Esta dissertação tem como tema central os musicais Arena conta Zumbi (1965) e Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) e se propõe a investigar como o Teatro de Arena lidou com a conjuntura pós-golpe. Ambas as peças são encenadas entre o golpe e o AI-5, correspondendo a um período de tentativa de resistência a uma nova conjuntura repressiva que estancou um projeto modernizante e democrático que teve importância no imaginário do grupo. O Teatro de Arena teve grande importância na história do teatro brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960, encenando peças que apresentaram questões sociais e políticas nos palcos, e a ditadura civilmilitar trouxe a necessidade de reformulação do trabalho do grupo. Para analisar as peças, construímos um trajeto que passa pela contextualização histórica e cultural do período em questão e traçamos uma série de articulações teóricas que iluminam as relações entre teatro e política e os debates estéticos com os quais o Arena vinha dialogando, nacional e internacionalmente. Propusemos também uma leitura contrastiva com a peça O rei da vela, encenada pelo Teatro Oficina em 1967, e com os filmes O Desafio (1965), de Paulo Cesar Saraceni, e Terra em Transe (1967), de Glauber Rocha. Procuramos discutir os dilemas estéticos e ideológicos que o Arena enfrenta ao ter que lidar com a ideia de criticar uma movimentação revolucionária malograda sem, no entanto, descartar a ideia de revolução. Ao criar o Sistema Coringa, que articula teorias díspares como as de Stanislavski e Brecht, Augusto Boal e o Teatro de Arena apresentam problemas interessantes que esclarecem sua leitura sobre o período e demonstram uma trajetória importante de acúmulo de debate no teatro nacional. / This dissertation has as central subject the musicals Arena conta Zumbi (1965) and Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) and aims to investigate how the Teatro de Arena handled the post-coup situation. Both performances are staged between the coup and the AI-5, corresponding to a period of attempt to resistance to a new repressive situation that stagnated a modernizing and democratic project which had importance in the imaginary of the group. The Teatro de Arena had great importance in the history of brazilian theater of the 1950s and 1960s, staging plays that showed social and political issues in the stage, and the civic-military dictatorship brought the need to recast the group's work. To analyze the plays, we build a path that passes through the historical and cultural context of the period in question and draw a series of theoretical articulations that illuminate the relationship between theater and political and the aesthetic debates with which Arena was dialoguing, nationally and internationally. We also propose a contrastive reading with the play O rei da vela, staged by the Teatro Oficina in 1967, and the films O desafio (1965), by Paulo Cesar Saraceni, and Terra em Transe (1967), by Glauber Rocha. We seek to discuss the aesthetic and ideological dilemmas that Arena faces when had to deal with the idea of criticizing a revolutionary movement unsuccessful without, however, rule out the idea of revolution. Creating the Sistema Coringa, which combine disparate theories such as Stanislavski and Brecht, Augusto Boal and the Teatro de Arena presents interesting problems that clarify their reading of the period and demonstrate an important course of debate accumulation at the national theatre.

Esta dissertação tem como tema central os musicais Arena conta Zumbi (1965) e Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) e se propõe a investigar como o Teatro de Arena lidou com a conjuntura pós-golpe. Ambas as peças são encenadas entre o golpe e o AI-5, correspondendo a um período de tentativa de resistência a uma nova conjuntura repressiva que estancou um projeto modernizante e democrático que teve importância no imaginário do grupo. O Teatro de Arena teve grande importância na história do teatro brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960, encenando peças que apresentaram questões sociais e políticas nos palcos, e a ditadura civilmilitar trouxe a necessidade de reformulação do trabalho do grupo. Para analisar as peças, construímos um trajeto que passa pela contextualização histórica e cultural do período em questão e traçamos uma série de articulações teóricas que iluminam as relações entre teatro e política e os debates estéticos com os quais o Arena vinha dialogando, nacional e internacionalmente. Propusemos também uma leitura contrastiva com a peça O rei da vela, encenada pelo Teatro Oficina em 1967, e com os filmes O Desafio (1965), de Paulo Cesar Saraceni, e Terra em Transe (1967), de Glauber Rocha. Procuramos discutir os dilemas estéticos e ideológicos que o Arena enfrenta ao ter que lidar com a ideia de criticar uma movimentação revolucionária malograda sem, no entanto, descartar a ideia de revolução. Ao criar o Sistema Coringa, que articula teorias díspares como as de Stanislavski e Brecht, Augusto Boal e o Teatro de Arena apresentam problemas interessantes que esclarecem sua leitura sobre o período e demonstram uma trajetória importante de acúmulo de debate no teatro nacional. / This dissertation has as central subject the musicals Arena conta Zumbi (1965) and Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) and aims to investigate how the Teatro de Arena handled the post-coup situation. Both performances are staged between the coup and the AI-5, corresponding to a period of attempt to resistance to a new repressive situation that stagnated a modernizing and democratic project which had importance in the imaginary of the group. The Teatro de Arena had great importance in the history of brazilian theater of the 1950s and 1960s, staging plays that showed social and political issues in the stage, and the civic-military dictatorship brought the need to recast the group's work. To analyze the plays, we build a path that passes through the historical and cultural context of the period in question and draw a series of theoretical articulations that illuminate the relationship between theater and political and the aesthetic debates with which Arena was dialoguing, nationally and internationally. We also propose a contrastive reading with the play O rei da vela, staged by the Teatro Oficina in 1967, and the films O desafio (1965), by Paulo Cesar Saraceni, and Terra em Transe (1967), by Glauber Rocha. We seek to discuss the aesthetic and ideological dilemmas that Arena faces when had to deal with the idea of criticizing a revolutionary movement unsuccessful without, however, rule out the idea of revolution. Creating the Sistema Coringa, which combine disparate theories such as Stanislavski and Brecht, Augusto Boal and the Teatro de Arena presents interesting problems that clarify their reading of the period and demonstrate an important course of debate accumulation at the national theatre.

Esta dissertação tem como tema central os musicais Arena conta Zumbi (1965) e Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) e se propõe a investigar como o Teatro de Arena lidou com a conjuntura pós-golpe. Ambas as peças são encenadas entre o golpe e o AI-5, correspondendo a um período de tentativa de resistência a uma nova conjuntura repressiva que estancou um projeto modernizante e democrático que teve importância no imaginário do grupo. O Teatro de Arena teve grande importância na história do teatro brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960, encenando peças que apresentaram questões sociais e políticas nos palcos, e a ditadura civilmilitar trouxe a necessidade de reformulação do trabalho do grupo. Para analisar as peças, construímos um trajeto que passa pela contextualização histórica e cultural do período em questão e traçamos uma série de articulações teóricas que iluminam as relações entre teatro e política e os debates estéticos com os quais o Arena vinha dialogando, nacional e internacionalmente. Propusemos também uma leitura contrastiva com a peça O rei da vela, encenada pelo Teatro Oficina em 1967, e com os filmes O Desafio (1965), de Paulo Cesar Saraceni, e Terra em Transe (1967), de Glauber Rocha. Procuramos discutir os dilemas estéticos e ideológicos que o Arena enfrenta ao ter que lidar com a ideia de criticar uma movimentação revolucionária malograda sem, no entanto, descartar a ideia de revolução. Ao criar o Sistema Coringa, que articula teorias díspares como as de Stanislavski e Brecht, Augusto Boal e o Teatro de Arena apresentam problemas interessantes que esclarecem sua leitura sobre o período e demonstram uma trajetória importante de acúmulo de debate no teatro nacional. / This dissertation has as central subject the musicals Arena conta Zumbi (1965) and Arena conta Tiradentes (1967) and aims to investigate how the Teatro de Arena handled the post-coup situation. Both performances are staged between the coup and the AI-5, corresponding to a period of attempt to resistance to a new repressive situation that stagnated a modernizing and democratic project which had importance in the imaginary of the group. The Teatro de Arena had great importance in the history of brazilian theater of the 1950s and 1960s, staging plays that showed social and political issues in the stage, and the civic-military dictatorship brought the need to recast the group's work. To analyze the plays, we build a path that passes through the historical and cultural context of the period in question and draw a series of theoretical articulations that illuminate the relationship between theater and political and the aesthetic debates with which Arena was dialoguing, nationally and internationally. We also propose a contrastive reading with the play O rei da vela, staged by the Teatro Oficina in 1967, and the films O desafio (1965), by Paulo Cesar Saraceni, and Terra em Transe (1967), by Glauber Rocha. We seek to discuss the aesthetic and ideological dilemmas that Arena faces when had to deal with the idea of criticizing a revolutionary movement unsuccessful without, however, rule out the idea of revolution. Creating the Sistema Coringa, which combine disparate theories such as Stanislavski and Brecht, Augusto Boal and the Teatro de Arena presents interesting problems that clarify their reading of the period and demonstrate an important course of debate accumulation at the national theatre.

TITLE: History of the State Film Theatre AUTHOR: Bc. Markéta Pechačová DEPARTMENT: Katedra dějin a didaktiky dějepisu SUPERVISOR: doc. PhDr. Alena Míšková, PhD. ABSTRACT: This thesis endeavours to comprehensively describe history of the State Film Theatre since its foundation (as the Film Studio Theatre) in 1948 until it was definitively closed down in 1951. The opening chapter gives insight into cultural policy objectives and institutional structure of Czechoslovak theatres at the turn of 1940s and 1950s. The remaining three chapters, covering the time scope of particular theatre seasons, monitor organisational, dramaturgic, ideological and artistic transformations of the State Film Theatre; these changes were related particularly to social and cultural-political development in Czechoslovakia. The content of the thesis draws chiefly from primary sources: theatre programmes, scripts, theatre reviews, period articles, official records and other archival materials; thanks to these sources it was possible to authentically document both forms of particular productions and the position of the State Film Theatre within a broader cultural and social context. KEYWORDS: The State Film Theatre, The Film Studio Theatre, history of theatre, cultural politics, Czechoslovakia 1948-1951

Ce travail propose l’étude des différentes formes d’activités dramatiques en latin, français et breton, qui ont pris place dans le Nord-Ouest de la France du XIIIe siècle au XVIIe siècle commençant. Il aborde le drame liturgique, le théâtre des mystères, des farces et des moralités, le théâtre des entrées solennelles et le théâtre humaniste, en combinant une approche à la fois littéraire, historique et sociale. Cette étude se fonde d’abord sur une importante recherche archivistique destinée à mettre à jour les connaissances sur les attestations du théâtre. / This PhD research studies drama and the dramatic culture in Latin, French and Breton in northwestern France from the 13th century to the very beginning of the 17th century. It encompasses liturgical drama, mystery plays, farces, morality plays, civic entries and humanist drama, thanks to an interdisciplinary approach combining literary, historical and social elements.This analysis is primarily based on a thorough and comprehensive archive investigation, meant to extend our knowledge about theatrical mentions.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans une dynamique de recherche qui seulement récemment a commencé à remettre en discussion une doxa de l'historiographie théâtrale un peu simpliste: dans le contexte italien, l'avènement de la mise en scène moderne serait un phénomène tardif, par rapport à d'autres Pays, comme par exemple l'Allemagne, la France, la Russie. Ce « retard » trouverait son origine dans la persistance d'une tradition autoréférentielle de l'acteur. Le système dans lequel il se produit - un système de troupes nomades, en l'absence d'un pôle théâtral hégémonique comme pouvait l'être Paris pour la France - serait inévitablement réfractaire à l'intrusion d'une figure artistique perçue comme étrangère: le metteur en scène. Il faudrait attendre l'après-guerre pour assister en Italie à l'affirmation de ce qu'on appelle la regìa. Ce lieu commun de l'historiographie a véhiculé une série d'équivoques et d'approximations qui aplatissent un phénomène comme l'affirmation de la mise en scène moderne, nourrissant ainsi un discours téléologique de progrès qualitatif.Une série de recherches menées à partir des années 2000 nous invite cependant à considérer la mise en scène comme un aspect de l'art théâtral dans toute sa complexité. Des concepts comme ceux de proto-regia (proto-mise en scène, Perrelli, 2005), de continuité/discontinuité (Sarrazac-Consolini, 2010), montrent les limites d'une définition univoque de cet art. Sous cette lumière, le contexte italien apparaît alors comme un terrain en friche. Une étude récente a justement montré la sensibilité du système italien envers l'œuvre des maîtres européens de la scène, en tournée dans la Péninsule entre 1911 et 1940 (Schino, 2008).Nous nous proposons alors de revenir d'une part sur la construction de l'idée du « retard », et sur les raisons qui ont fait de la mise en scène un véritable graal, d'une autre part nous souhaitons souligner de quelle façon cet art émerge en Italie justement à partir de la présupposée cause du retard: l'acteur. L'avènement de la mise en scène ne serait donc pas une épiphanie brusque, mais un art qui s'exprime de manière différente, selon le modus operandi des artistes et en fonction des caractéristiques du système théâtral. / This doctoral thesis challenges the simplistic doxa in theatre historiography that views genesis of theatre direction in Italy as a late phenomenon in comparison to other countries such as Germany, France, and Russia. This “delay” is thought to be due to the actor’s persistent self-referential tradition. According to the doxa, the Italian theatre system would have been resistant to the introduction of the new role of director, which was perceived as extraneous. This situation would have been caused in Italy by the popularity of wandering companies and the absence of a dominant theatrical focal point such as Paris was in France. The phenomenon of a strictly speaking regìa would have only emerged after the Second World War. This view has led to a series of misinterpretations and misunderstandings that oversimplify the phenomenon of the development of modern direction, favouring a teleological argument of qualitative progress. However, a number of studies carried out from the 2000’s encourage us to consider the direction as a complex aspect of the theatrical art. Concepts such as ‘proto-direction’ (Perrelli, 2005) and continuity/discontinuity (Sarrazac-Consolini, 2010), show the limits of an univocal definition of this art. In light of these studies, the Italian panorama appears as an uncharted territory. A recent study of the European directors’ tours in Italy for the years from the 1911 to 1940, has actually demonstrated the Italian system’s responsiveness (Schino, 2008).My research investigates the origin of the concept of “delay”, and the reasons by which theatre direction in Italy came to be considered by scholars as some sort of grail. I also highlight how direction in Italy emerges from the main source of the supposed delay itself: the actor. Indeed, the appearance of theatre direction is not abrupt; but rather a multifaceted art, which changes according to artists’ modus operandi and is dependent on the characteristics of the theatrical system.