This thesis investigates the use of a reconceptualised social evolutionary theory for understanding and explaining how and why societies change, specifically looking at this question through the frame of nationalism. The thesis is split into three parts: in the first part I first examine older forms of social evolutionary theory (conceptions from Marx, Spencer and generalized evolutionary accounts) and critique them on the grounds that they are too ‘progressive’ in character, suffer from teleology and have a notion that all societies change linearly, i.e. pass through the same set of stages. After this I elaborate on a reconstructed version of social evolutionary theory, taking it along more Darwinian lines: that the process should be understood as contingent and non-linear, where cultural variants and social intuitions change in response to selective pressures brought about by environmental conditions. To reconstruct social evolution I draw mainly on accounts from Runciman (2009), Hodgson and Knudsen (2010), Sperber (1996), Hull (1988) and Richerson and Boyd (2006). In the second part of the thesis I look at four different theories of social change and utilize Darwinian social evolutionary theory to critique them. The four in question are: Immanuel Wallerstein (world-systems theory); Michael Hechter (rational-choice theory); Michael Mann (sources of social power); and Ernest Gellner (functionalism). These four theories were chosen as they either have, or represent, different theories of social change, and also because they are all concerned to some extent with the rise of the nation-state and nationalism. The main argument in this section is that Darwinian social evolutionary theory can incorporate elements of these theories whilst also going beyond them in explaining and understanding why societies undergo changes. In the case of Mann and Gellner I also note that they are, to a certain extent, implicitly relying on a social evolutionary account, and that drawing this out more explicitly helps provide greater theoretical solidity to their arguments. In the final part of the thesis I apply the theory to two case-studies, looking at the rise of nationalism in Britain (with a focus on England) and Japan. In both cases I examine each development of nationalism historically, using Darwinian social evolution to assess why nationalism emerged at the point that it did in each case, and not before. A final synthesis chapter then looks comparatively at the two cases and applies Darwinian social evolutionary theory to address the question of why nationalism generated in England/Britain, but did not in Japan and why the nationalist movements took the forms that they did. The chapter centres on three main themes, the role of war in forming identities, the role of variation in generating institutions, and the role of lineages in creating continuity in discontinuity. Finally it address the question of why nationalism became the dominant movement and not something else. Together this demonstrates demonstrate the usefulness of the framework for addressing questions concerning social change, in providing a different perspective and insights from other theories of social change. A final chapter summarizes and concludes the thesis, as well as pointing to new directions that research could develop.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-13T19:57:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO JOSE PAULO DA SILVA 1995 -VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1039051 bytes, checksum: cee33684d5bd383bcdd959dbeabcaef7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T19:57:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO JOSE PAULO DA SILVA 1995 -VERSÃO DIGITAL.pdf: 1039051 bytes, checksum: cee33684d5bd383bcdd959dbeabcaef7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1995-07-06 / capes / Este trabalho tem como escopo principal o estudo sobre a cooperação em prevenção de acidentes do trabalho na CHESF - Companhia Hidroelétrica do São Francisco-. Com isto, o mesmo visa evidenciar as variáveis que têm maiores condições de explicação para este fato. Isto é, o que foi determinante para que os especialistas tanto da DAST - Divisão de Segurança e Medicina do Trabalho - quanto da DO - Diretoria de Operação -, cooperassem entre si, no sentido de atendendo a algumas peculiaridades de suas funções, para tornar a prevenção de acidentes do trabalho uma ação coletiva? Este trabalho está divido em três partes. Na primeira, evidencia-se uma análise teórica da escolha racional, destacando-se um debate sobre alguns teóricos. Em seguida, faz-se uma abordagem mais específica da escolha racional, destacando-se as posições de Jon Elster, sobre o assunto, antes de adentrar-se mais na questão da prevenção de acidentes como ação coletiva. Na segunda parte, são demonstrados os dados financeiros e estatísticos necessários à comprovação de parte da hipótese estabelecida. E a terceira parte, dedicou-se à análise dos dados, por sua vez, dividida em duas fases: na primeira, iniciou-se analisando a eficiência da prevenção de acidentes em relação aos custos dos acidentes do trabalho, que constitui exatamente outra parte da hipótese. Neste caso, os dados financeiros citados, anteriormente, assumem várias formulações necessárias à explicação dos conceitos de eficiências econômica e tecnológica da prevenção de acidentes. A segunda fase é dedicada à análise da relação de interdependência entre os especialistas da DAST e da DO, como, também, aos desdobramentos dessa relação até a sua configuração num jogo de cooperação entre ambos. Para detectar o poder de explicação da última variável, utilidade da prevenção de acidentes para os especialistas da DO, sobre a variável cooperação em prevenção de acidentes do trabalho, utilizou-se de alguns recursos que pudessem parametrizar os dados coletados, de forma a tornar claro a sua contribuição à variável dependente. Nisto, ficou estabelecido que alguns critérios definiriam se houve alto, médio ou baixo nível de utilidade da prevenção de acidentes do trabalho. E, também, quando se refere à cooperação em prevenção de acidentes, estabeleceram-se critérios, como alta, média e baixa cooperação. Sendo assim, ficou evidente que a cooperação em prevenção de acidentes do trabalho foi resultado da escolha, das preferências e das ações estratégicas por parte dos especialistas da DO, dentro de certo âmbito de condições estabelecidas. / This work has the principal purpose the study about accidents prevention cooperation at CHESF – Hydro Electrical of São Francisco Company-. From this aspect, this work aim to make in evidence the variables that by means of them is possible to explain this phenomenon, that is, what was important for specialists of DAST and DO – Operations Directory- cooperating between them, in accordance theirs functions and becoming the accidents prevention the result a collective action? This work is presented in three parts. In the first, was made in evidence one theoretical analyses of rational choice, featured a debate about some theorists. Then, was made an approach especially about rational choice, hidhlightining the John Elster `opinions about the matter, before to deepen in the accidents prevention as a collective action. In the second part, were showed the financial and statistics data necessaries to confirm the hypothesis proposed. And the first was dedicated to the data analysis. In this case, divided in two phases: First of them, begun analyzing the efficiency of accidents prevention in relation to the costs of accidents that consists exactly a part of hypothesis. In this case, the financial data mentioned, previously, used to bear several formulations necessaries to explain the concepts of economic and technological efficiency of accidents prevention. The second phase is dedicated to analyses the interdependence relationship between specialists of DAST and DO and its unfolding until the game configuration as well. To detect the power of explication of the last variable, this is, the utilities of accidents prevention for the DO specialists, concerning cooperation in accidents prevention drew on some resources that could to parametric the data collect in a way to become clear their contribution the dependent variable. So, was established that some criteria would define if occurs high, media and low level of utility of accident prevention and high, media and low cooperation as well. This way made in evidence that cooperation in accidents prevention was a result of choice, preferences and strategic actions developed by DO specialists, inside the established conditions.

Introdução A partir da pergunta de partida Que fatores levaram um partido de origem socialista a optar por uma gerência terceirizada na Saúde? procurou-se analisar a parceria de um Órgão Público com o Terceiro Setor, para gerenciar um hospital regional, definindo-se, como objeto, o caso do Hospital Regional do Juruá, Acre, no início do século XXI. Objetivo Analisar as implicações do gerenciamento terceirizado de um hospital público e a política pública de saúde no Acre, no início do século XXI, sob governos hegemonizados pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores. Método estudo de metodologia qualitativa, utilizou um estudo de caso, onde foram realizadas revisão de bibliografia, análise documental e coleta de dados empíricos. A população de referência foi constituída por gestores, trabalhadores e usuários do SUS. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa documental e de entrevista com roteiro. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi sistematizado com o auxílio da técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Posteriormente, foi triangulado com os dados oriundos da pesquisa documental. A análise final utilizou a Teoria da Escolha Racional. Resultados As transformações ocorridas no mundo desde a década de 1980 atingiram o PT na sua trajetória e o colocaram diante da escolha de maximizar votos para chegar ao poder, optando por ampliar suas alianças e fazendo uma virada ideológica pragmática. No Acre, a eleição da Frente Popular representou uma ruptura com o sistema político local inaugurando um projeto de Poder de longo prazo. A Saúde Pública foi bastante impactada, resultando num serviço de melhor qualidade, reconhecido pela população. Os governos agiram racionalmente para maximizar o apoio político, tomando decisões eficientemente planejadas para alcançar os fins econômicos e políticos desejados. Dentre essas escolhas, esteve a decisão de firmar parceria com o Terceiro Setor para gerenciar um hospital de referência regional. Conclusões A contradição inicial de um governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores em utilizar o modelo de terceirização para gerir um hospital público foi explicada através das escolhas racionais feitas pelos seus governos diante das alternativas colocadas, analisando-se as várias condições que dificultavam o funcionamento de um hospital numa localidade geograficamente isolada. Entretanto, a lógica da parceria com o Terceiro Setor foi naturalizada, favorecendo a acomodação dos interesses das partes envolvidas, e consolidando-se como permanente / Introduction From the starting question \"What factors led a party of socialist origin to opt for outsourced management in Health?\" sought to analyze the partnership of a Public Organ with the Third Sector, to manage a regional hospital, defining, as object, the case of the Hospital Regional do Juruá , Acre, at the beginning of the 21st century. Objective To analyze the implications of outsourced management of a public hospital and public health policy in Acre at the beginning of the 21st century under governments hegemonized by the Partido dos Trabalhadores. Method Study of qualitative methodology, used a case study, where they were carried out review of bibliography, documentary analysis and empirical data collection. The reference population was made up of SUS managers, workers and users. The data were obtained through documentary research and interview with script. The content of the interviews was systematized with the help of the Collective Subject Discourse technique. Subsequently, it was triangulated with data from documentary research. The final analysis used the Rational Choice Theory. Results The transformations that have occurred in the world since the 1980s have reached the PT in its trajectory and have placed it before the choice of maximizing votes to reach power, opting to broaden its alliances and making a pragmatic ideological turn. In Acre, the Popular Front election represented a break with the local political system inaugurating a long-term power project. Public Health was very impacted, resulting in a better quality service, recognized by the population. Governments acted rationally to maximize political support by making efficiently planned decisions to achieve the desired economic and political ends. Among these choices was the decision to establish a partnership with the Third Sector to manage a regional reference hospital. Conclusions The initial contradiction of a Partido dos Trabalhadores government in using the outsourcing model to run a public hospital was explained through the rational choices made by its governments in the face of the alternatives placed by analyzing the various conditions that hindered the operation of a hospital in a Locally geographically isolated. However, the logic of the partnership with the Third Sector was naturalized, favoring the accommodation of the interests of the parties involved, and consolidating as permanent

Introdução A partir da pergunta de partida Que fatores levaram um partido de origem socialista a optar por uma gerência terceirizada na Saúde? procurou-se analisar a parceria de um Órgão Público com o Terceiro Setor, para gerenciar um hospital regional, definindo-se, como objeto, o caso do Hospital Regional do Juruá, Acre, no início do século XXI. Objetivo Analisar as implicações do gerenciamento terceirizado de um hospital público e a política pública de saúde no Acre, no início do século XXI, sob governos hegemonizados pelo Partido dos Trabalhadores. Método estudo de metodologia qualitativa, utilizou um estudo de caso, onde foram realizadas revisão de bibliografia, análise documental e coleta de dados empíricos. A população de referência foi constituída por gestores, trabalhadores e usuários do SUS. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de pesquisa documental e de entrevista com roteiro. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi sistematizado com o auxílio da técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Posteriormente, foi triangulado com os dados oriundos da pesquisa documental. A análise final utilizou a Teoria da Escolha Racional. Resultados As transformações ocorridas no mundo desde a década de 1980 atingiram o PT na sua trajetória e o colocaram diante da escolha de maximizar votos para chegar ao poder, optando por ampliar suas alianças e fazendo uma virada ideológica pragmática. No Acre, a eleição da Frente Popular representou uma ruptura com o sistema político local inaugurando um projeto de Poder de longo prazo. A Saúde Pública foi bastante impactada, resultando num serviço de melhor qualidade, reconhecido pela população. Os governos agiram racionalmente para maximizar o apoio político, tomando decisões eficientemente planejadas para alcançar os fins econômicos e políticos desejados. Dentre essas escolhas, esteve a decisão de firmar parceria com o Terceiro Setor para gerenciar um hospital de referência regional. Conclusões A contradição inicial de um governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores em utilizar o modelo de terceirização para gerir um hospital público foi explicada através das escolhas racionais feitas pelos seus governos diante das alternativas colocadas, analisando-se as várias condições que dificultavam o funcionamento de um hospital numa localidade geograficamente isolada. Entretanto, a lógica da parceria com o Terceiro Setor foi naturalizada, favorecendo a acomodação dos interesses das partes envolvidas, e consolidando-se como permanente / Introduction From the starting question \"What factors led a party of socialist origin to opt for outsourced management in Health?\" sought to analyze the partnership of a Public Organ with the Third Sector, to manage a regional hospital, defining, as object, the case of the Hospital Regional do Juruá , Acre, at the beginning of the 21st century. Objective To analyze the implications of outsourced management of a public hospital and public health policy in Acre at the beginning of the 21st century under governments hegemonized by the Partido dos Trabalhadores. Method Study of qualitative methodology, used a case study, where they were carried out review of bibliography, documentary analysis and empirical data collection. The reference population was made up of SUS managers, workers and users. The data were obtained through documentary research and interview with script. The content of the interviews was systematized with the help of the Collective Subject Discourse technique. Subsequently, it was triangulated with data from documentary research. The final analysis used the Rational Choice Theory. Results The transformations that have occurred in the world since the 1980s have reached the PT in its trajectory and have placed it before the choice of maximizing votes to reach power, opting to broaden its alliances and making a pragmatic ideological turn. In Acre, the Popular Front election represented a break with the local political system inaugurating a long-term power project. Public Health was very impacted, resulting in a better quality service, recognized by the population. Governments acted rationally to maximize political support by making efficiently planned decisions to achieve the desired economic and political ends. Among these choices was the decision to establish a partnership with the Third Sector to manage a regional reference hospital. Conclusions The initial contradiction of a Partido dos Trabalhadores government in using the outsourcing model to run a public hospital was explained through the rational choices made by its governments in the face of the alternatives placed by analyzing the various conditions that hindered the operation of a hospital in a Locally geographically isolated. However, the logic of the partnership with the Third Sector was naturalized, favoring the accommodation of the interests of the parties involved, and consolidating as permanent

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeninCBG.pdf: 1034433 bytes, checksum: bbb5165c144b3df9f2ee5d44d247fc02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-28 / From the end of the 80s, the Brazilian higher education experience strong growth, coming from the private sector, which would intensify further in the late 90th Higher education has become a lucrative business. With a drop in the number of students entering and strong competition, the number of idle places in private institutions of higher education reached 49.5% in 2004. That same year, by Measure, was the University for All Program (PROUNI) program, to include high school students from public higher education, offering scholarships to those students in private HEIs. In exchange, the IES gain tax exemption. The objective of this research is to investigate the game of interest occurred in the formulation of this program and identify the model and the political game and has led to the creation of PROUNI, analyzing the process occurred since the wording of a bill, the issue of Measure Law and that the legitimacy PROUNI, with the most important changes made initial model. Since the first draft of the Law to the final Act, the PROUNI was disfigured in its main points, as the percentage of stock for paying students, the process of selection of stock and bond of the IES program. Throughout the process of creating the program, it is quite clear the performance of the institutions representing the private higher education. As reference for the analysis was based on Rational Choice Theory of Political Science. The basic argument of the methods based on rational choice is the maximization of the benefit will be the main motivation of individuals, but they can give that your goals can be achieved more effectively through institutional action and thereby discover that their conduct is shaped by institutions. Thus, individuals rationally choose to get to a certain extent constrained to join in certain institutions, whether voluntarily or not. The PROUNI was submitted by government and public policy covered by the mystical aura of the discourse of social justice and economic development, as in higher education includes a stratum of people who would not have access to the university, due to restrictions in the supply network public higher education. However, the greatest benefit from the program are the private HEIs, which through a difficult time in a scenario marked by high competition and idleness of nearly half of the vacancies offered. The PROUNI became a program that prioritizes access and not the residence of the student to higher education. More serious than a supporting program for students Fellows is a program supporting the institutions of private education / A partir do final dos anos 80, o ensino superior brasileiro experimenta um forte crescimento, advindo do setor privado, que viria a se intensificar mais ainda no final dos anos 90. A educa??o superior tornou-se um neg?cio lucrativo. Com uma queda no n?mero de alunos ingressantes e a forte concorr?ncia, o n?mero de vagas ociosas nas institui??es de ensino superior privadas chegou a 49,5% em 2004. Nesse mesmo ano, por Medida Provis?ria, foi criado o Programa Universidade para Todos (PROUNI), programa que visa incluir alunos oriundos do ensino m?dio p?blico no ensino superior, oferecendo bolsas a esses alunos em IES privadas. Em troca, as IES ganham isen??o fiscal. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? investigar o jogo de interesses ocorrido na formula??o deste programa, bem como identificar o modelo e o jogo pol?tico que culminou e permitiu a cria??o do PROUNI, analisando o processo ocorrido desde a formula??o do projeto de lei, a edi??o da Medida Provis?ria e a Lei que legitimou o PROUNI, com as modifica??es mais importantes feitas modelo inicial. Desde o primeiro projeto de Lei do programa at? a Lei final, o PROUNI foi desfigurado em seus pontos principais, como: o percentual de bolsistas em rela??o aos alunos pagantes, o processo de sele??o dos bolsistas e o v?nculo das IES ao programa. Em todo o processo de cria??o do programa, ? bastante clara a atua??o das institui??es que representam o ensino superior privado. Como referencial de an?lise, foi adotada a Teoria da Escolha Racional, da Ci?ncia Pol?tica. O argumento b?sico dos m?todos baseados na escolha racional ? que a maximiza??o do benef?cio seguir? sendo a principal motiva??o dos indiv?duos, mas que estes podem se dar conta que seus objetivos podem ser atingidos de modo mais eficaz por meio da a??o institucional e assim descobrir que sua conduta ? moldada pelas institui??es. Desse modo, os indiv?duos escolhem racionalmente ver-se at? certo ponto constrangidos em afiliar-se a determinadas institui??es, seja voluntariamente ou n?o. O PROUNI foi apresentado pelo governo como pol?tica p?blica revestida pela aura m?stica do discurso da justi?a social e do desenvolvimento econ?mico, visto que inclui no ensino superior um estrato da popula??o que n?o teria acesso a esse n?vel de ensino, devido ? limita??o de oferta na rede p?blica superior de ensino. Entretanto, os maiores beneficiados pelo programa s?o as IES privadas, que atravessam um momento dif?cil, num cen?rio marcado pela alta concorr?ncia e ociosidade de quase metade das vagas oferecidas. O PROUNI tornou-se um programa que prioriza o acesso e n?o a perman?ncia do estudante ao ensino superior. Mais grave que um programa assistencialista para os alunos bolsistas, ? um programa assistencialista com as institui??es de ensino privadas

La GPEC se construit de plus en plus à l’échelle territoriale. Des acteurs institutionnels d’horizons divers et des entreprises de taille variable réfléchissent et travaillent ensemble pour mettre en place des actions qui répondent aux problématiques liées à l’emploi, à la formation, et aux compétences. Ces démarches se font tantôt à « chaud », tantôt à « froid » selon les circonstances, les territoires et les acteurs. L’extension de l’échelle de construction de la GPEC de l’entreprise au territoire peut se justifier par la prise en compte de plusieurs facteurs : internes ou externes aux entreprises, politiques, conjecturaux, socio-économiques, etc. Ainsi à travers des volontés convergentes, de multiples acteurs ambitionnent de lever les limites et insuffisances consubstantielles à la GPEC d’entreprise en recourant à une GPEC-Territoriale. Cette nouvelle approche de construction et d’analyse de la GPEC pose néanmoins des interrogations. Parmi celles-ci, nous avons réfléchi, à cinq questions : comment faire travailler ensemble les acteurs ? Quel diagnostic permet de fédérer les acteurs autour de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment se construit cette GPEC-Territoriale en termes de phasage ? Comment les acteurs se mettent-ils d’accord sur la construction et le contenu des actions de la GPEC-Territoriale ? Comment mobiliser les acteurs dans de telles démarches collectives ? Ces questions sont issues de la question principale de notre recherche : quel est le processus de construction d’une GPEC-Territoriale impliquant des acteurs institutionnels et des entreprises ? Nous avons abordé et discuté ces questions sur la base de données empiriques collectées dans deux cas : la GPEC-Territoriale dans la Communauté de communes du Cher à la Loire et la GPEC-Territoriale dans la filière Bois dans le département du Loir-et-Cher. Ces données sont collectées à partir d’observations, d’entretiens qualitatifs, d’études quantitatives et documentaires. Les théories de l’interaction, de la traduction, du choix rationnel et de la mobilisation nous ont servi de grille d’analyse. Au croisement de ces approches et de ces analyses, il en est ressorti que la GPEC-Territoriale se construit à partir de quelques nécessités : capacité du pilote à faire travailler ensemble plusieurs acteurs, établissement d’un diagnostic préalable et partagé se basant sur les problématiques et enjeux des entreprises et des territoires, mobilisation des acteurs à travers des incitations sélectives et l’analyse des catégories de priorités des acteurs. En outre, il est apparu que le contenu de la GPEC-Territoriale est continûment traduit et s’obtient sous un consensus relatif. Enfin et malgré l’aspect sui generis de chaque cas, une modélisation, en phases, de sa construction est possible. / Nowadays HRP is built increasingly on a territorial scale. Institutional actors from different backgrounds and varying size businesses work together to put in place actions that address issues related to employment, training, and skills. These approaches are sometimes in "hot", sometimes in "cold" depending on the circumstances, territories and stakeholders. The extension of the building of the HRP across a territory can be justified by taking into account several factors: internal or external to enterprises, policies, situational, socio-economic, etc. Thus through converging wills, multiple actors aspire to lift the limits and shortcomings related to HRP by using a HRP-Territorial. This new construction approach and analysis of HRP nevertheless raises several questions. Among the many questions we reflected about five of them: how do actors work together? What diagnosis allows to unite stakeholders around HRP-Territorial? How is this HRP-Territorial built in terms of phasing? How do actors agree on the construction and content of the actions of HRP-Territorial? How to mobilize actors in such collective approaches? These questions are taken from the main issue of our research: What is the process of building a HRP-Territorial involving institutional actors and businesses? We discussed and debated these issues on the basis of empirical data collected in two cases: HRP-Territorial in the Community of communes of Cher à la Loire and the HRP-Territorial in the timber Industry in Loir-et-Cher. Those data are collected by observation, qualitative interview, quantitative studies and documentaries. Theory of interaction, actor network theory, rational choice theory and mobilization theory served as our analytical framework. At the intersection of these approaches and these analyzes, it appears that the HRP-Territorial be built from a few necessities : the ability of the pilot to work together several actors, establishing a prior and shared diagnosis that rely on problem and challenges for companies and territory, mobilization of actors through selective incentives and analysis of priority categories of actors. Furthermore, it appears that the contents of the HRP-Territorial is continuously translated and obtained by relative consensus. Finally, and despite the particular case of each situation, a modeling phase of this construction is possible.

La microéconomie conventionnelle présente le concept de rationalité de manière univoque et étroite comme maximisation de l'utilité espérée. On sait les critiques qui ont été adressées à ce concept tant du point de vue de l'économie comportementale que de celui de la sociologie. Notre objectif est de proposer une lecture de certaines de ces critiques afin de montrer que, pour l'essentiel, elles mettent en évidence la diversité des modes de rationalité. Le problème est, dès lors, de savoir si le constat de cette diversité conduit nécessairement à la récusation du modèle standard. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la double perspective de la théorie du choix rationnel et de la théorie des jeux. À partir des critiques de l'économie comportementale, nous soutenons que le principe de maximisation constitue un mode de raisonnement local et évaluable au regard du contexte d'action. Mais une telle régionalisation implique une profonde révision de la théorie des jeux standard. La récusation de l'équilibre général, fondé sur le présupposé de la maximisation de l'utilité espérée, comme modèle univoque appelle un nouveau type de formalisation. En ce sens, nous montrons que la modélisation multi-agents permet de penser, de manière contrefactuelle, des interactions entre agents économiques rationnels et situés. Cette méthode nous autorise ainsi à élaborer des scénarios rationalisants qui dessinent des mondes possibles sans trancher entre ces mondes. / Standard microeconomics displays the concept of rationality as the maximisation of expected utility i.e. in a narrow and unequivocal sense. The criticisms against this concept made by behavioural economics or sociology are well known. I aim at providing an analysis of some of them in order to emphasise the fact that they mainly highlight the diversity of reasoning modes. But the issue is to know whether the diversity of reasoning modes necessarily leads to reject the standard model. My intention falls into two fields : the theory of Rational Choice and the Game Theory. From the point of view of behavioural economics, I assume that the maximisation is nothing more than a local reasoning mode that can be assessed in relation to the context of action. But this assumption implies correcting the standard Game Theory as well. The fact that the general equilibrium, based on the maximisation of expected utility, cannot be used anymore as an unique model calls a new kind of formalisation. So, I point out that agent-based modelling allows us to conceive, in a counterfactual way, interactions between rational economic agents in their context. Therefore, in this respect, rational patterns of actions and interactions design possible worlds without having to choose between them.

The opportunity theory for crime is composed of three partial concepts. The first concept is the routine activity theory that works with a potential offender, a suitable target and a capable guardian. The opportunity for crime occurs in the moment when the offender faces the target while guardians are absent. The second concept, the rational choice perspective, is based on the idea that the offender considers benefit and risk stemming from the crime. The third concept is the crime pattern theory that focuses on the importance of time and space. This master thesis focuses on the usability of the opportunity theory for crime in the context of our current society. Although the opportunity theory for crime is nearly forty years old, this work shows that it is also applicable on cybercrime since some of the "classical" crimes moved from physical space to cyberspace. The potential offender and suitable target exist and behave similarly in cyberspace and in physical space. The difference between the two worlds is notable for the capable guardian, who does not occur randomly in the cyberspace but is embodied in the form of ever-present protection. The opportunity theory also claims that the opportunities are highly specific, they play role in causing all crime, they are influenced by technological...