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A Tese é constituida de duas partes distintas . Uma parte matemática formal , completa e rigorosa - dos tópicos de Variedades Diferenciáveis, Cálculo Exterior, Geometria Riemanniana , Fibrado Principal (f.p.) com Conexões e Conexões Lineares, e uma segunda parte de aplicação desse Formalismo Matemático a Teorias FÍsicas , em particular o Eletromagnetismo de Maxwell (EM) , Teoria de gauge de Yang- Mills (Y- M) , a TRG, e a Teoria da Gravitação de Einstein-Cartan (E- C). Cada capítulo de aplicação é fechado e sua sequencia está determinada pelo aumento da complexidade matemática, isto é, cada capitulo possui uma estrutura matemática adicional. / The thesis is composed of two different parts. A formal complete and rigorous mathematical part - of topics of Differential Manifolds, Exterior calculus, Riemannian Geornetry, Principal Fiber Bundle (p . f.) with connections and Linear connections - and a second part of application of this mathematical Formalisrn concerning Physical Theories, particularly the Maxwell l\'s Eletrornagnetism (EM) , gauge theory of Yang- Mills (Y-M), the GRT , and the Gravitation Theory of Einstein - Cartan (E . C) . Each chapter of application is complete and its sequence is deterrnined by the increase of mathematical cornplexity, that is, each chapter h s an additional rnathematical structure .

by Yuen Chung Man. / Bibliography: leaves 47-48 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

Seet Wah Cheong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-81). / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Perturbation approach and Effective Medium Approximation --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Perturbation method of calculating local fields --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Formalism --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Results of the perturbation calculations of potentials --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Effective Medium Approximation (EMA) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Self-consistency conditions --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Results from the self-consistency conditions --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- A simplified version of EMA --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conclusion --- p.19 / Chapter 3 --- Dilute limit : Enhancement due to surface plasmon resonance --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Formalism --- p.21 / Chapter 3.2 --- Models and results --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Nonlinear spherical metallic inclusion --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Shell model with nonlinear core --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Shell model with nonlinear shell --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3 --- Conclusion --- p.30 / Chapter 4 --- Numerical calculations of electric potential --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- Formalism --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Symbolic simulations --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Formalism --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Results --- p.45 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.45 / Chapter 5 --- Local field enhancement in nonlinear composites of multiply coated spherical inclusion --- p.46 / Chapter 5.1 --- Formalism --- p.47 / Chapter 5.2 --- Single spherical inclusion --- p.49 / Chapter 5.3 --- Single shell particle inclusion --- p.50 / Chapter 5.4 --- Nonlinear problem --- p.50 / Chapter 5.5 --- Core field in the single sphere --- p.52 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.55 / Chapter 6 --- Optical transition and random resistor network --- p.57 / Chapter 6.1 --- Formalism --- p.58 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Model --- p.58 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Solution of the model --- p.60 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- EMA --- p.61 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Optical transition --- p.62 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- Scaling functions --- p.63 / Chapter 6.2 --- Random resistor network simulation --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- One sample frequency dependence --- p.64 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Sample averages --- p.66 / Chapter 6.3 --- Nonlinear EMA calculations of optical transition --- p.67 / Chapter 6.4 --- Symbolic calculation of conductivities in small h expansion --- p.69 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Formalism --- p.69 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Finite size scaling and exponents --- p.71 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Scaling Function expansion coefficients --- p.74 / Appendix Estimation of surface plasmon resonance frequency --- p.76 / Chapter A.1 --- Single nonlinear metallic sphere --- p.76 / Chapter A.2 --- "Single metallic shell, nonlinear core model" --- p.77 / Bibliography --- p.78 / Figure Caption --- p.82 / List of Tables --- p.91

by Kang Xiaosong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-47). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- Preliminary Analysis --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- Liapunov-Schmidt Reduction --- p.16 / Chapter 4 --- A Maximizing Procedure --- p.27 / Chapter 5 --- Proof of Theorem 1.1 --- p.30 / Chapter 6 --- Proof of Theorem 1.2 --- p.33 / Chapter 7 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.42

by Tso Man Kit. / Thesis submitted in: December 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Preliminary analysis --- p.14 / Chapter 3 --- Liapunov-Schmidt reduction --- p.23 / Chapter 4 --- A minimizing procedure --- p.36 / Chapter 5 --- Proof of theorem 11 --- p.40 / Chapter 6 --- Proof of theorem 12 --- p.43 / Chapter 7 --- Proof of theorem 13 --- p.55 / Bibliography --- p.58

This thesis examines the Women in Peacebuilding Program (WIPNET) of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP) and the Raging Grannies, two current women’s movements at the frontlines of organizing for peace in their respective contexts. Based on fieldwork in West Africa and North America, including participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis of relevant documents, the thesis locates these groups within the wider politics of both the feminist movement and the peace movement. The thesis draws on three bodies of literature: feminist international relations, especially literature on women and war, feminist analyses of security and the relationship between militarism and patriarchy; peace studies, especially the concepts of the “positive” and “negative” peace, conflict transformation, and nonviolence; and social movement theory, especially in reference to collective identity and tactical repertoires of protest. The thesis investigates the relationship between “women”, “motherhood”, “feminism” and peace, concluding that, while women peace activists may organize around gendered identities, the relationship between women and peace is more complex than an essentialist position would propose. A detailed analysis of the tactical repertoires used by women peace activists examines activists’ gendered use of bodies and the manipulation and exploitation of gender and age stereotypes. This is followed by an analysis of the internal and external outcomes of activism, such as personal empowerment, collective identity formation, and policy impacts. The study concludes that women peace activists operate on understandings of “peace” and “security” that are distinct from those of mainstream actors; that they manipulate, challenge, and subvert gender stereotypes; and they use a range of protest and peacebuilding tactics, some of which attract reprisals from the state. Women’s peace activism also creates new political opportunities for women to express opposition to patriarchal militarism, thus challenging the marginalization of women within international and national politics on issues of peace and security. Following Cynthia Cockburn (2007), the thesis draws conclusions not about what women’s peace activism definitively is, but rather what it can look like and what it might achieve.

Apresentamos um método muito simples e eficiente para o cálculo do potencial efetivo para qualquer teoria contendo bósons escalares. Os exemplos incluem a Eletrodinâmica Escalar no gauge quadrático e Teorias de Yang-Mills puras, no gauge de Landau até um Ioop. E também rediscutido o método da fase estacionária, pois este se mostra aplicável ao caso dos férmions. Em seguida é analisado o teorema de Lee-Nauenberg de cancelamento de divergências infravermelhas. As divergências infravermelhas dominantes do operador de evolução temporal são determinadas, no gauge axial para uma teoria de Yang-Mills pura, sem massa. Usando este resultado, vemos que as divergências infravermelhas principais da auto-energia se exponenciam de maneira simples. Para esta mesma teoria mostramos como parte das divergências infravermelhas se cancelam. / We present an elementary and efficient method for computing the effective potential for any theory containing scalar bosons. Examples include massless scalar electrodynamics in the quadratic gauge and pure Yang-Mills theories in the Landau gauge, up to one loop. lt is also rediscussed the method of the steepest descent since it is also aplicable to the case of fermions. The Lee-Nauenberg theorem of infrared divergences cancellation is examined. The leading infrared divergences of the temporal evolution operator are determined for puro massless Yang-Mil1s theories in the axial gauge. Using this result it is then shown that the leading infrared singularities of the self-energy function exponentiate in a very simple manner. For these theories partial cancel1ation of infrared divergences are also exhibited.

Despite the success of general relativity in explaining classical gravitational phenomena, several problems at the interface between gravitation and high energy physics remain open to date. The purpose of this thesis is to explore classical and quantum gravity in order to improve our understanding of different aspects of gravity, such as dark matter, gravitational waves and ination. We focus on the class of higher derivative gravity theories as they naturally arise after the quantization of general relativity in the framework of effective field theory. The inclusion of higher order curvature invariants to the action always come in the form of new degrees of freedom. From this perspective, we introduce a new formalism to classify gravitational theories based on their degrees of freedom and, in light of this classification, we argue that dark matter is no different from modified gravity. Additional degrees of freedom appearing in the quantum gravitational action also affect the behaviour of gravitational waves. We show that gravitational waves are damped due to quantum degrees of freedom and we investigate the backreaction of these modes. The implications for gravitational wave events, such as the ones recently observed by the Advanced LIGO collaboration, are also discussed. The early universe can also be studied in this framework. We show how ination can be accommodated in this formalism via the generation of the Ricci scalar squared, which is triggered by quantum effects due to the non-minimal coupling of the Higgs boson to gravity, avoiding instability issues associated with Higgs ination. We argue that the non-minimal coupling of the Higgs to the curvature could also solve the vacuum instability issue by producing a large effective mass for the Higgs, which quickly drives the Higgs field back to the electroweak vacuum during ination.

<p>This study has been examined an international organisation to get a deeper understanding over how they feel about using advertising theories and models. By interviewing a high positioned, Nordic Brand Manager, employee in the organisation the researcher has tried to find out what attitudes they have towards the theories and models used in this study. The study has also interviewed customers from the organisation that has been exposed to one of the organisations advertising campaigns and that has bought their products in the past. This has been done to see to how the use of these models has been apprehended by the customers. </p><p>The study has focused on finding out if there are any traces of the theories and models in the organisations advertisements.</p>