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The importance of emotionality during the psychotherapeutic hour has been extensively documented in the psychotherapy theory and research literature. Prominent theorists and researchers have advocated that the degree of client's emotionality is an important therapeutic variable that facilitates therapeutic and personality change. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the relationship between client level and type of emotionality as measured by the Experiencing, Strength of Feeling-Revised, and Vocal Quality Scales and the occurrence of in-session therapeutic phenomena as measured by the Category System of Client Good Moments scale, and (b) what levels and types of emotionality occur with specific categories of in-session therapeutic phenomena. Trained judges from Master's and Ph.D level in counselling psychology assessed the occurrence of in-session therapeutic phenomena and levels and types of emotionality in 19 psychotherapy sessions from 8 different therapeutic approaches. The findings indicated that: (a) as the level of experiencing and strength of feeling increased, so did the occurrence of in-session therapeutic phenomena; (b) when the client's vocal quality was Focused or Emotional, the occurrence of in-session therapeutic phenomena significantly increased; and (c) there are optimal levels and types of emotionality associated with particular categories of in-session therapeutic phenomena. These findings have implications for refining and extending counselling theory, for process research, and for clinical practice and training. Future directions are also outlined.

The primary aim of this work was to provide an alternative method of synthesis of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug copper indomethacin (Cu-Indo) and to produce alternative forms of the drug to increase its marketability. Dense gases as anti-solvents were used to achieve these aims. The study involved the synthesis, purification, micronisation and co-precipitation of Cu-Indo with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) using dense carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent. Initially the volumetric and solubility behaviours of the solvent???anti-solvent systems were investigated to determine the optimum processing conditions. The solubility of Cu-Indo in an expanded solution was found to be a complex function of the solvent and other solutes. Copper indomethacin was successfully synthesised and purified in a single vessel using dense carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent. Drug yields of 98 % and purities near 100 % were achieved at optimum conditions with the advantages of less residual solvent in the drug, less solvent waste, reduced processing time and increased yields over the conventional synthesis process. Copper indomethacin was produced in a variety of morphologies and particle sizes using dense carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent. An investigation of the effect of process parameters on the particle characteristics showed that solute concentration was the dominant variable. Spherical particles with diameters less than 8 mm were obtained at optimum conditions. The immediate benefit of micronising Cu-Indo was demonstrated with an eight fold increase in dissolution rate when compared to the conventionally produced drug. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was successfully co-precipitated with Cu-Indo using dense carbon dioxide as an anti-solvent. The PVP???Cu-Indo co-precipitates were found to increase the solubility of the drug in ethanol with a 36 fold solubility enhancement at optimum conditions. The use of dense carbon dioxide as anti-solvent in this work demonstrates the potential of the GAS and ASES processes in the pharmaceutical industry. Copper indomethacin was synthesised, purified and micronised in a single vessel at a substantial saving in terms of time and solvent usage. The micronisation of Cu-Indo and the formation of the PVP???Cu-Indo co-precipitate provided alternative forms of the drug substantially increasing its marketability.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 8 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

本文主要通過查閱和收集近年來有關武夷肉桂茶及茶葉研究相關的文獻和文章，介紹了武夷肉桂茶的產地、生物特性、製作工藝、審評、他學組分、相關藥理作用的研究等各方面的內容。分析了武夷肉桂茶的性味歸經、中醫學功效進而提出了目前的研究中尚存的一些問題，以及對茶療這一療法今後的研究和發展方向表達了自己的見解。 武夷肉桂茶，無性奈、灌木型、小葉類、中晚生種。原產於國家一級自然保護區武夷山，香氣辛銳濃長似桂皮香。其含有多種營養成分和藥理活性成分，如茶多盼、茶氯酸、咖啡鹼、茶多糖、複合糖、茶皂素、有機酸、芳香物質、類胡蘿蔔素、葉綠素、黃闢類、維生素C 、多種B 屬維生素、維生素P 及磷、主甲、鈣、鎮、鋒、氣、晒等礦物元素，均為人體保健的功能性物質。 經過武夷岩茶的製作工藝後的肉桂茶，其性味表現為“味辛，甘，苦，性溫’歸心、肺、腎、胃經。具有發汗解肌、補火助陽、他氣行水、溫經通絡、溫通心陽、溫脾胃、提神醒腦等功效。可用於治療外戚表邪、膀恍氣化失常、痛痹、心陽不振、下元虛冷、脾胃虛寒等證。 近年來研究資料顯示：武夷肉桂茶中的有效成分具有抗菌抗病毒、增強免疫力、利尿、抗炎、降血脂和抗動脈粥樣硬化、抗凝血及抗血桂、降壓、降血糖、對中樞性和末梢性血管系統的興奮和強心作用等因此，肉桂茶可用於外戚風寒、前列腺增生、月經不調、精神不振、風濕性關節炎、類風濕性關節炎、冠心病、高血壓、高血脂、高血糖、胃腸疾病、等防治以及日常養生。 然而，對於武夷肉桂茶乃至整個茶療體系的研究還是存在著一些問題，例如沒有從中醫方面進行有關療效的闡述等。所以，我們在瞭解中醫茶療歷史的前提下及茶葉組分的藥理研究的背景下，應當重新審視茶的醫療保健價值，開拓臨床治療及養生保健的新思路。

在中國醫藥史上，茶用作於治病已有很長的歷史。人們在食用茶葉的過程中，積累了不少經驗，茶葉除了成為日常的飲料外，亦廣泛地應用於治療疾病上。本論文旨在了解清代的醫家及養生家對茶葉藥用功能的認識。清代的茶文化雖然沒有唐、宋及明代的雅興，但從地域、階層、茶類的廣度變化，及在茶功能的認識、飲茶方式、茶具製作、茶館文化等的深度變他，可見茶在清代有相當的發展。而在清代考證的學術風氣及實踐臨床醫學風氣的影響下，茶葉在清代醫療上，亦有廣度及深度的發揮。 從廣度而言，茶葉廣泛地用於各科病種，在內科、婦科、兒科、眼科、耳鼻喉科、口齒科、外科及傷科，茶葉都能發揮其治病的功能。而使用茶葉的方法， 亦有以單味茶葉、茶葉與諸藥合煎劑、茶調下方、外洗、外敷等，配合各種病症的需要而選擇使用。而深度而言，清代本草醫家對各種茶品的認識更為深入， 使用技巧更有深度。除了適當地運用不同品種、不同炮製方法的茶葉，利用其性昧、升降的不同， 治療不同的疾病。茶葉在組方上的使用更見靈活，使茶葉能針對不同的病症，充分地利用茶的特性，發揮茶的治病功能。清代綜合了前朝茶療的經驗及知識，又完備六大茶品，所以清代茶藥的應用，是傳統中醫藥對茶作為藥品的一個知識總結。了解清代醫家如何理解茶葉的性味、功能，如何將茶葉應用於臨床治病之中，對現代中醫藥的臨床治療及用藥亦有所啟發。 有鍵詞： 清代、茶療、茶葉功能

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2018. / Brief background In the practice of Homoeopathy, widely acting remedies or polychrest homoeopathic medicines are prescribed in the treatment of a wide range of clinical conditions. The documenting of the guiding symptoms in successfully treated cases will assist in offering guidelines for the prescription of remedies in the future and thus serves as scientific and clinical verification of the remedies. The operational definition of success for the purposes of clinical verification is the alleviation or improvement of existing symptoms (Van Wassenhoven 2013). This definition was applied in the context of this study. To facilitate high standards of health care as well as teaching and learning, Durban University of Technology (DUT) Department of Homoeopathy in collaboration with Lifeline established its first Homoeopathic Community Clinic in 2004 called Ukuba Nesibindi Homoeopathic Community Clinic (UNHCC) located in Warwick Junction, Durban. UNHCC provides a free Homoeopathic primary health care service on the third floor of the Lifeline building in Acorn Road, Warwick Triangle, less than one kilometre from the main DUT campus The area is classified as being disadvantaged with high crime rates, prostitution, violence, small informal businesses and low cost housing (Smillie 2010, Watson 2015 and Dube 2015). Aim of the study The study aimed to determine and compare the guiding symptoms of the successful prescription of Natrum muriaticum at Ukuba Nesibindi Homoeopathic Community Clinic (UNHCC) between 2013 and 2016. Methodology A retrospective chart review was conducted at the Ukuba Nesibindi Homoeopathic Community Clinic on the patient files between 2013 and 2016. A rubric (Appendix B) was used to document the demographics, clinical conditions, homoeopathic guiding symptoms, posology and follow up presentation of each chart where Natrum muriaticum was successfully prescribed. Furthermore, a comparison of the guiding prescribing symptoms was made against existing materia medica. A sample size of 197 patient files which had appropriate consent forms enclosed allowing for the use of information for research purposes was established. Prior to gathering the relevant information and the commencement of the study, gate keeper permission to conduct the study on patient files and at the mentioned location was requested and granted by all relevant stakeholders. The actual sample size was derived from the successful cases with follow ups until data saturation. Files that were excluded from the 197 patient files were of those patients who did not attend the follow up appointment and cases which were not treated successfully with the remedy. The sample size for the study was 37. Descriptive statistics was derived and illustrated using bar graphs and pie charts. Tabulations and graphical presentation of the comparison were created. Themes and inferences were drawn based on the emerged data from the symptoms and rubrics. Thereafter, a comparison to the existing materia medica was conducted by comparing the arising symptomatology with the existing content in the materia medica. Results The results of the study showed that the symptoms that arise in the study corresponded with the symptoms in the existing materia medica, however there were additional symptoms that emerged in the study and these symptoms were not listed in the materia medica, but were successfully treated with Natrum muriaticum. It was concluded that the guiding symptoms that were considered in formulating the prescriptions of Natrum muriaticum correlate with the characteristic symptoms of Natrum muriaticum in the materia medicas by Vermeulen, Boericke and Phatak / M

Medicinal mushrooms are therapeutic agents in traditional folk medicines. Previous studies have shown that a number of biologically active compounds in medicinal mushrooms contributed therapeutic functions against many diseases. These compounds include mainly large molecular weight (MW) compounds such as polysaccharides, dietary fibre and lipids. Mushroom polysaccharides have attracted great attention in food and pharmacology fields because of their biological activities. Polysaccharides vary in molecular weight, degree of branching and conformational structure. It has been reported that fine structure, molecular weight, and conformation of polysaccharide influence biological activities. The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing worldwide, which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract but without satisfactory treatment. Although there are many studies for the immuno-pharmacological activity of mushroom polysaccharides, their intestinal anti-inflammatory property has not been investigated sufficiently. Therefore, it is very important to elucidate whether there is the relationship among the MW, structure and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide in IBD. Firstly, an exopolysaccharide from a mycelial culture of S. commune was obtained by isolation and purification using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The structure, conformation and chemical properties were investigated, including elemental compositions, MW, monosaccharide compositions, fourier transform infrared spectrum, thermogram analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum, circular dichroism (CD) study, methylation analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The findings indicate that the exopolysaccharide is a homogeneous protein-bound heteropolysaccharide carrying molecular weight of 2900 kDa with a β-type glycosidic linkage. It belongs to a kind of β-(13)-D-glucans consisting of a backbone of β-(13)-linked glucose residues branched with (14) and (16)-β-D-glucopyranosyl residues on main-chain residues. The elemental analysis of this exopolysaccharide discover the element compositions as: C, 25.84%; H, 5.45%; and N, 0.65%. The total carbohydrate, protein and uronic acid contents of exopolysaccharide is 89.0%, 2.20% and 7.52%, respectively. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not detected in the exopolysaccharide. Glucose is the main monosaccharide structural unit in this exopolysaccharide, the content is 57.5%. The degradation temperature of exopolysaccharide is 278.9°C from the thermogram analysis curve. This exopolysaccharide looks like thin film with smooth and glittering surface in SEM photography. It is clear from these images that the exopolysaccharide is linear in structure and branched and coiled in aqueous solution. With these extraction, the preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of S. commune exopolysaccharide was conducted by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) from RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that exopolysaccharide significantly inhibit LPS-induced iNOS expression levels in a dose-dependent manner(p < 0.05). It inhibits the production of 5-LOX in cells, but not in dose-dependence. Further, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, the results showed that exopolysaccharide attenuated body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal blood, and the shortening of colon and improved histological changes. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide treatment would reduce NO production and some cytokines' secretion such as IL-4 and IL-17A. These results indicate that exopolysaccharide might be exploited as an effective anti-inflammatory agent for application in IBD. Secondly, ultrasound technology was applied to modify the physicochemical properties (MW and viscosity) of this fungal exopolysaccharide, and fractions of different MWs were obtained through ultrasonic degradation method. Effect of the MW degradation, viscosity and anti-inflammatory property of exopolysaccharide under ultrasonic treatment were optimized with response surface methodology. The best ultrasonic treatment parameters were obtained with a three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design. The optimized conditions for efficient anti-inflammatory activity include: Initial concentration - 0.4%; ultrasonic power - 600 W; and duration of ultrasonic treatment - 9 min. Under these conditions, the NO inhibition rate is 95 ± 0.03% which agreed closely with the predicted value (96%). Average MW of exopolysaccharide decreased after ultrasonic treatments, but no significant change in the preliminary structure by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The viscosity of degraded exopolysaccharide dropped compared with native exopolysaccharide. The results suggest that ultrasound technology is an effective approach to reduce the MW of exopolysaccharide. Our results also showed that exopolysaccharide from S. commune was degraded into three fractions (low, medium, and high MW) by ultrasonic treatment. The changes of MW, atomic force microscope morphology, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution and viscosity analysis indicate the triple helical structure of exopolysaccharide was dissociated into single helical structure and random coiled structure by breaking of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The medium and high MW exopolysaccharide had the mixture of triple helix and single helix conformation. Moreover, the low MW exopolysaccharide exhibit random coiled conformation. As for their anti-inflammatory effect in DSS-induced colitis mice model, the results showed that medium and high MW exopolysaccharide significantly recovered DSS-induced colitis in body weight loss, shortening of colon lengths, colon weight loss, diarrhea and rectal bleeding, histological score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, NO and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17) production in inflamed tissues. Moreover, exopolysaccharide with medium and high MW reduced DSS-induced infiltration of macrophages. These results showed that medium and high MW exopolysaccharide had intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. The degraded exopolysaccharide with medium and high MW had a triple and single-helical structure. These results suggested that the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide from S. commune is related to both helical structure and MW.