavement on the University of São Paulo\'s campus. The biggest difference between the experimental CRCP and those found in the technical literature is the length; in order to simulate a bus stop, each section is 50 meters long, short compared to traditional PCCA up to 400 meters long. To analyze the behavior of the pavement, three performance studies were carried out: cracks surveys; strain tests with dynamic load tests (DLT) with a loaded truck; and Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflection testing. The analysis shows that the cracking pattern is quite distinct from that found in traditional PCCA, the short extension, coupled with the slabs lack of anchorage, resulted in a late cracking development and in large crack spacing. Section 1, has yet to develop any cracks. The low cracking suggested the hypothesis that the cracks were invisible to the naked eye due to the longitudinal bars strong binding effect. However, despite these differences, the stress study through strains obtained by strain gauges in DLT indicate an appropriate structural performance of the pavement, the flexural tensile stresses resulted in values well below the concretes strength, ensuring the slabs quality. Also, the DLT enable a series of stresses analysis with different load configurations. The deflection study showed that in the longitudinal edges vicinity, deflections are higher due to lack of any anchorage system; the center deflections are typical concrete pavement ones. The deflection basins backcalculation resulted in values of elasticity modulus of concrete and modulus of subgrade reaction lower near the edge, reinforcing the impact of the lack of anchorage. The analysis of the load transfer efficiency across cracks showed highly satisfactory performance of all cracks, including those nearest to the edge, which certifies the structural integrity of the slab.
5

Short continuously reinforced concrete pavement design recommendations based on non-destructive ultrasonic data and stress simulation. / Recomendações de projeto baseadas em dados ultrassônicos não destrutivos e simulação de tensões para pavimento de concreto continuamente armado de curta extensão.

Lucio Salles de Salles 19 May 2017 (has links)
Four sections of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) were constructed at the University of São Paulo campus in order to introduce this kind of pavement structure to Brazil\'s technical transportation community. Sections were designed as 50 m long concrete slab, short in comparison to traditional CRCP, in order to simulate bus stops and terminals - locations of critical interest for public infrastructure. The thesis presented herein concludes this research project initiated in 2010. As the initial goal of this study was the development of coherent, reliable and intuitive design recommendations for the use of CRCP technology in Brazil, a profound understating of its structural and performance peculiarities was needed. For that, the cracking process of the experimental CRCP sections was recorded over a span of seven years. Due to the sections\' short length and lack of anchorage, the experimental \"short\" CRCP presented a cracking behavior quite different than traditional CRCP. There were much less visible cracks than expected. To address this issue, a novel technology in ultrasonic non-destructive testing of concrete structures was applied. Through ultrasonic signal interpretation it was possible to discover several incipient non-visible cracks within the slabs - many of these became apparent on the slab surface in later crack surveys - and to characterize visible and non-visible cracks regarding crack depth. The updated crack map with non-visible cracks showed similarities with traditional CRCP. Additionally, the ultrasonic data analysis provided important information on thickness variation, reinforcement location and concrete condition that were applied in theoretical simulations (finite element software) of the short CRCP. Simulations were attempted considering different slab geometries, firstly with transverse cracks as joints with high load transfer efficiency (LTE) and secondly with a continuous slab without cracks or joints. The latter simulation was more accurate reaching a shift factor between field and simulated stresses in the order of 0.7 to 1.0. Deflection data and LTE analysis from cracks and panels in between cracks further attested the slab continuous behavior, which contradicts current CRCP design models and performance predictors. Furthermore, critical traffic and environmental loading conditions concerning Brazil\'s climate and bus traffic characteristics were investigated and related using a selected fatigue model resulting in design recommendations in a chart format for the short CRCP aimed at long-term projects for over 20 years of operation. The design chart was successfully applied to investigate three failures presented by the experimental short CRCP due to thickness deficiencies pointed out by the ultrasonic testing. / Quatro seções de pavimento de concreto continuamente armado (PCCA) foram construídas no campus da Universidade de São Paulo, com o objetivo de introduzir esta estrutura, de reconhecido sucesso internacional, à comunidade técnica de engenharia de transportes brasileira. As seções foram projetadas com uma placa de concreto de 50 m de extensão, curta em comparação ao PCCA tradicional, com a finalidade de simular paradas e terminais de ônibus - locais de grande interesse para a infraestrutura pública. A tese aqui apresentada conclui este projeto de pesquisa iniciado em 2010. Como o objetivo inicial deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento de recomendações de projeto coerentes, confiáveis e intuitivas para a utilização do PCCA no Brasil, foi necessário um profundo entendimento de suas peculiaridades estruturais e de desempenho. Para isso, o processo de fissuração das secções experimentais foi acompanhado durante sete anos. Devido à curta extensão e falta de ancoragem das seções, o PCCA \"curto\" apresentou um padrão de fissuração diferente do PCCA tradicional com muito menos fissuras visíveis na superfície do que o esperado. Para abordar esta questão, uma nova tecnologia ultrassônica para ensaios não destrutivos de estruturas de concreto foi aplicada. Pela interpretação do sinal de ultrassom, foi possível descobrir várias fissuras incipientes (não visíveis) dentro das placas - muitas dessas foram observadas na superfície da placa em levantamentos de fissuras posteriores - e caracterizar fissuras visíveis e não-visíveis quanto à profundidade da fissura. O mapa de fissuração atualizado com fissuras não visíveis mostrou semelhanças com PCCA tradicional. Além disso, a análise dos dados de ultrassom forneceu informações importantes sobre a variação da espessura, localização da armadura longitudinal e condição do concreto, que foram aplicados em simulações teóricas (software de elementos finitos) do PCCA curto. Simulações foram propostas considerando diferentes geometrias, primeiramente com fissuras transversais como juntas com alta eficiência de transferência de carga (LTE) e posteriormente com uma placa contínua, sem fissuras ou juntas. Esta última simulação foi mais precisa alcançando um fator de conversão entre tensões de campo e simuladas na ordem de 0,7 a 1,0. Dados de deflexão e análise de LTE em fissuras e placas entre fissuras atestaram novamente o comportamento contínuo das placas, o que vai em contradição com os modelos atuais de dimensionamento e de previsão de desempenho para o PCCA. Ademais, o tráfego crítico e condições de carga ambiental correspondentes ao clima e tráfego de ônibus típicos brasileiros foram investigados e relacionados usando um modelo de fadiga resultando em recomendações de projeto para o PCCA de curta extensão sendo direcionado para projetos de longo prazo para mais de 20 anos de operação. O gráfico de projeto foi aplicado com sucesso para investigar três falhas apresentadas pelo PCCA curto experimental devido a deficiências de espessura apontadas pelo teste ultrassônico.
6

Zero-stress temperature and Its implications for long-term performance of continuously reinforced concrete pavements

Yeon, Jung Heum, 1983- 30 January 2012 (has links)
Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is a portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement structure with a continuous longitudinal steel layout. CRCP is forming a major portion of PCC roadway systems in the state of Texas due to its low life cycle cost, ease of maintenance, and durable nature. While the overall performance of CRCP is proven to be excellent, some performance problems are still found as a form of distresses such as punchout and spalling. The current pavement design guide states that these distresses are closely related with the early-age behavior characteristics of CRCP, and various measures are underway to develop to improve the long-term performance of CRCP in terms of initial material design and use, structural design, and quality control. Understanding the current issues that pavement engineers and researchers face, the primary objective of this dissertation research focuses on sound understanding of the early-age structural behavior characteristics of CRCP and its effect on the long-term performance to provide reliable design and analysis criteria for CRCP. To achieve this main objective, characterizing the early-age structural response in CRCP was a core task of this study. For this purpose, a zero-stress temperature (ZST), one of the design and construction variables considered to have most significant effects on CRCP behavior and performance, was evaluated. As a beginning point of the entire framework, a series of field experiments were conducted in four new PCC pavement construction projects in the state of Texas to evaluate the actual structural response in early-age CRCP since a laboratory experiment would have a critical limitation in simulating the restraint conditions that exist in actual CRCP. To expand this core task to various parametric categories, a computer-aided parametric simulation was performed using valid numerical models. Based on data sets obtained from the parametric investigation, a statistical model to quantify the early-age structural response of CRCP was proposed to implement in codes of practice and pavement design guides. A secondary task was to identify a correlation between the early-age structural response and the long-term performance of CRCP structures. Since the experimental and analytical investigations tended to provide quite localized information for the time-dependent behavior of CRCP, the overall performance of CRCP could not be properly identified solely based on those results. To overcome this limitation, extensive field condition surveys were performed in seven different old CRCP sections with known material and early-age temperature history to find the implications of early-age behavior characteristics on the long-term performance of CRCP from a macroscopic point of view. It is expected that this research effort will provide pavement engineers and researchers with useful information to understand the actual time-dependent behavior of CRCP and a solid foundation to improve the sustainability of CRCP structures. / text
7

Análise do comportamento de pavimento experimental de concreto continuamente armado de curta extensão. / Performance analysis of short experimental continuously reinforced concrete pavement.

Lucio Salles de Salles 18 February 2014 (has links)
O pavimento de concreto continuamente armado (PCCA) é caracterizado pela presença de uma alta taxa de armadura longitudinal localizada acima do meio da placa; essa armadura possibilita ao pavimento uma placa de concreto sem juntas. Diferentemente do pavimento de concreto simples, no PCCA não há uma indução da fissuração; as fissuras ocorrem de maneira aleatória, porém são mantidas fortemente apertadas pela armadura longitudinal proporcionando uma estrutura de alta durabilidade exigindo o mínimo de manutenção. Perante tais benefícios, decidiu-se construir quatro seções experimentais deste pavimento no campus da Universidade de São Paulo. A maior diferença entre o PCCA experimental e aqueles encontrados na literatura técnica é a extensão; com o intuito de simular uma parada de ônibus, cada seção possui 50 metros de comprimento, curtas em comparação com os até 400 metros de comprimento encontrados em PCCA tradicionais. Para analisar o comportamento do pavimento foram esquematizados três estudos de desempenho: levantamentos de fissuras; testes de deformação com provas de carga dinâmicas (PCD) com um caminhão carregado; e testes de deflexões com o Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). A análise da fissuração mostra um comportamento bastante distinto daquele encontrado em PCCA tradicionais; a curta extensão, aliada à falta de ancoragem da placa, resultou em uma fissuração bastante tardia e em um elevado espaçamento entre fissuras. A seção 1, não apresenta, até esta data (dezembro de 2013), nenhuma fissura. A pouca fissuração sugeriu a hipótese de que as fissuras estariam invisíveis a olho nu em função do forte efeito de amarração das barras longitudinais. Entretanto, apesar de tais diferenças, o estudo das tensões através das deformações obtidas pelos strain gauges nas PCD apontam um desempenho estrutural adequado do pavimento; as tensões de tração na flexão resultaram em valores bastante inferiores à resistência do concreto, assegurando a qualidade da placa. Além destas afirmações, as PCD possibilitaram uma série de análises de tensões com configurações de carregamento diferentes. O estudo de deflexões mostrou que nas proximidades da borda longitudinal do pavimento, as deflexões são maiores devido à falta de ancoragem do sistema; no centro as deflexões foram típicas de pavimentos de concreto. A retroanálise das bacias de deflexão resultou em valores de módulo de elasticidade e módulo de reação do subleito baixos próximos à borda, reforçando o impacto da falta de ancoragem. A análise da eficiência de transferência de carga entre fissuras mostrou um desempenho altamente satisfatório de todas as fissuras, inclusive aquelas mais próximas das bordas, o que, novamente, certifica a integridade estrutural da placa. / The continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) is characterized by the presence of a high longitudinal reinforcement percentage located above the slabs middle; this steel allows a concrete slab without joints. Unlike jointed plain concrete pavements, the CRCP has no cracking induction; the cracks occur randomly, but are held strongly tight by the longitudinal steel, thus, providing a highly durable structure that requires minimal maintenance. Given these benefits, it was decided to build four experimental sections of this pavement on the University of São Paulo\'s campus. The biggest difference between the experimental CRCP and those found in the technical literature is the length; in order to simulate a bus stop, each section is 50 meters long, short compared to traditional PCCA up to 400 meters long. To analyze the behavior of the pavement, three performance studies were carried out: cracks surveys; strain tests with dynamic load tests (DLT) with a loaded truck; and Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) deflection testing. The analysis shows that the cracking pattern is quite distinct from that found in traditional PCCA, the short extension, coupled with the slabs lack of anchorage, resulted in a late cracking development and in large crack spacing. Section 1, has yet to develop any cracks. The low cracking suggested the hypothesis that the cracks were invisible to the naked eye due to the longitudinal bars strong binding effect. However, despite these differences, the stress study through strains obtained by strain gauges in DLT indicate an appropriate structural performance of the pavement, the flexural tensile stresses resulted in values well below the concretes strength, ensuring the slabs quality. Also, the DLT enable a series of stresses analysis with different load configurations. The deflection study showed that in the longitudinal edges vicinity, deflections are higher due to lack of any anchorage system; the center deflections are typical concrete pavement ones. The deflection basins backcalculation resulted in values of elasticity modulus of concrete and modulus of subgrade reaction lower near the edge, reinforcing the impact of the lack of anchorage. The analysis of the load transfer efficiency across cracks showed highly satisfactory performance of all cracks, including those nearest to the edge, which certifies the structural integrity of the slab.
8

Characterization of cracks on ultra thin continuously reinforced concrete pavements

Gerber, Johan Andries Kritzinger 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The southbound screener lane of the Heidelberg Traffic Control Centre received structural improvements by means of an ultra thin continuously reinforced concrete pavement (UTCRCP) overlay. This experimental overlay forms part of the South African National Roads Agency Limited’s innovative highway repair strategy on existing pavements that have exceeded design life. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the UTCRCP overlay with regard to crack spacing formation under accelerated pavement testing (APT). Characterization comprised of empirical modelling techniques, statistical analysis, non destructive testing and software simulations. Pavement deflection responses were empirically and linear elastically converted to input parameters. These parameters were used in the mean crack spacing prediction model of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG). Observed cracking under APT was recorded and analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. The outcome of the M-E PDG’s mean crack spacing and the statistics of the observed cracking were evaluated against cncPave simulations. Initial shrinkage crack formations ranged from 500 mm to 900 mm, with a mean spacing of 695 mm. Subsequent secondary cracking reduced the segments, delineated by initial cracking, to intervals consisting of 100 mm to 350 mm. A statistical analysis of the observed cracking indicated that traffic had little effect on the transverse crack spacing formation. The observed cracks yielded a mean spacing of 296 mm, compared to the 186 mm of the M-E PDG mean crack spacing calculation. cncPave simulations indicated that the expected range of cracking would fall between 237 mm and 350 mm with a probability of 50% that crack spacing would exceed 265 mm. The 50th percentile of the observed cracks resulted in a spacing of 233 mm. The APT project was limited to a single test section. No pavement failures occurred during the APT project. A total of 2.8 million 80 kN load repetitions were applied to the UTCRCP. However circular crack formations regarded as a punchout development have formed on the UTCRCP test section. Circular cracks formed around weaknesses in the pavement system. The prediction of these punchout formations incorporates the mean crack spacing result. Occurrence of mean crack spacing forms part of a crack spacing distribution defined by a range. Therefore designing a punchout prediction model for UTCRCP should include the characteristics and range of the crack pattern and not merely the mean crack spacing value. Key Words: UTCRCP, APT, Mean Crack Spacing, Punchout, Descriptive Statistics, cncPave, M-E PDG, Transverse Cracks, Dense Liquid Foundation, Elastic Solid Foundation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die suidwaartse moniteerings laan van die Heidelberg Verkeersbeheer Sentrum, het strukturele verbetering ondergaan deur die konstruksie van ‘n ultradun aaneen-gewapende betonplaveisel (UDAGBP) wat dien as ‘n deklaag. Hierdie eksperimentele deklaag is deel van die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Paaie Aggentskap Beperk (SANRAL) se vernuftige deurpadherstelstrategie vir bestaande deurpaaie waarvan die ontwerplewe verstryk het. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie is om die UDAGBP te karakteriseer, met betrekking tot kraakspasiëring, deur middel van Versnelde Plaveisel Toetsing (VPT). Die karakteriseringsproses het bestaan uit empiriese moduleringstegnieke, statistiese ontleding, nie-destruktiewe toetsmetodologieë en sagtewaresimulasies. Die plaveiseldefleksiegedrag is empiries en linieêr elasties ontleed en omgeskakel na invoerparameters. Hierdie parameters is gebruik in die peilingsmodel vir gemiddelde kraakspasiëring van die Meganisties-Empiries Plaveisel Ontwerpsgids (M-E POG). Waargenome kraakspasiëring na die afloop van VPT is opgeteken en deur middel van beskrywende statistiek ontleed. Die resultate van die M-E POG se gemiddelde kraakspasiëring en die statistiese ontleding van die waargenome krake is geëvalueer teenoor cncPave simulasies. Aanvanklike krimpingskrake het gevorm met wisselende kraakspasiëring tussen 500 mm en 900 mm met ‘n gemiddelde spasiëring van 695 mm. Daaropvolgende krake het die aanvanklike segmente, wat gevorm het tydens die aanvanklike krimpingskrake, verkort na intervalle van 100 mm tot 350 mm. ‘n Statistiese ontleding van die waargeneemde krake het aangedui dat verkeer weinig ‘n aandeel het in die dwarskraak-vormingsproses. Die waargenome krake het ‘n gemiddelde spasiëring van 296 mm in vergelyking met 186 mm van die M-E POG se gemiddelde kraakspasiëring berekening. cncPave simulasies het aangedui dat die verwagte kraakspasiëringsgrense tussen 237 mm en 350 mm is en ‘n 50% waarskynlikheid dat die kraakspasiëring meer as 265 mm is. Die VPT projek is beperk tot ‘n enkele toetsseksie. Geen plaveiselfalings is waargeneem gedurende die VPT projek nie. In totaal was 2.8 miljoen as-lasherhalings aangewend op die UDAGBP. Daar het egeter sirkelvormige kraakformasies, wat beskou word as ponsswigting, ontwikkel op die UDAGBP toetsseksie. Sirkelvormige kraakpatrone het gevorm rondom swak plekke in die plaveisel. Die peilingsmodelle van hierdie ponsswigting maak gebruik van die gimiddelde kraakspasiëringsresultaat. Die verskynsel van gemiddelde kraakspasiëring in hierdie studie is deel van ‘n kraakspasiëringsverdeling, gedefinieerd deur ‘n spasiëringsgrens. Daarom moet die kraakspasiëringskarakteristieke en spasiëringsgrense in ag geneem word in die ontwerpsproses van ‘n UDAGBP ponsswigting-peilings-model, nie slegs die waarde van die gemiddelde kraakspasiëring nie. Sleutel woorde: UDAGBP, VPT, Gemiddelde Kraakspasiëring, Ponsswigting, Beskrywende Statistiek, cncPave, M-E POG, Transversale Krake, Digte Vloeistof Fondasie, Elasties- Soliede Fondasie.
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Comportamento de pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados sob carregamentos estáticos e repetidos / Structurally reinforced concrete pavement behavior under static and cyclic loads

Maggi, Patrícia Lizi de Oliveira 05 April 2004 (has links)
Apresenta-se um trabalho numérico e experimental, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento dos pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados, quando submetidos a forças verticais estáticas e repetidas. Avalia-se a contribuição da armadura de flexão, na resistência de placas de concreto apoiadas sobre meio elástico. Verifica-se experimentalmente o modo de ruína de placas submetidas a carregamento monotônico e a carregamento repetido, com e sem armadura, e acompanha-se o desenvolvimento das fissuras no concreto e das deformações no aço. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos, com as recomendações da NBR 6118:2003, para o dimensionamento de estruturas submetidas à fadiga. É desenvolvido modelo numérico capaz de representar a interface do solo com a placa do pavimento, a fissuração do concreto, a contribuição da armadura e o comportamento pós-fissuração. Com auxílio do modelo numérico, validado a partir dos resultados experimentais, estuda-se a influência de alguns parâmetros importantes para o dimensionamento dos pavimentos, tais como: capacidade de suporte da fundação, espessura das placas, área de aço, dimensões das placas em planta, posição de aplicação da força e presença de juntas de transferência de deslocamento. Os resultados experimentais mostram uma significativa contribuição da armadura positiva na resistência de placas isoladas sob forças verticais centradas. Verificou-se que as forças repetidas provocam fadiga do aço e que o número de ciclos depende da deformação provocada na armadura. A partir dos resultados são traçadas diretrizes para o dimensionamento, no qual devem ser considerados os momentos positivos e os negativos, e deve ser feita a verificação da fadiga do concreto e da armadura / A numerical and experimental study on the behavior of structurally reinforced concrete pavement under vertical static and repeated load is presented. The contribution of bending reinforcement to the strength of concrete slab is assessed. It is experimentally verified the fracture of reinforced and plain concrete slabs under monotonic loads and under cyclic loads. The concrete cracking and the strain on steel are monitored. The results are compared to the brazilian code recommendations to the design of structures under fatigue. A numerical model that represents the soil-slab interface, the concrete cracking, the reinforcement contribution and the tension stiffening behavior is developed. Some important parameters to the pavement design are analyzed using this finite element model, whose reliability was verified to experimental results. These parameters are: the soil capacity; the slab thickness; reinforcement ratio; slab dimensions; load positions; and joints conditions. The tests data show an important contribution of the positive reinforcement on the strength of an isolated slab with centered load. It has been verified the fatigue of the steel. The number of cycles depends on the reinforcement strain. The results are used to propose some directions to the design. The positive and negative bending moments have to be considered and the fatigue on the concrete and on the reinforcement has to be verified
10

Comportamento de pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados sob carregamentos estáticos e repetidos / Structurally reinforced concrete pavement behavior under static and cyclic loads

Patrícia Lizi de Oliveira Maggi 05 April 2004 (has links)
Apresenta-se um trabalho numérico e experimental, com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento dos pavimentos de concreto estruturalmente armados, quando submetidos a forças verticais estáticas e repetidas. Avalia-se a contribuição da armadura de flexão, na resistência de placas de concreto apoiadas sobre meio elástico. Verifica-se experimentalmente o modo de ruína de placas submetidas a carregamento monotônico e a carregamento repetido, com e sem armadura, e acompanha-se o desenvolvimento das fissuras no concreto e das deformações no aço. Comparam-se os resultados obtidos, com as recomendações da NBR 6118:2003, para o dimensionamento de estruturas submetidas à fadiga. É desenvolvido modelo numérico capaz de representar a interface do solo com a placa do pavimento, a fissuração do concreto, a contribuição da armadura e o comportamento pós-fissuração. Com auxílio do modelo numérico, validado a partir dos resultados experimentais, estuda-se a influência de alguns parâmetros importantes para o dimensionamento dos pavimentos, tais como: capacidade de suporte da fundação, espessura das placas, área de aço, dimensões das placas em planta, posição de aplicação da força e presença de juntas de transferência de deslocamento. Os resultados experimentais mostram uma significativa contribuição da armadura positiva na resistência de placas isoladas sob forças verticais centradas. Verificou-se que as forças repetidas provocam fadiga do aço e que o número de ciclos depende da deformação provocada na armadura. A partir dos resultados são traçadas diretrizes para o dimensionamento, no qual devem ser considerados os momentos positivos e os negativos, e deve ser feita a verificação da fadiga do concreto e da armadura / A numerical and experimental study on the behavior of structurally reinforced concrete pavement under vertical static and repeated load is presented. The contribution of bending reinforcement to the strength of concrete slab is assessed. It is experimentally verified the fracture of reinforced and plain concrete slabs under monotonic loads and under cyclic loads. The concrete cracking and the strain on steel are monitored. The results are compared to the brazilian code recommendations to the design of structures under fatigue. A numerical model that represents the soil-slab interface, the concrete cracking, the reinforcement contribution and the tension stiffening behavior is developed. Some important parameters to the pavement design are analyzed using this finite element model, whose reliability was verified to experimental results. These parameters are: the soil capacity; the slab thickness; reinforcement ratio; slab dimensions; load positions; and joints conditions. The tests data show an important contribution of the positive reinforcement on the strength of an isolated slab with centered load. It has been verified the fatigue of the steel. The number of cycles depends on the reinforcement strain. The results are used to propose some directions to the design. The positive and negative bending moments have to be considered and the fatigue on the concrete and on the reinforcement has to be verified

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