The main motive for undertaking this thesis was the exploration of the special relation between space and word, a relation which has recently concerned architectural theory from various aspects. However it was for us important to explore this relation inside the framework of a special system, a system which allows the production of 'real' three dimensional space; drama. Our choice to deal with classical drama was based in its attributeof producing organised space in co-existence and interdependence with articulated speech. It was for us significant that we are not dealing with an internal imaginary space but with a space which is generated and materialised during performance on stage. This thesis's claim that its analysis takes its bearings from aspects of architectural theory requires clarification since it may set up in the mind of a reader from classical studies that the object of the thesisis purely architectural or relates to the physical fabric of the theatre. This is emphatically not the case. The aspect of architectural theory which we are concerned with, concerns the evolution of the analysis of space and spatial relationships. This type of analysis, which gradually achieved an almost autonomous field by the end of the twentieth century, is one which is not so much concerned with the physical or geometrical relations of space but of the experience of space as it is synthesised in the subject. In the first of our chapters we deal with those different readings attempting a critical presentation of the existing scholarship. Obviously it is the performance and all the conventions which govern it that fully define the space of drama. It is the 'event' (of architectural theories) - as this is realised through the characters of drama that make space exist. That space cannot be equated or reduced to the space of the theatre building. It was through this perspective that in the second chapter of our thesis we were concerned to identify the role and action of the main 'subjects' (or the main participants, as we use to call them) of drama. Thus it was necessary to investigate the role of the poet, the actor and the audience, not so much in order to understand how they experience theatrical space, but in reverse, in order to explore the way they influence the production of theatrical space. In order to understand performance, we need to confront the issues of representation in antiquity through the notion of mimesis and the possible application of the term eidolon to the theatrical space. One further target is then to reveal the importance of theatrical space as an innovative genre of space- the first representational space - the analysis of which could contribute to the understanding of the different notions of space in antiquity, especially the Platonic Khora. Those issues are confronted in the third chapter of this thesis where we argue that what we call the 'space in drama' depends upon a combination of different types of representations; representations that their referents can not be identified as they belong to the domain of myth. Thus our positive reason for using the resources of Greek philosophy to render the mechanisms of dramatic representation intelligible rests upon our wish to find material which would validate the proposition that these mechanisms were thinkable. Clearly a central question in the investigation of theatrical space in terms of the arguments put forward above is the relationship between space and language. In the fourth and last of our chapters we attempt to investigate the nature of what we call dramatic speech and its ability to create three- dimensional space on stage, in any of its forms (dialogue, monologue,direct, indirect). Recent theories of architecture have been preoccupied with the exploration of the interrelation of architecture with different disciplines mainly with language itself. The relation of architecture with language becomes more complex in two main ways which concisely refer on the one hand to the influence the analysis of the structure of language has on the development of architectural discourse and on the other, to the influence architectural discourse has on architectural practice. We see then that recent architecture criticism is not limited to the reading of buildings and the marking off of historical periods, but contributes to the development of architecture practice itself. The investigation of theatrical space's relation with word would have never been complete without the study of certain examples from the trilogy Oresteia. Those examples, dealt within the last part of the fourth chapter gave us the opportunity to validate our approach and enrich our conclusions concerning the issues which this thesis intended to clarify.

Do espaço vazio ao círculo aberto: rumo à cenografia e indumentária sagradas de Peter Brook identifica e expõe o processo de criação do espaço teatral, dos cenários e dos trajes de cena, nos espetáculos Marat-Sade, Sonho de uma Noite de Verão, Mahabharata, Qui est lá e A Tragédia de Hamlet, realizados pelo grande encenador do século XX. Reflete, documenta e identifica os princípios que orientam os projetos de concepção dos elementos visuais das peças, durante a concepção do espetáculo e, a partir da análise destes documentos, aponta para a evolução de seu teatro rumo ao que Brook define como teatro sagrado. / From the empty space to the open circle: towards Peter Brook\'s holy set and costumes design identifies and explains the process of creating theatrical space, the sets and the costumes of Marat-Sade, Midsummer Night Dream, Mahabharata, Who is there and The Tragedy of Hamlet, performed by the great director of the twentieth century. Reflects, documents and identifies the principles that guided the design projects of the visual elements of those plays during their conception, and from the analysis of these documents, points to the evolution of his theatre towards what Brook defines as holy theatre.

Si le mot « hors-scène » est utilisé de manière empirique pour désigner des espaces, des personnages ou des épisodes invisibles, il n’appartient pas au vocabulaire technique du théâtre et il est parfois remplacé, dans l’usage, par des mots empruntés à d’autres champs artistiques comme « hors-champ », « off » ou « hors-cadre ». Ce flou terminologique en fait une notion-miroir reflétant des positionnements esthétiques et idéologiques, qui peuvent se rattacher à un discours de valorisation de l’invisible par opposition à une société de l’image. On l’abordera à travers l’œuvre de trois auteurs majeurs de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, Marguerite Duras, Bernard-Marie Koltès et Jean-Luc Lagarce. Ils brouillent en effet, selon des modalités différentes, l’articulation de la scène et du hors-scène, donnant lieu, de ce fait, à des mises en scène et à des scénographies qui doivent se confronter à la redéfinition des limites de l’espace de la représentation. La frontière entre le visible et l’invisible ne coïncide plus chez eux avec l’articulation entre la scène et un espace périphérique contigu : elle est mobile et ne se laisse pas aisément localiser, et le hors-scène ne peut plus être envisagé comme un extérieur. Il peut être situé au cœur du visible ; il peut être issu d’un geste de cadrage qui organise les relations de la scène, de la salle et du monde, mais aussi d’un geste de montage qui en fait un hors-temps. Il se manifeste donc de manière discontinue, à travers des brèches ouvertes par divers moyens à l’intérieur d’un espace dramatique et/ou scénique aux limites fluctuantes. C’est pourquoi cette recherche se propose de dégager les enjeux dramaturgiques et scénographiques des usages du hors-scène dans les textes de ces auteurs, mais aussi dans une sélection de mises en scène de la seconde moitié du XXe siècle et du début du XXIe siècle ainsi que de scénographies, et de certaines créations sonores qui y sont associées. Il s’agit ainsi d’identifier différentes catégories de hors-scène et de définir plus précisément une notion qui pourrait bien manifester une modification des modalités de la perception et de la représentation. / The term hors-scène (“off-stage” with a dramaturgical and a scenographic meaning in French) is used in an empirical way to designate spaces, characters and or episodes that are invisible. It is not part of the technical vocabulary of the theater, and it is often replaced by words borrowed from other artistic fields such as “off”, or “out of frame”. Because of this lack of terminological precision, it is a notion that like a mirror reflects ideological and aesthetic orientations which can be related to a discourse that values the invisible, in opposition to an image-driven society. This notion of hors-scène is addressed through a study of the works of three major authors of the second half of the 20th Century: Marguerite Duras, Bernard-Marie Koltès and Jean-Luc Lagarce. Each one of them has his/her specific mode of blurring the lines between the stage and the off-stage, thus producing staging and making scenographies that have to tackle the redefinition of the limits of space and of representation itself. In their works, the boundary between the visible and the invisible no longer coincides with the articulation between the stage and an adjacent peripheral space. The hors scène is mobile and cannot be easily located : it can no longer be considered as what lies outside of the stage. It can be situated at the heart of the visible ; it can spring from a framing choice which orchestrates the relations between the stage, the house and the world, but also from a staging choice that materialises “timelessness”. It reveals itself discontinuously, through breaches opened up in a diversity of ways in a dramatic and/or scenic space whose boundaries themselves are in flux. The thesis identifies the dramaturgic and scenographic stakes of the uses of the hors-scène in the three authors' texts, as well as in a selection of stagings from the second half of the 20th Century and early 21st Century, as well as in scenographies and a number of sound/audio productions to which they are associated. The aim is to trace different categories of the hors-scène and to define more precisely this notion that could very well highlight a change in the modes of perception and representation.

Do espaço vazio ao círculo aberto: rumo à cenografia e indumentária sagradas de Peter Brook identifica e expõe o processo de criação do espaço teatral, dos cenários e dos trajes de cena, nos espetáculos Marat-Sade, Sonho de uma Noite de Verão, Mahabharata, Qui est lá e A Tragédia de Hamlet, realizados pelo grande encenador do século XX. Reflete, documenta e identifica os princípios que orientam os projetos de concepção dos elementos visuais das peças, durante a concepção do espetáculo e, a partir da análise destes documentos, aponta para a evolução de seu teatro rumo ao que Brook define como teatro sagrado. / From the empty space to the open circle: towards Peter Brook\'s holy set and costumes design identifies and explains the process of creating theatrical space, the sets and the costumes of Marat-Sade, Midsummer Night Dream, Mahabharata, Who is there and The Tragedy of Hamlet, performed by the great director of the twentieth century. Reflects, documents and identifies the principles that guided the design projects of the visual elements of those plays during their conception, and from the analysis of these documents, points to the evolution of his theatre towards what Brook defines as holy theatre.

o objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar uma reflexão crítica sobre o espaço teatral na cidade de São Paulo, pelo viés da Geografia, no período de 1999 a 2004, utilizando como referenciais teóricos Anne Ubersfeld e Milton Santos. O tema foi investigado a partir da hipótese de que a natureza do lugar teatral é ser um agente, uma espécie de mídia definidora do processo teatral, em sua relação com as políticas culturais do período (Lei de Incentivo à Cultura, Lei do Fomento ao Teatro e implantação de salas de teatro nos CEUs), e com os Guias de Teatro da cidade (jornais Folha de São Paulo e o Estado de São Paulo). Foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações acerca desses lugares e da sua relação com os respectivos Guias de Teatro, na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1999 a 2004. O lugar teatral revelado na cartografia que surgiu das informações desse banco de dados caracterizou-se como múltiplo; fortemente ligado ao distrito central da cidade; com tendência à polarização entre as salas pequenas e grandes; forte ação do teatro de grupo na criação de novos espaços; e propriedade, na sua maioria, privada. A partir destes dados, discutiu-se a ?crise? do edifício teatral e a importância da atividade Teatro se vincular social e culturalmente ao lugar geográfico. Definiu-se, o lugar teatral pela noção de uso - na forma de um território vivido - e não pela arquitetura do edifício que ocupa. / The purpose of this research was to achieve a critical reflection about the theatrical space in São Paulo city by the slant of Geography in the period from 1999 to 2004. This was done using Anne Ubersfeld and Milton Santos as theoretical references. The subject was investigating to start from the hypothesis that the type of theatrical place is to be a agent, a specie of media that does the definition of theatrical process with their regarding to the cultural politics in this period (Cultural Incentive Law, Promotion to the Theatre Law and the theatrical rooms introduction in CEUs) and also with the regarding to the city theatrical guides (Folha de São Paulo and Estado de São Paulo newspapers). A database was preparing with the information concerning those theatrical places and with their regarding to the respective theatrical guides in São Paulo during the period from 1999 to 2004. The showing theatrical place in the cartography and that came up those records made up as multiple, it was strongly connected to the downtown district and it had a polarize tendency between small and big rooms. Those information showed also the strongly action of the theatrical groups in the new spaces raising and the private ownership in the most of those places. Arise from those records we talked about the theatrical building ?crisis? and the importance of the theatrical activities to be linked cultural and socially with the geographic place. We defined the theatrical place by the using basics- such way that a territory experienced in life- and not by it occupy in the building architecture.

o objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar uma reflexão crítica sobre o espaço teatral na cidade de São Paulo, pelo viés da Geografia, no período de 1999 a 2004, utilizando como referenciais teóricos Anne Ubersfeld e Milton Santos. O tema foi investigado a partir da hipótese de que a natureza do lugar teatral é ser um agente, uma espécie de mídia definidora do processo teatral, em sua relação com as políticas culturais do período (Lei de Incentivo à Cultura, Lei do Fomento ao Teatro e implantação de salas de teatro nos CEUs), e com os Guias de Teatro da cidade (jornais Folha de São Paulo e o Estado de São Paulo). Foi elaborado um banco de dados com informações acerca desses lugares e da sua relação com os respectivos Guias de Teatro, na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1999 a 2004. O lugar teatral revelado na cartografia que surgiu das informações desse banco de dados caracterizou-se como múltiplo; fortemente ligado ao distrito central da cidade; com tendência à polarização entre as salas pequenas e grandes; forte ação do teatro de grupo na criação de novos espaços; e propriedade, na sua maioria, privada. A partir destes dados, discutiu-se a ?crise? do edifício teatral e a importância da atividade Teatro se vincular social e culturalmente ao lugar geográfico. Definiu-se, o lugar teatral pela noção de uso - na forma de um território vivido - e não pela arquitetura do edifício que ocupa. / The purpose of this research was to achieve a critical reflection about the theatrical space in São Paulo city by the slant of Geography in the period from 1999 to 2004. This was done using Anne Ubersfeld and Milton Santos as theoretical references. The subject was investigating to start from the hypothesis that the type of theatrical place is to be a agent, a specie of media that does the definition of theatrical process with their regarding to the cultural politics in this period (Cultural Incentive Law, Promotion to the Theatre Law and the theatrical rooms introduction in CEUs) and also with the regarding to the city theatrical guides (Folha de São Paulo and Estado de São Paulo newspapers). A database was preparing with the information concerning those theatrical places and with their regarding to the respective theatrical guides in São Paulo during the period from 1999 to 2004. The showing theatrical place in the cartography and that came up those records made up as multiple, it was strongly connected to the downtown district and it had a polarize tendency between small and big rooms. Those information showed also the strongly action of the theatrical groups in the new spaces raising and the private ownership in the most of those places. Arise from those records we talked about the theatrical building ?crisis? and the importance of the theatrical activities to be linked cultural and socially with the geographic place. We defined the theatrical place by the using basics- such way that a territory experienced in life- and not by it occupy in the building architecture.

This thesis presents the history of opera productions which have been staged by the National Theatre Opera Company in the Kolowrat Theatre during last fifteen years. The author reflects the problems of staging chamber operas in general and, by analysing several productions, she points out certain possibilities of using the chamber space for staging operas.

Jiri Trnka (1912 - 1969) ranks among the foremost representatives of Czech modern art in the 20th century and alongside the most remarkable protagonists of the visual art scene over a period ranging from the late 1930s through the end of the1960s. He stood out within that movement for his multiple talents, as a draughtsman, book illustrator, puppet designer, painter, animated film-maker, sculptor and stage designer. He achieved admirable success in these fields of activity. In the early 40s a new prospect opened up for him connected with work in theatre, as he took up the post of stage designer at the National Theatre in Prague, an assignment which enabled him to put to use his specific talent for stagecraft. He created 13 stage decorations together. Trnka was able to create unforgettable productions thanks the cooperation with Jiri Frejka or Karel Dostal. I documented and explained Trnka's work in the context of the Nation Theatre during the Second World War. I defined his style in the relation to his contemporaries in the end of work. KEY WORDS Jiri Trnka, National Theatre, set designer, scenography, stage decoration, costume, properties, scene, 40s, space, stage, style, set, constructed set, stage design, didascalia, theatrical space, animated film.