A Tese visa a analisar a organização de catadores de resíduos recicláveis, tendo como quadro de referência a teoria institucional. Autores ligados ao movimento da economia solidária propõem a cooperativa popular como modelo de organização capaz de emancipar o trabalhador, ainda que operando em contexto capitalista. Esta tese parte da premissa de que a organização dos catadores em Redes de Economia Solidária não é de fato uma via para sua inclusão social. Para isto, optou-se pela análise da inserção de cooperativas de catadores na indústria de reciclagem da embalagem PET. Desse modo, a pergunta motivadora desta Tese é: como e por que está ocorrendo a inserção dos catadores na cadeia de reciclagem da embalagem PET? Esta problemática foi analisada sob o intrincado ponto de vista dos multistakeholders, considerados como atores específicos que interagem no campo organizacional da indústria de reciclagem. Especialmente, avaliam-se duas experiências cooperativistas organizadas em Redes de Economia Solidária: a Rede Cata Sampa, localizada em São Paulo e a Rede Cata Unidos, localizada em Minas Gerais. Procurou-se comparar a estruturação e formação destas duas redes construídas a partir da Coopamare (SP) e Asmare (MG). Por meio de uma abordagem exploratória de pesquisa descritivo-qualitativa, desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso único com várias unidades de análise (cadeia produtiva, organizações não governamentais, cooperativas de catadores, setor público, e consumidores). Foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes de evidências e triangulação de técnicas qualitativas, tais como, análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Os resultados mostram que há uma configuração estrutural em que as cooperativas estão integradas a um campo organizacional presidido pela lógica da acumulação a indústria de reciclagem e ficam submetidas a pressões isomórficas. Ao contrário de se enquadrarem na categoria de excluídos, os catadores são trabalhadores úteis e fundamentais para a indústria de reciclagem. Na verdade, tais catadores vivem um processo de exclusão e inclusão social, onde suas vidas são permeadas por zonas de vulnerabilidades, fragilidades e precariedades. Neste sentido, ao considerar o campo da indústria de reciclagem como uma estrutura social, os catadores passam a ser vistos como o grupo desafiante do campo. / The thesis analyzes the organization of collectors men and women, usually homeless people, organized to collect \"useful\" garbage that could be recycled using the institutional theory framework. Authors from the solidarity economics movement, propose popular cooperatives as a model of organization saying that it would be able to emancipate the worker, despite the fact that this workforce operates within the Capitalist system. Therefore, it uses the assumption that the organization of collectors in Solidarity Economy Networks is not in fact a way for their social inclusion. For this thesis, it was decide to analyses the inclusion of cooperatives of collectors in the industry of recycling of PET packaging. Thus the question motivating this thesis is: \"how and why the insertion of the collectors in the PET packaging recycling industry is occurring? This issue was examined under the complex point of view of the multistakeholders, considered as specific actors in the organizational field of the recycling. It especially evaluates two experiences of cooperatives organized in Solidarity Economy Networks: the Rede Cata Sampa, based in Sao Paulo and Rede Cata Unidos, located in Minas Gerais. The researcher sought to compare the structure and formation of Solidarity Economy networks built by Coopamare (SP) and Asmare (MG). Through a descriptive and exploratory qualitative research, a of case study was developed with several units of analysis (supply chain, non-governmental organizations, cooperatives of collectors, public sector, and consumers). Multiple sources of evidence and triangulation of qualitative techniques were used, like documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The results showed that there is a structural configuration in which the cooperatives are integrated to an organization field chained by the logic of accumulation - the recycling industry - and are subject to isomorphic pressures. However, conversely to the category of excluded group, the collectors of recyclable materials are considered useful and key employees for the recycling industry. In fact, these collectors live a double process of social exclusion and inclusion, in which their lives are permeated by areas of vulnerability, fragility and precariousness. Accordingly, in considering the scope of the recycling industry as a social structure, the collectors can be seen as the challenging group of the field.

A Tese visa a analisar a organização de catadores de resíduos recicláveis, tendo como quadro de referência a teoria institucional. Autores ligados ao movimento da economia solidária propõem a cooperativa popular como modelo de organização capaz de emancipar o trabalhador, ainda que operando em contexto capitalista. Esta tese parte da premissa de que a organização dos catadores em Redes de Economia Solidária não é de fato uma via para sua inclusão social. Para isto, optou-se pela análise da inserção de cooperativas de catadores na indústria de reciclagem da embalagem PET. Desse modo, a pergunta motivadora desta Tese é: como e por que está ocorrendo a inserção dos catadores na cadeia de reciclagem da embalagem PET? Esta problemática foi analisada sob o intrincado ponto de vista dos multistakeholders, considerados como atores específicos que interagem no campo organizacional da indústria de reciclagem. Especialmente, avaliam-se duas experiências cooperativistas organizadas em Redes de Economia Solidária: a Rede Cata Sampa, localizada em São Paulo e a Rede Cata Unidos, localizada em Minas Gerais. Procurou-se comparar a estruturação e formação destas duas redes construídas a partir da Coopamare (SP) e Asmare (MG). Por meio de uma abordagem exploratória de pesquisa descritivo-qualitativa, desenvolveu-se um estudo de caso único com várias unidades de análise (cadeia produtiva, organizações não governamentais, cooperativas de catadores, setor público, e consumidores). Foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes de evidências e triangulação de técnicas qualitativas, tais como, análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Os resultados mostram que há uma configuração estrutural em que as cooperativas estão integradas a um campo organizacional presidido pela lógica da acumulação a indústria de reciclagem e ficam submetidas a pressões isomórficas. Ao contrário de se enquadrarem na categoria de excluídos, os catadores são trabalhadores úteis e fundamentais para a indústria de reciclagem. Na verdade, tais catadores vivem um processo de exclusão e inclusão social, onde suas vidas são permeadas por zonas de vulnerabilidades, fragilidades e precariedades. Neste sentido, ao considerar o campo da indústria de reciclagem como uma estrutura social, os catadores passam a ser vistos como o grupo desafiante do campo. / The thesis analyzes the organization of collectors men and women, usually homeless people, organized to collect \"useful\" garbage that could be recycled using the institutional theory framework. Authors from the solidarity economics movement, propose popular cooperatives as a model of organization saying that it would be able to emancipate the worker, despite the fact that this workforce operates within the Capitalist system. Therefore, it uses the assumption that the organization of collectors in Solidarity Economy Networks is not in fact a way for their social inclusion. For this thesis, it was decide to analyses the inclusion of cooperatives of collectors in the industry of recycling of PET packaging. Thus the question motivating this thesis is: \"how and why the insertion of the collectors in the PET packaging recycling industry is occurring? This issue was examined under the complex point of view of the multistakeholders, considered as specific actors in the organizational field of the recycling. It especially evaluates two experiences of cooperatives organized in Solidarity Economy Networks: the Rede Cata Sampa, based in Sao Paulo and Rede Cata Unidos, located in Minas Gerais. The researcher sought to compare the structure and formation of Solidarity Economy networks built by Coopamare (SP) and Asmare (MG). Through a descriptive and exploratory qualitative research, a of case study was developed with several units of analysis (supply chain, non-governmental organizations, cooperatives of collectors, public sector, and consumers). Multiple sources of evidence and triangulation of qualitative techniques were used, like documentary analysis, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The results showed that there is a structural configuration in which the cooperatives are integrated to an organization field chained by the logic of accumulation - the recycling industry - and are subject to isomorphic pressures. However, conversely to the category of excluded group, the collectors of recyclable materials are considered useful and key employees for the recycling industry. In fact, these collectors live a double process of social exclusion and inclusion, in which their lives are permeated by areas of vulnerability, fragility and precariousness. Accordingly, in considering the scope of the recycling industry as a social structure, the collectors can be seen as the challenging group of the field.

This thesis deals with the dark-field imaging and the optical spectroscopy of optically trapped plasmonic nanoparticles. The optical trapping and the characterization of a single particle or multiple nanoparticles as well are demonstrated. The number of the optically trapped particles can be estimated from the dark-field scattering intensity. Experiments show the presence of the interparticle coupling among trapped metallic nanoparticles which has not been observed in case of dielectric particles. The scattering spectra of the plasmonic nanoparticles were compared with theoretical models based on the Mie theory and the Discrete dipole approximation.

The work attempts to contribute to mapping of the lexical field of HOLINESS in Old English prosaic texts. The lexical field in this work is represented by four adjectives (halig, gebletsod, gesælig, gehalgod) which are chosen from the Thesaurus of Old English. The mapping is conducted in the York-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose by identifying morphological and syntactical categories of each adjective (predicative, attributive, postpositive functions, comparative and superlative forms; modification by adverbs) as well as the collocational sets (conceptual fields). The results then show the way in which the given adjectives differ in named categories.

Nafion membranes, are polymeric thin films widely employed in micro-batteries and fuel cells. These devices are expected to play a key role in the next generation energy systems for use in vehicles as a replacement to combustion engines. In fact, a minimum environmental impact is guaranteed by reduced carbon dioxide emissions. It is usually complicated to investigate the behavior of thin membranes through experiments. Therefore, numerical simulations are carried out in order to enable a better understanding of the phenomena and of the multi-field couplings occurring in polymeric membranes. A continuum-based, three-dimensional and electro-chemo-mechanical (ECM) model for a hydrated polymer membrane is presented. Different effects are taken into account: (i) mechanics, (ii) water uptake, (iii) ion transport, and (iv) electrostatics. The dissipation inequality drives the choice of the suitable constitutive equations of the multi-physics theory. In the mechanical field, an additive decomposition of the deformation gradient in (i) a distortion part, related to the ion motion, and (ii) an elastic part, is assumed. The multi-field model is numerically solved within the finite element framework. Time-dependent simulations are performed by using the commercial tool COMSOL Multiphysics. Furthermore, two closed form solutions are obtained by using (i) a one-dimensional reduced model and (ii) an approach based on the bar theory with an electro-chemical distortion field.

This thesis considers the problem of calculating and observing the mixing of modes of positive and negative frequency in inhomogeneous, dispersive media. Scattering of vacuum modes of the electromagnetic field at a moving interface in the refractive index of a dielectric medium is discussed. Kinematics arguments are used to demonstrate that this interface may, in a regime of linear dispersion, act as the analogue of the event horizon of a black hole to modes of the field. Furthermore, a study of the dispersion of the dielectric shows that five distinct configurations of modes of the inhomogeneous medium at the interface exist as a function of frequency. Thus it is shown that the interface is simultaneously a black- and white-hole horizon-like and horizonless emitter. The role, and importance, of negative-frequency modes of the field in mode conversion at the horizon is established and yields a calculation of the spontaneous photonic flux at the interface. An algorithm to calculate the scattering of vacuum modes at the interface is introduced. Spectra of the photonic flux in the moving and laboratory frame, for all modes and all realisable increase in the refractive index at the interface are computed. As a result of the various mode configurations, the spectra are highly structured in intervals with black-hole, white-hole and no horizon. The spectra are dominated by a negative-frequency mode, which is the partner in any Hawking-type emission. An experiment in which an incoming positive-frequency wave is populated with photons is assembled to observe the transfer of energy to outgoing waves of positive and negative frequency at the horizon. The effect of mode conversion at the interface is clearly shown to be a feature of horizon physics. This is a classical version of the quantum experiment that aims at validating the mechanism of Hawking radiation.

This thesis enquires into the question of the hidden nature of things and reality in the context of David Hume's philosophy. In the context of a Humean approach to reality, it discusses whether the things which we perceive and which are considered to be perceptions can have some sort of non-empirical correlation that lies beneath them and whether it can be called the hidden nature of these things. The first half of the thesis is focused on the philosophy of David Hume. In the second half of the thesis two original considerations about the hidden nature and its characteristics are presented. The thesis starts with three selected theories of substance as presented in A Treatise of Human Nature. The theory of John Locke and the theory of the peripatetics are presented from Hume's critical perspective. Consequently is presented an interpretation called the New Hume. In the context of this interpretation, Hume presumes that there are hidden entities lying beneath empirical reality. Then, there are two considerations focused on the hidden nature of things and its characteristics which are presented. These characteristics are consequently being described in an indirect manner. And finally an original suggestion of how to understand the hidden nature is presented. It has the character of mere...

Cette étude porte sur le fait littéraire afro-antillais de l’ère coloniale (1920-1960). Il s’agit d’examiner les stratégies des agents à partir des cas de René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant et Mongo Beti et de percevoir comment ils se définissent leur identité littéraire et sociale. Pour ce faire, notre démarche s’articule en deux temps : (1) examiner les conditions de possibilité d’un champ littéraire afro-antillais à Paris (colonisation française et ses effets, configuration d’un champ littéraire pré-institutionnalisé, etc.) ; (2) analyser les processus de consolidation du champ, ainsi que les luttes internes qui opposent deux tendances émergentes représentées d’abord par Senghor et Césaire, ensuite par Beti et Glissant, dont les prises de position littéraires mettent en œuvre des « modèles empiriques » ; ceux-ci régulent et unifient leurs rapports au monde et à l’Afrique. This study relates to afro-carribean literature in colonial period (1920-1960). We want to examine the strategies of agents like René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant and Mongo Beti ; and we want to understand how they invente literary and social identity. Our approach is structured in two steps: we shall analyse (1) the conditions for an afro-carribean literary field to appear in Paris (french colonialism and its consequences, configuration of literay field...) ; (2) the consolidation of this field and the internal struggles between two tendances represented by Senghor and Césaire, by Glissant and Beti whose literary practice shows the “empirical model” that regularizes and consolidates their relation with the world and Africa.

Cette étude porte sur le fait littéraire afro-antillais de l’ère coloniale (1920-1960). Il s’agit d’examiner les stratégies des agents à partir des cas de René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant et Mongo Beti et de percevoir comment ils se définissent leur identité littéraire et sociale.<p>Pour ce faire, notre démarche s’articule en deux temps :(1) examiner les conditions de possibilité d’un champ littéraire afro-antillais à Paris (colonisation française et ses effets, configuration d’un champ littéraire pré-institutionnalisé, etc.) ;(2) analyser les processus de consolidation du champ, ainsi que les luttes internes qui opposent deux tendances émergentes représentées d’abord par Senghor et Césaire, ensuite par Beti et Glissant, dont les prises de position littéraires mettent en œuvre des « modèles empiriques » ;ceux-ci régulent et unifient leurs rapports au monde et à l’Afrique.<p><p>This study relates to afro-carribean literature in colonial period (1920-1960). We want to examine the strategies of agents like René Maran, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Aimé Césaire, Édouard Glissant and Mongo Beti ;and we want to understand how they invente literary and social identity.<p>Our approach is structured in two steps: we shall analyse (1) the conditions for an afro-carribean literary field to appear in Paris (french colonialism and its consequences, configuration of literay field.) ;(2) the consolidation of this field and the internal struggles between two tendances represented by Senghor and Césaire, by Glissant and Beti whose literary practice shows the “empirical model” that regularizes and consolidates their relation with the world and Africa. / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished