Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART), notably lopinavir and nevirapine substantially reduces Human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) associated morbidity and mortality in HIVinfected children. Low concentrations of nevirapine and lopinavir have been linked to inferior virological outcomes; it is recommended that lopinavir and nevirapine concentrations are maintained above 1 mg/L and 3 mg/L, respectively, in order to maintain viral suppression. Adherence to both lopinavir and nevirapine ART, respectively has long known to be a crucial contributor to HIV treatment success. Lopinavir and nevirapine pharmacokinetics demonstrate considerable inter-individual variability, which may affect treatment outcomes. At least part of this variability may be explained by host genetic factors. Associations between human genetic variants and exposure to lopinavir and nevirapine are incompletely understood, and have not been studied in a South African paediatric population. Data in this thesis were from a clinical trial conducted at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital in Johannesburg to assess whether NVP can be re-used (Post-randomization Phase) among 323 children exposed to NVP for PMTCT if they are first suppressed on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir based regimen (Pre-randomization Phase). This thesis assessed the relationship between serial clinic visits lopinavir (Pre-and-Post-randomization) and nevirapine (Postrandomization) concentrations and/or percentage adherence(Pre-and-Post-randomization) and virological outcomes in children. Moreover, population pharmacokinetics models were used to characterise lopinavir and nevirapine parameters. From the final models parameters were derived and were used to assess the relationship between lopinavir and nevirapine pharmacokinetics and genetic polymorphism relevant to both drugs Methods: Cox proportional hazard regression modelling for multiple failure events was used to estimate the crude and adjusted hazard effect of lopinavir (Pre-and Post-randomization) and nevirapine(Post-randomization) concentrations and/or percent adherence(Pre-and Post-randomization) of viral load>400 copies/mL (Pre-randomization) and >50 copies/mL (Post-randomization), respectively. The population means and variances of lopinavir and nevirapine pharmacokinetic parameters at steady state were estimated using non-linear mixed-effects regression. The final models of lopinavir and nevirapine were used to derive individual clearances (CL/F), minimum concentrations (Cmin) and area under the concentration time curves (AUC). The associations between model-derived pharmacokinetic parameters and genotypes in selected genes relevant to lopinavir or nevirapine were explored. Results: In 237 children pre-randomization with viral loads and lopinavir concentrations, the crude and adjusted Cox models revealed significant associations between virologic failure (viral load>400 copies/mL) and both lopinavir plasma concentrations (<1/mg/L) and pretreatment height-for-age z-scores but not percent adherence. In 99 children postrandomization, lopinavir concentrations >1 mg/L reduced the risk of viremia (viral load >50 copies/mL) with about 40%, compared to children with LPV <1 mg/L. No association was found with percent adherence in this group. In 95 children on nevirapine post-randomization, nevirapine concentrations were not significantly associated with increased hazard of viremia (viral load >50 copies/mL). Similarly, there was no significant association with percent adherence in this group. Lopinavir and nevirapine pharmacokinetics were both separately best described with a one compartment models with absorption lag time and transit compartment absorption models, respectively. There was an age driven effect on lopinavir and nevirapine relative bioavailability, respectively. After adjusting for multiple testing, there was no significant association between lopinavir CL/F, Cmin and AUC and genetic polymorphisms in the ABCB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and SLCO1B1. CYP2B6 516G→T and CYP2B6 983T→C were associated with NVP CL/F. CYP2B6 983T→C was associated with NVP Cmin and AUC. Additionally, polymorphisms in the ABCB1 and CYP3A5 were independently associated with NVP CL/F, Cmin and AUC. Conclusions: Lopinavir concentrations <1mg/L were associated with the increased hazard of viremia (viral load >400 copies/mL or >50 copies/mL). The results suggest that lopinavir plasma concentration monitoring at a routine clinic visit may be a useful tool in identifying sub-therapeutic antiretroviral concentrations in children, and this could be used as a guide to therapeutic drug monitoring in children. There was no statistically significant association between polymorphisms in the ABCB1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and SLCO1B1 and lopinavir pharmacokinetics. Polymorphisms in the ABCB1, CYP2B6 CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 predicted nevirapine pharmacokinetics.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-29T17:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 edsonjosedecarvalhomagacho.pdf: 642099 bytes, checksum: 1b2e21e4489c6bef6338142877dc177b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-30T11:23:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 edsonjosedecarvalhomagacho.pdf: 642099 bytes, checksum: 1b2e21e4489c6bef6338142877dc177b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-30T11:23:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 edsonjosedecarvalhomagacho.pdf: 642099 bytes, checksum: 1b2e21e4489c6bef6338142877dc177b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-25 / Trata da avaliação da adesão medicamentosa em pessoas que desenvolveram a doença renal crônica já que favorece a ocorrência de desfechos clínicos desfavoráveis. O uso irregular das medicações pode impactar desfavoravelmente o curso da doença renal crônica (DRC), relativamente à progressão da doença e ocorrência de morbimortalidade cardiovascular. O presente estudo objetivou identificar os fatores associados à adesão medicamentosa em pacientes com doenças renais, acompanhados num ambulatório de nefrologia de atendimento multidisciplinar. Trata-se de um estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado por um ano a partir de outubro de 2007, envolvendo 149 pacientes, convidados a participar do estudo no momento do seu comparecimento para consulta. A adesão medicamentosa foi avaliada pelo método do autorrelato em entrevista no início da pesquisa (período basal) e 12 meses após. Foi avaliada a adesão às classes medicamentosas de anti-hipertensivos betabloqueadores (BB), inibidores da enzima de conversão da angiotensina (IECA), bloqueador de receptor da angiotensina (BRA), bloqueadores de canais de cálcio (BcCa), diuréticos, às estatinas e ao ácido acetil salicílico. Foi considerado aderente o paciente que relatou os medicamentos e respectivas quantidades de comprimidos em uso prescrito na consulta que antecedeu a entrevista. O teste Minimental State Examination (MMSE) foi utilizado para excluir pacientes com declínio cognitivo. Na análise univariada realizada no período basal, os pacientes aderentes (82,6%) diferiram dos não aderentes (17,4%) por apresentar menor média de idade (49 ± 16,8 vs 59 ± 14,1, p=0,006), fazer uso de menor número de comprimidos por dia (6,3 ± 3,9 vs 8,5 ± 4,3, p=0,008), apresentar menor média de creatinina sérica (1,84 ± 0,91 vs 2,32 ± 1,25, p=0,030), maior média de filtração glomerular (52,1 ± 29,31 vs 35,24 ± 19,03, p=0,01), não apresentar a doença coronariana (0R=0,295,IC95%=[0,096-0,902],p=0,037) como comorbidade mais frequente, e não depender de cuidador na administração dos seus medicamentos (0R=4,163,IC95%=[1,688-10,269],p=0,003). Após ajuste do modelo de regressão logística, permaneceram como fatores significativamente associados à não adesão o uso de mais que cinco comprimidos por dia (IC95%=[0,99-7,41],p=0,052) e a administração da medicação feita por terceiros (OR=3,53,IC95%=[1,39-8,89],p=0,007). Na avaliação longitudinal foi observado que o percentual de não aderência aumenta com o tempo, quando se compara o período basal com a avaliação final aos 12 meses (17% VS 27%, p= 0,04). Conclusão: Na população estudada, a não aderência foi identificada em 17,8% de pacientes e apresentou associação significativa com o maior número de comprimidos em uso por dia e à administração dos medicamentos por terceiros e aumenta com o passar do tempo. / Introduction: Non-adherence to drug therapy favors the occurrence of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic diseases. Irregular use of medications can adversely impact the course of chronic kidney disease (CKD), regarding disease progression and occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at identifying factors associated with drug therapy in patients with kidney disease, followed in an outpatient nephrology clinic of interdisciplinary care. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study which was conducted over a year from October 2007, involving 149 patients invited to participate in the study at the time of their visit. Adherence to drug therapy was evaluated by a self-report method in an interview at baseline and 12 months later. We evaluated adherence to drug classes of antihypertensive beta-blockers (BB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), diuretics, statins, and acetylsalicylic acid. The patient that reported the drugs and the respective number of prescribed pills in use in the visit that preceded the interview was considered adherent. Test Minimental State Examination (MMSE) was used to identify patients with cognitive decline, in which the assessment was done with their caregivers. Results: The univariate analysis performed at baseline showed that adherent patients (82.6%) differed from non-adherent (17.4%) due to their lower mean age (49 ± 16.8 vs 59 ± 14.1, p=0.006), use of fewer pills per day (6.3 ± 3.9 vs 8.5 ± 4.3, p=0.008), lower mean serum creatinine (1.84 ± 0.91 vs 2 32 ± 1.25, p=0.030), higher mean glomerular filtration rate (52.1 ± 29.31 vs 35.24 ± 19.03, p=0.01), absence of coronary artery disease (OR, 0.295; 95% CI, 0,096-0,902, p=0.037), such as more frequent comorbidity, and non reliance on caregivers for the administration of their medications (OR, 4.163, 95%, 1,688-10,269, p=0.003). After adjusting the logistic regression model, the factors that remained significantly associated with non-adherence were daily use of more than five pills (OR, 2.71, 95%, 0,99-7,41, p=0.052) and drug administration made by caregivers (OR, 3.53, 95%, 1,39-8,89, p=0.007). The longitudinal evaluation showed that the percentage of non-adherence increases with time, when comparing the baseline period with the final evaluation at 12 months (17% vs 27%, p=0.04). Conclusion: In the studied population, non-adherence was identified in 17.8% of the patients and significantly associated with the greatest number of pills used per day, drug administration by third parties, and with increase over the disease course.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014. / This study investigated the challenges to antiretroviral therapy adherence. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were applied in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select clients on antiretroviral therapy, convenience sampling was applied to select clients who participated in the focus group discussions and health care workers and lay counsellors were selected through the simple random sampling method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 clients on antiretroviral therapy at 8 health facilities, 2 focus group discussions comprising of 7 members each were conducted at two health facilities, medical records of all respondents on antiretroviral therapy were reviewed and a stigma scale was administered. A questionnaire was distributed amongst 17 health care workers and lay counsellors. Most of the respondents who participated in this study were females. Data gathered in this study confirmed that women are more vulnerable to HIV than men. The majority of the respondents were poor African people. The predominant language amongst the respondents was the Xitsonga language; hence the world-view of the Va-Tsonga people was assessed. HIV and AIDS cause many social problems in communities. Some of the major findings are that: Literacy levels were found to be very low as most of the respondents pointed out that they had only obtained grade 7 or below. However, this did not have an impact on treatment adherence. Some respondents indicated that they were unemployed; the majority said they were employed. Even though the stigma and discrimination experienced by the respondents was very low, the few who experienced it had very traumatic and cruel experiences perpetrated by their own family members and people in the community. In terms of disclosure, data indicates that most people prefer disclosing to their mothers as they feel that they will get support. The majority of the respondents disclosed to female family members and they were supported by the people they disclosed to. viii Social support is very crucial for people who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), most of the respondents indicated that they had treatment supporters. Institutional support was very minimal in that most pointed out that they did not belong to any support groups. There were some who did not even know about the existence of any support groups at the health facilities where they were receiving their treatment. Most of the respondents indicated that they disclosed to their colleagues and others had not as they feared that they would lose their jobs. Those who had disclosed indicated that they needed support from their colleagues and employers with regard to compliance with their clinic appointments. Most of the respondents had sexual partners, and had also disclosed to their sexual partners, and disclosure was almost immediately after being diagnosed HIVpositive. There are those who had not disclosed to their sexual partners as they feared rejection or violent reaction. There were sero-discordant couples amongst the respondents who supported each other regarding adherence. Most of the respondents indicated that they had taken care of a family member living with HIV. HIV prevalence also varies amongst health facilities. Strategies employed by health facilities to monitor and evaluate HIV and AIDS programmes differ. Health Care Workers and lay counsellors provided contrasting information. Primary Health Care facilities have been accredited to provide ART, however the down-referral system seems to be failing as some clinics now have more clients on ART than hospitals. Health Care Workers and counsellors also need to be familiarized with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The level of adherence acceptable for an individual on ART is 95%; there is however health facilities that indicated the adherence level far below the required level.

Introdução: A melhora na sobrevida de pacientes com AIDS está associada ao aumento da disponibilidade de terapia antirretroviral cada vez mais eficaz. A eficácia do tratamento exige que a adesão aos antirretrovirais seja igual ou superior a 95% das doses prescritas. Objetivo: Comparar a adesão dos pacientes durante sua participação em ensaio clínico e após esse período. Método: Estudo de coorte. Incluíram-se pacientes já inseridos em um ensaio clínico randomizado. A adesão foi aferida durante a participação no ensaio clínico, através de auto-relato. Após o encerramento do ensaio clínico, a adesão foi aferida pelo registro da retirada dos medicamentos no SICLOM. Considerou-se aderente pacientes que obtiveram escore de 95% ou mais. Resultados: Foram incluídos 310 pacientes. Maioria homens (63,2%) com idade média de 40 (±9,8) anos. O regime terapêutico mais utilizado por 52,9% dos pacientes foi associação de zidovudina + lamivudina com efavirenz. A taxa de adesão foi de 60,8% durante a participação no ensaio clínico e de 35,2% no segundo momento (P<0,001). O escore médio considerando a adesão média do período aferida por auto-relato foi maior (M=88,9% DP 19,2) que a obtida a partir do registro das retiradas dos antirretrovirais no SICLOM (M=78,1% ±DP 28,5; P=0,02). Conclusão: A adesão dos pacientes durante a participação no ensaio clínico foi melhor do que no período após o término deste. A adesão não foi satisfatória em ambos os períodos alertando para necessidade de intervenções continuadas para melhorar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral. / Background: The improvement in survival of AIDS patients is associated with increased availability of antiretroviral therapy more effective. The effective treatment requires regimen adherence at least of 95% of the prescribed doses. Objective: To compare the adherence of patients during their participation in clinical trial and thereafter. Method: Cohort study. It included patients already entered into a clinical trial. Adherence was measured during participation in the trial through self-report. After the end of the Clinical trial, the adherence was measured by recording the pharmacy refill of medication in SICLOM. It was considered adherent patients achieving a score of 95% or more. Results: We included 310 patients. Most men (63.2%) aged average 40 (± 9.8) years. The most widely used regimen for 52.9% of patients was the association of zidovudine + lamivudine with efavirenz. The rate of compliance was 60.8% during participation in the trial and 35.2% in second time (P <0.001). The average score given the accession mean period measured by self-report was higher (M = 88.9% SD 19.2) that obtained From the record of withdrawals of antiretroviral drugs in SICLOM (M ± SD = 78.1% 28.5, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The patient compliance during participation in clinical trial was better than in the period after the end of it. The membership does not was satisfactory in both periods need for warning continued interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Introdução: A melhora na sobrevida de pacientes com AIDS está associada ao aumento da disponibilidade de terapia antirretroviral cada vez mais eficaz. A eficácia do tratamento exige que a adesão aos antirretrovirais seja igual ou superior a 95% das doses prescritas. Objetivo: Comparar a adesão dos pacientes durante sua participação em ensaio clínico e após esse período. Método: Estudo de coorte. Incluíram-se pacientes já inseridos em um ensaio clínico randomizado. A adesão foi aferida durante a participação no ensaio clínico, através de auto-relato. Após o encerramento do ensaio clínico, a adesão foi aferida pelo registro da retirada dos medicamentos no SICLOM. Considerou-se aderente pacientes que obtiveram escore de 95% ou mais. Resultados: Foram incluídos 310 pacientes. Maioria homens (63,2%) com idade média de 40 (±9,8) anos. O regime terapêutico mais utilizado por 52,9% dos pacientes foi associação de zidovudina + lamivudina com efavirenz. A taxa de adesão foi de 60,8% durante a participação no ensaio clínico e de 35,2% no segundo momento (P<0,001). O escore médio considerando a adesão média do período aferida por auto-relato foi maior (M=88,9% DP 19,2) que a obtida a partir do registro das retiradas dos antirretrovirais no SICLOM (M=78,1% ±DP 28,5; P=0,02). Conclusão: A adesão dos pacientes durante a participação no ensaio clínico foi melhor do que no período após o término deste. A adesão não foi satisfatória em ambos os períodos alertando para necessidade de intervenções continuadas para melhorar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral. / Background: The improvement in survival of AIDS patients is associated with increased availability of antiretroviral therapy more effective. The effective treatment requires regimen adherence at least of 95% of the prescribed doses. Objective: To compare the adherence of patients during their participation in clinical trial and thereafter. Method: Cohort study. It included patients already entered into a clinical trial. Adherence was measured during participation in the trial through self-report. After the end of the Clinical trial, the adherence was measured by recording the pharmacy refill of medication in SICLOM. It was considered adherent patients achieving a score of 95% or more. Results: We included 310 patients. Most men (63.2%) aged average 40 (± 9.8) years. The most widely used regimen for 52.9% of patients was the association of zidovudine + lamivudine with efavirenz. The rate of compliance was 60.8% during participation in the trial and 35.2% in second time (P <0.001). The average score given the accession mean period measured by self-report was higher (M = 88.9% SD 19.2) that obtained From the record of withdrawals of antiretroviral drugs in SICLOM (M ± SD = 78.1% 28.5, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The patient compliance during participation in clinical trial was better than in the period after the end of it. The membership does not was satisfactory in both periods need for warning continued interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Introdução: A melhora na sobrevida de pacientes com AIDS está associada ao aumento da disponibilidade de terapia antirretroviral cada vez mais eficaz. A eficácia do tratamento exige que a adesão aos antirretrovirais seja igual ou superior a 95% das doses prescritas. Objetivo: Comparar a adesão dos pacientes durante sua participação em ensaio clínico e após esse período. Método: Estudo de coorte. Incluíram-se pacientes já inseridos em um ensaio clínico randomizado. A adesão foi aferida durante a participação no ensaio clínico, através de auto-relato. Após o encerramento do ensaio clínico, a adesão foi aferida pelo registro da retirada dos medicamentos no SICLOM. Considerou-se aderente pacientes que obtiveram escore de 95% ou mais. Resultados: Foram incluídos 310 pacientes. Maioria homens (63,2%) com idade média de 40 (±9,8) anos. O regime terapêutico mais utilizado por 52,9% dos pacientes foi associação de zidovudina + lamivudina com efavirenz. A taxa de adesão foi de 60,8% durante a participação no ensaio clínico e de 35,2% no segundo momento (P<0,001). O escore médio considerando a adesão média do período aferida por auto-relato foi maior (M=88,9% DP 19,2) que a obtida a partir do registro das retiradas dos antirretrovirais no SICLOM (M=78,1% ±DP 28,5; P=0,02). Conclusão: A adesão dos pacientes durante a participação no ensaio clínico foi melhor do que no período após o término deste. A adesão não foi satisfatória em ambos os períodos alertando para necessidade de intervenções continuadas para melhorar a adesão à terapia antirretroviral. / Background: The improvement in survival of AIDS patients is associated with increased availability of antiretroviral therapy more effective. The effective treatment requires regimen adherence at least of 95% of the prescribed doses. Objective: To compare the adherence of patients during their participation in clinical trial and thereafter. Method: Cohort study. It included patients already entered into a clinical trial. Adherence was measured during participation in the trial through self-report. After the end of the Clinical trial, the adherence was measured by recording the pharmacy refill of medication in SICLOM. It was considered adherent patients achieving a score of 95% or more. Results: We included 310 patients. Most men (63.2%) aged average 40 (± 9.8) years. The most widely used regimen for 52.9% of patients was the association of zidovudine + lamivudine with efavirenz. The rate of compliance was 60.8% during participation in the trial and 35.2% in second time (P <0.001). The average score given the accession mean period measured by self-report was higher (M = 88.9% SD 19.2) that obtained From the record of withdrawals of antiretroviral drugs in SICLOM (M ± SD = 78.1% 28.5, P = 0.02). Conclusion: The patient compliance during participation in clinical trial was better than in the period after the end of it. The membership does not was satisfactory in both periods need for warning continued interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

The earlier optimism generated by the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients has been dissipated in the face of the enormous chal-lenge of maintaining a nearly perfect adherence indefinitely. This study set to determine the influence of HIV adherence self-efficacy and beliefs about medicines on antiretrovi-ral therapy adherence, with the aim of developing a framework for enhancing antiretrovi-ral therapy (ART) adherence through focused intervention on modifiable factors from study variables that are strongly associated with ART adherence. A descriptive correlational design was used to assess the predictive relationships of HIV adherence Self-Efficacy, Beliefs about Medicines and ART adherence among 232 HIV-infected patients in a large public health facility in Pretoria. Participants' medication be-liefs were assessed using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, HIV adherence self-efficacy was assessed with HIV adherence self-efficacy scale (HIV-ASES) and ART adherence was assessed using the AIDS Clinical Trial Group questionnaire. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess bivariate associations among the variables, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships among the inde-pendent variables and ART adherence. Mean adherence for the 232 participants was 95% (SD=13.2). Correlation analysis re-vealed positive bivariate associations between perceived general harm and overuse of medications, and ART adherence (p<0.05); between specific necessity and concerns about ARVs, and perceived general harm and overuse of medications (p<0.05); be-tween HIV adherence self efficacy and ART non-adherence (p<0.05). Multiple regres-sion analysis showed significance for perceived general harm and overuse of medica-tions on ART adherence (F(1;231)=11,583;p<0,001) with perceived general harmful ef-fects and overuse of medications explaining 4.8% of the variance. There was signifi-cance for HIV adherence self-efficacy on ART non-adherence (F(1;41)=4.440; p<0.041), with HIV-ASES explaining 9,8% of the variance. Based on the results, a framework for enhancing ART adherence was developed. Activities in the framework consist of baseline screening for adherence facilitators and barriers using the beliefs about medicine questionnaire and HIV ASES, this is followed by focused interventions on identified barriers of ART adherence / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The earlier optimism generated by the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients has been dissipated in the face of the enormous chal-lenge of maintaining a nearly perfect adherence indefinitely. This study set to determine the influence of HIV adherence self-efficacy and beliefs about medicines on antiretrovi-ral therapy adherence, with the aim of developing a framework for enhancing antiretrovi-ral therapy (ART) adherence through focused intervention on modifiable factors from study variables that are strongly associated with ART adherence. A descriptive correlational design was used to assess the predictive relationships of HIV adherence Self-Efficacy, Beliefs about Medicines and ART adherence among 232 HIV-infected patients in a large public health facility in Pretoria. Participants' medication be-liefs were assessed using the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire, HIV adherence self-efficacy was assessed with HIV adherence self-efficacy scale (HIV-ASES) and ART adherence was assessed using the AIDS Clinical Trial Group questionnaire. Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess bivariate associations among the variables, and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships among the inde-pendent variables and ART adherence. Mean adherence for the 232 participants was 95% (SD=13.2). Correlation analysis re-vealed positive bivariate associations between perceived general harm and overuse of medications, and ART adherence (p<0.05); between specific necessity and concerns about ARVs, and perceived general harm and overuse of medications (p<0.05); be-tween HIV adherence self efficacy and ART non-adherence (p<0.05). Multiple regres-sion analysis showed significance for perceived general harm and overuse of medica-tions on ART adherence (F(1;231)=11,583;p<0,001) with perceived general harmful ef-fects and overuse of medications explaining 4.8% of the variance. There was signifi-cance for HIV adherence self-efficacy on ART non-adherence (F(1;41)=4.440; p<0.041), with HIV-ASES explaining 9,8% of the variance. Based on the results, a framework for enhancing ART adherence was developed. Activities in the framework consist of baseline screening for adherence facilitators and barriers using the beliefs about medicine questionnaire and HIV ASES, this is followed by focused interventions on identified barriers of ART adherence / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)