L'adénocarcinome canalaire pancréatique (PDAC) est une maladie agressive à pronostic sombre et à forte mortalité. Il est donc crucial de rechercher de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques et de nouveaux traitements. Une option intéressante pourrait être le ciblage du métabolisme du Fer. En effet, la transformation cellulaire s'accompagne généralement d'un accroissement des besoins en fer et de l'augmentation du récepteur de la transferrine de type 1, TfR1, le récepteur majeur impliqué dans l'approvisionnement des cellules en Fer par l'internalisation de la transferrine plasmatique chargée en fer. Nous avons utilisé un anticorps monoclonal humain IgG1 anti-TfR1 (H7) pour cibler le TfR1 dans le PDAC. Le traitement in vitro de 3 lignées de PDAC, établies à partir de tumeurs primaires de patients (BxPC3 et HPAC) ou d'une métastase hépatique (CFPAC) par H7 inhibe la viabilité cellulaire en réduisant la prolifération et induisant l'apoptose. H7 bloque efficacement l'internalisation de la transferrine chargée en Fer avec pour conséquence une baisse du Fer libre intracellulaire, une augmentation du TfR1 et une diminution de la ferritine, protéine de stockage du fer. Le traitement par H7 induit également l'expression du suppresseur de tumeur NDRG1 (N-myc downstream regulated gene 1), une cible prometteuse dans le cancer du pancréas, et la formation de sphères par la lignée HPAC in vitro, montrant que la déprivation en fer inhibe aussi les cellules initiatrices de tumeur dans ce modèle. Enfin, H7 recrute les cellules Natural Killer in vitro et induit efficacement l’ADCC (cytotoxicité cellulaire dépendante des anticorps). In vivo, dans 2 modèles de PDAC chez la souris (greffe de la lignée BxPC3 ou d’une tumeur dérivée d’un patient (PDX)), H7 diminue la croissance tumorale et augmente l'activité anti-tumorale du traitement chimiothérapeutique standard (gemcitabine). Ces résultats suggèrent que le ciblage du TfR1 par l'anticorps H7, seul ou en combinaison avec le traitement chimiothérapeutique standard est une stratégie prometteuse pour le traitement du PDAC. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive disease associated with poor diagnosis and high mortality. It is therefore necessary to search for new therapeutic targets and treatments. One of the interesting options would be targeting iron metabolism. Indeed, cell transformation is generally accompanied with increased needs for iron together with increased expression of the transferrin receptor 1, TfR1, the major receptor involved in cellular iron supply via the internalization of plasma transferrin loaded with iron.We have used a fully human internalizing anti-TfR1 antibody (IgG1), namely H7, to target TfR1 in PDAC. On three PDAC cell lines, BxPC3, HPAC (established from primary tumor), and CFPAC (established from hepatic metastasis), H7 treatment decreased cellular viability in vitro as a result of combined proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction. H7 blocked efficiently transferrin internalization, and, likely due to a decrease in the labile iron pool, induced the upregulation of TfR1 and the downregulation of the iron storage protein ferritin. Interestingly, H7 treatment also induced the expression of the metastasis suppressor N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), a promising therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. H7 also decreased the ability of HPAC cell line to form tumor sphere in vitro indicating its inhibitory effect tumor initiating cells. Finally, H7 was able to recruit Natural killer cells and mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity on PDAC cell lines in vitro. In vivo, both in a PDAC cell line (BxPC3) and a patient derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model, H7 treatment decreases tumor growth and increases the anti-tumor activity of the Gemcitabine standard treatment. These data provide evidence that targeting pancreatic cancer with the iron depriving anti-TfR1 antibody, alone or in combination with gemcitabine might be a promising strategy in PDAC.

Le but de cette étude a été d’analyser l’intérêt de l’aérosolthérapie d’anticorps monoclonaux (AcM) dans le traitement du cancer broncho-pulmonaire non à petites cellules (CBNPC) en utilisant le cetuximab, un AcM anti-EGFR. L’expression du récepteur FcRn, essentiel dans la pharmacocinétique et la biodistribution des IgGs thérapeutiques a été étudiée dans le CBNPC. Nos résultats montrent que l’AcM peut résister aux contraintes physiques de la nébulisation. Les données de biodistribution et pharmacocinétique, obtenues dans un modèle animal, indiquent que l’Ac administré par aérosol, s’accumule de façon prolongée au niveau pulmonaire. De plus, les tumeurs chez la souris paraissent sensibles à l’aérosolthérapie avec l’AcM. Par ailleurs, le récepteur FcRn est moins exprimé au niveau transcriptionnel et protéique dans le tissu tumoral que dans le tissu sain adjacent à la tumeur dans le CBNPC. Cette altération de l’expression pourrait être due à l’hyperméthylation du promoteur de ce gène. / The project aims at determining whether aerosoltherapy is well suited for monoclonal antibodies (Mab), in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). In addition, exploration of the expression of FcRn, an IgG receptor contributing to increased half-life and biodistribution of Mab, has been studied in NSCLC. Using cetuximab, an anti-EGFR Mab, we showed that Mab resist the physical constraints of nebulization. Biodistribution and pharmacokinetic analyses, using a murine model, revealed that cetuximab is highly and durably accumulated within the lungs and slowly and weakly released into the bloodstream following airways delivery. Moreover, animal tumors seem sensitive to cetuximab aerosoltherapy. Expression analysis of FcRn at both the transcript and protein levels showed that the receptor is downregulated in NSCLC. FcRn alteration of expression in the tumor might be due to hypermethylation of the gene promoter as often found in cancer.

O objetivo do projeto foi desenvolver linhagens celulares para um anticorpo terapêutico anti-hTNFα e comprovar sua funcionalidade. Os genes anti-hTNFα foram clonados em células CHO para seleção da população estável mista, demonstrando expressão de anticorpo com reconhecimento de hTNFα em estrutura tridimensional. A população de transfectantes de maior produtividade específica foi escolhida para geração de linhagem monoclonal utilizando a tecnologia robótica ClonePix FL. Não houve diferença estatística entre o anti-hTNFα purificado e o produto de referência na cinética de ligação ao TNFα e reconhecimento diferencial por FcγRs em ensaios por SPR O ensaio de atividade funcional mostrou que o anti-TNFα desenvolvido pôde neutralizar a citotoxicidade induzida em células L929 e inibir a expressão de ELAM-1 em HUVEC. Os resultados finais permitiram identificar os três melhores clones, estáveis por 60 gerações. A comparabilidade entre o anti-TNFα desenvolvido e a referência permite admiti-lo como não inferior, um dos requisitos para o desenvolvimento de biossimilar. / The aim of the project was to develop a therapeutic anti-hTNFα antibody and evaluate its functionality. The anti-hTNFα synthezised genes were cloned into CHO cells and stable pools were selected, producing antibodies able to hTNFα three-dimensional structure recognition. The stable pools displaying higher antibody yields were the source for the generation of monoclonal lineage by ClonePix FL robotic technology. The clones selection proceeded using different criteria as cell density, specific productivity, fed-batch performance, kinetics measured by surface plasmonic resonance, hTNFα binding through ELISA, western-blotting and SPR, FcγRs binding by SPR. Besides, a small number of clones was tested in functional assays by the impairment of cytotoxicity of hTNFα over L929 cells and the inhibition of ELAM-1 expression by HUVEC. The long term stability testing allowed to finally select 3 top clones, not inferior to adalimumab reference by the above criteria.

O objetivo do projeto foi desenvolver linhagens celulares para um anticorpo terapêutico anti-hTNFα e comprovar sua funcionalidade. Os genes anti-hTNFα foram clonados em células CHO para seleção da população estável mista, demonstrando expressão de anticorpo com reconhecimento de hTNFα em estrutura tridimensional. A população de transfectantes de maior produtividade específica foi escolhida para geração de linhagem monoclonal utilizando a tecnologia robótica ClonePix FL. Não houve diferença estatística entre o anti-hTNFα purificado e o produto de referência na cinética de ligação ao TNFα e reconhecimento diferencial por FcγRs em ensaios por SPR O ensaio de atividade funcional mostrou que o anti-TNFα desenvolvido pôde neutralizar a citotoxicidade induzida em células L929 e inibir a expressão de ELAM-1 em HUVEC. Os resultados finais permitiram identificar os três melhores clones, estáveis por 60 gerações. A comparabilidade entre o anti-TNFα desenvolvido e a referência permite admiti-lo como não inferior, um dos requisitos para o desenvolvimento de biossimilar. / The aim of the project was to develop a therapeutic anti-hTNFα antibody and evaluate its functionality. The anti-hTNFα synthezised genes were cloned into CHO cells and stable pools were selected, producing antibodies able to hTNFα three-dimensional structure recognition. The stable pools displaying higher antibody yields were the source for the generation of monoclonal lineage by ClonePix FL robotic technology. The clones selection proceeded using different criteria as cell density, specific productivity, fed-batch performance, kinetics measured by surface plasmonic resonance, hTNFα binding through ELISA, western-blotting and SPR, FcγRs binding by SPR. Besides, a small number of clones was tested in functional assays by the impairment of cytotoxicity of hTNFα over L929 cells and the inhibition of ELAM-1 expression by HUVEC. The long term stability testing allowed to finally select 3 top clones, not inferior to adalimumab reference by the above criteria.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) which causes gonorrhea has become multidrug-resistant, necessitating the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. mAb 2C7 which targets an epitope within an important virulence factor, the lipooligosaccharide (LOS), is a candidate therapeutic mAb. Ninety-four percent of clinical isolates express the 2C7-epitope which is also a vaccine target. Ng expresses multiple LOS(s) due to phase-variation (pv) of LOS glycosyltransferase (lgt) genes. mAb 2C7 reactivity requires a lactose extension from the LOS core Heptose (Hep) II (i.e. lgtG ‘ON’ [G+]). Pv results in HepI with: two (2-), three (3-), four (4-), or five (5-) hexoses (Hex). How HepI glycans impact Ng infectivity and mAb 2C7 function are unknown and form the bases of this dissertation. Using isogenic mutants, I demonstrate that HepI LOS glycans modulate mAb 2C7 binding. mAb 2C7 causes complement (C’)-dependent bacteriolysis of three (2-Hex/G+, 4-Hex/G+, and 5-Hex/G+) of the HepI mutants in vitro. The 3-Hex/G+ mutant (resistant to C’-dependent bacteriolysis) is killed by neutrophils in the presence of mAb and C’. In mice, 2- and 3-Hex/G+ infections are significantly shorter than 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. A chimeric mAb 2C7 that hyperactivates C’, attenuates only 4- and 5-Hex/G+ infections. This study enhances understanding of the role of HepI LOS pv in gonococcal infections and shows that longer HepI glycans are necessary for prolonged infections in vivo. This is the first study that predicts in vitro efficacy of mAb 2C7 against all four targetable HepI glycans thereby strengthening the rationale for development of 2C7-epitope based vaccines and therapeutics.