Due to China's important status on the global stage, its language and culture have drawn a great deal of attention in academia. Meanwhile, the United States remains a major power, and English continues to be the most widely spoken language in today's world. Exploring intercultural communication among people who speak Chinese and English continues to be an important research area. This study, with its primarily linguistic concern, was designed to focus on a frequently employed figure of speech, metaphor. Based on a comprehensive review of literature on intercultural communication and cognitive linguistics, this research focused on metaphor's cognitive value in order to explore its universal validity. A sample database was generated utilizing metaphorical expressions in classical poetry from Chinese, British, and American literature. An in-depth content analysis was conducted using grounded theory methodology to investigate the common place understanding between Chinese and English cultures. Similarities were achieved among existing patterns of metaphorical expressions from relevant poems. Three primary types of metaphors were found. The first metaphor included abstract concepts projected to concrete concepts. The second metaphor was objects projected to human beings. The third metaphor was objects projected to objects. Two main implications were found based on this research. The primary implication for intercultural communication was related to common ground understanding, adaptation of Chinese immigrants in the United States, and improved international relations. Metaphor's universally cognitive validity constitutes the secondary implication of this study, which contributes to the development of cognitive linguistic theory.

Studying the diverse, experimental, and unconventional work—particularly poetry—of Canadian writer bpNichol requires a better understanding of the material characteristics he used to give his writing unique significance. Nichol’s poems call for a plurality of new analytical methods, since traditional editorial and critical approaches often overlook the importance of materiality. This thesis presents three different approaches to critically considering Nichol’s work and highlighting its material aspects: comparing Nichol’s poetry to Dada aesthetics, examining multiple versions of individual poems using genetic criticism, and looking at the changes and similarities between print and digital material characteristics from the even wider perspective of media archaeology. Additionally, the benefits of a digital edition are argued in relation to all three editorial approaches, as digital presentation augments the focus on the materiality that is so integral to reading Nichol.

Críticos e poetas de todos os tempos, da Antiguidade à contemporaneidade, têm formulado teorias a respeito do fenômeno literário poético, com o intuito de compreendê-lo melhor e aperfeiçoá-lo. Mario Quintana não é um deles. O poeta alegretense é avesso a todo tipo de enquadramento e definição poética: não deixou estudos, artigos ou tratados que abordassem a poesia teoricamente. Por outro lado, como muitos poetas contemporâneos, Quintana trata do fenômeno poético ao longo de sua obra. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é recortar uma teoria poética quintaniana a partir de seus textos do Caderno H, obra singular do autor, que apresenta diversos elementos para se pensar a poesia. A construção dessa teoria faz-se possível através da comparação desses textos com os textos fundadores de teóricos selecionados por sua contribuição a esse respeito. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-02T17:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daiane Pedroti Venturin.pdf: 683226 bytes, checksum: f7bf2d2856f6b515ed033dcd93bede28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-02T17:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daiane Pedroti Venturin.pdf: 683226 bytes, checksum: f7bf2d2856f6b515ed033dcd93bede28 (MD5) / Critics and poets from ancient to contemporary times have formulated theories about the poetic literary phenomenon, in order to understand it better and improve it. Mario Quintana is not one of them. The poet, from the south of Brazil, disagrees on every kind of circumscription and definition for the poetry: he left no studies, articles or treatises about poetry. On the other hand, as many contemporary poets, Quintana deals with the poetic phenomenon throughout his composition. The objective of this research is to set up a Quintana´s poetic theory over his texts from Caderno H, a remarkable book, which presents several factors to think about poetry. It´s possible to configure this theory through the comparison of these texts with founding texts of philosophers, critics and poets, selected for their contribution in that regard.

Críticos e poetas de todos os tempos, da Antiguidade à contemporaneidade, têm formulado teorias a respeito do fenômeno literário poético, com o intuito de compreendê-lo melhor e aperfeiçoá-lo. Mario Quintana não é um deles. O poeta alegretense é avesso a todo tipo de enquadramento e definição poética: não deixou estudos, artigos ou tratados que abordassem a poesia teoricamente. Por outro lado, como muitos poetas contemporâneos, Quintana trata do fenômeno poético ao longo de sua obra. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é recortar uma teoria poética quintaniana a partir de seus textos do Caderno H, obra singular do autor, que apresenta diversos elementos para se pensar a poesia. A construção dessa teoria faz-se possível através da comparação desses textos com os textos fundadores de teóricos selecionados por sua contribuição a esse respeito. / Critics and poets from ancient to contemporary times have formulated theories about the poetic literary phenomenon, in order to understand it better and improve it. Mario Quintana is not one of them. The poet, from the south of Brazil, disagrees on every kind of circumscription and definition for the poetry: he left no studies, articles or treatises about poetry. On the other hand, as many contemporary poets, Quintana deals with the poetic phenomenon throughout his composition. The objective of this research is to set up a Quintana´s poetic theory over his texts from Caderno H, a remarkable book, which presents several factors to think about poetry. It´s possible to configure this theory through the comparison of these texts with founding texts of philosophers, critics and poets, selected for their contribution in that regard.

Anthologies composed for adolescent readers are rare in both Afrikaans and Dutch. These anthologies are published at quite lengthy intervals, because they are post-publications in which already published volumes are absorbed. These anthologies are, however, to an increasing extent the medium by which readers become aware of poetry and are also introduced to different poets. For that reason it can be concluded that anthologies inform poetic taste. The empathy and love towards poetry experienced by young children in both languages are gradually replaced by an apathetic attitude towards poems and even an antipathetic attitude in general during adolescence. The first reaction to poetry is usually emotional and this indicates the way for further intellectual development. When selecting poems for the adolescent reader, the different developmental aspects affecting the adolescent and his identity development must be taken into consideration. The needs of the adolescent reader must be kept in mind. Needs in reading develop as a result of general needs that should be satisfied in the first place. Should this be the case, the need for reading would develop. In this study different theoretical points of view, namely reader-response criticism, developmental psychology, general needs and reading-related needs are used to determine the representation of identity in poems. Specific theories of poetry are used as instruments in text studies and analyses with regard to representation of identity in anthologies for adolescents. Poems in Versreise (Vermaak et al.) and Met gekleurde billen zou her gelukkiger leven zijn (Van Coillie) are analysed focusing on the representation of time and space, speaker and perspective, atmosphere and metaphorical language. For the purposes of this study analyses were conducted to evaluate and interpret the representation of identity in the texts of both anthologies. The differences and similarities between the Afrikaans and Dutch poetry texts for the adolescent had to be identified. The differences were used to determine which type of text would support the Afrikaans identity, the Dutch identity or the Flemish identity. The similarities, on the other hand, were used to determine the type of text that would not appeal to the Afrikaans, Dutch or Flemish adolescents only, but to adolescents in general. In this study method-pluralism is scientifically unavoidable. Different methods were systematically combined to support the specific methods of approach. The research was done in accordance with four methods: a synopsis of existing and appropriate theory of literature and forming of theory with regard to relevant concepts and terms; the analyses of texts in two anthologies; a summary of critical opinions stated in different reviews as well as surveys and interviews based on consultations via e-mail with the different role players, i.e. the anthology composers, illustrators and publishers. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Anthologies composed for adolescent readers are rare in both Afrikaans and Dutch. These anthologies are published at quite lengthy intervals, because they are post-publications in which already published volumes are absorbed. These anthologies are, however, to an increasing extent the medium by which readers become aware of poetry and are also introduced to different poets. For that reason it can be concluded that anthologies inform poetic taste. The empathy and love towards poetry experienced by young children in both languages are gradually replaced by an apathetic attitude towards poems and even an antipathetic attitude in general during adolescence. The first reaction to poetry is usually emotional and this indicates the way for further intellectual development. When selecting poems for the adolescent reader, the different developmental aspects affecting the adolescent and his identity development must be taken into consideration. The needs of the adolescent reader must be kept in mind. Needs in reading develop as a result of general needs that should be satisfied in the first place. Should this be the case, the need for reading would develop. In this study different theoretical points of view, namely reader-response criticism, developmental psychology, general needs and reading-related needs are used to determine the representation of identity in poems. Specific theories of poetry are used as instruments in text studies and analyses with regard to representation of identity in anthologies for adolescents. Poems in Versreise (Vermaak et al.) and Met gekleurde billen zou her gelukkiger leven zijn (Van Coillie) are analysed focusing on the representation of time and space, speaker and perspective, atmosphere and metaphorical language. For the purposes of this study analyses were conducted to evaluate and interpret the representation of identity in the texts of both anthologies. The differences and similarities between the Afrikaans and Dutch poetry texts for the adolescent had to be identified. The differences were used to determine which type of text would support the Afrikaans identity, the Dutch identity or the Flemish identity. The similarities, on the other hand, were used to determine the type of text that would not appeal to the Afrikaans, Dutch or Flemish adolescents only, but to adolescents in general. In this study method-pluralism is scientifically unavoidable. Different methods were systematically combined to support the specific methods of approach. The research was done in accordance with four methods: a synopsis of existing and appropriate theory of literature and forming of theory with regard to relevant concepts and terms; the analyses of texts in two anthologies; a summary of critical opinions stated in different reviews as well as surveys and interviews based on consultations via e-mail with the different role players, i.e. the anthology composers, illustrators and publishers. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.