Thermal analysis of buildings was carried out using simplified design tools, prior to the widespread use of computers. Since the early 1980's, the rapid growth of computational power has lead to the introduction of many building dynamic thermal simulation software programs. The accurate performance of many of these programs has lead to the view that manual calculation methods should only be used as indicative design tools. The CIBSE admittance method is based on the fundamentals of building heat transfer, its calculations procedures being simplified for use on hand held calculators. Manual calculation methods must be developed for use on more powerful calculators, if greater accuracy is required. Such calculators are available in the form of computer spreadsheet programs. The computational power of the computer spreadsheet program, combined with suitable mathematical thermal modelling techniques, has thus far, remained unexploited. This thesis describes the development of a powerful manual thermal design method, for application on a computer spreadsheet program. All the modes of building heat transfer are accurately modelled. Free-running or plant-controlled spaces can be simulated. In the case of a single zone, the accuracy of the new manual dynamic thermal model is comparable with commercially available software programs. The level of mathematical modelling complexity is limited only by computer power and user ability. The Iterative Frequency Domain Method (IFDM) and the Adiabatic Iterative Frequency Domain Method (AIFDM) are alternative mathematical simulation techniques developed to form the core of the Thermal Analysis Design Method. In the IFDM and AIFDM, the frequency domain and numerical iteration techniques have been integrated to produce a thermal simulation method that can model all non-linear heat transfer processes. A more accurate formulation of sol-air temperature, a window sol-air temperature and an accurate reduced internal long-wave radiant exchange model is a sample of further innovations in the thesis. Many of the developments described in the thesis, although designed for the computer spreadsheet environment, may also be employed to enhance the performance of some of the current dynamic thermal models of buildings.

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The primary obstacle to continued downscaling of charge-based electronic devices in accordance with Moore's law is the excessive energy dissipation that takes place in the device during switching of bits. Unlike charge-based devices, spin-based devices are switched by flipping spins without moving charge in space. Although some energy is still dissipated in flipping spins, it can be considerably less than the energy associated with current flow in charge-based devices. Unfortunately, this advantage will be squandered if the method adopted to switch the spin is so energy-inefficient that the energy dissipated in the switching circuit far exceeds the energy dissipated inside the system. Regrettably, this is often the case, e.g., switching spins with a magnetic field or with spin-transfer-torque mechanism. In this dissertation, it is shown theoretically that the magnetization of two-phase multiferroic single-domain nanomagnets can be switched very energy-efficiently, more so than any device currently extant, leading possibly to new magnetic logic and memory systems which might be an important contributor to Beyond-Moore's-Law technology. A multiferroic composite structure consists of a layer of piezoelectric material in intimate contact with a magnetostrictive layer. When a tiny voltage of few millivolts is applied across the structure, it generates strain in the piezoelectric layer and the strain is transferred to the magnetostrictive nanomagnet. This strain generates magnetostrictive anisotropy in the nanomagnet and thus rotates its direction of magnetization, resulting in magnetization reversal or 'bit-flip'. It is shown after detailed analysis that full 180 degree switching of magnetization can occur in the "symmetric" potential landscape of the magnetostrictive nanomagnet, even in the presence of room-temperature thermal fluctuations, which differs from the general perception on binary switching. With proper choice of materials, the energy dissipated in the bit-flip can be made as low as one attoJoule at room-temperature. Also, sub-nanosecond switching delay can be achieved so that the device is adequately fast for general-purpose computing. The above idea, explored in this dissertation, has the potential to produce an extremely low-power, yet high-density and high-speed, non-volatile magnetic logic and memory system. Such processors would be well suited for embedded applications, e.g., implantable medical devices that could run on energy harvested from the patient's body motion.

This work encompasses the study of a novel thermal driven desalination system to accomplish full separation of water and solute. This process advantageous over other process because it involves zero recirculation and zero liquid discharge, thus having minimum environmental impact. Since this system provides full separation, salts and other valuable products can be obtained in addition to pure water. This system can operate at high energy efficiencies using medium temperature heat source like industrial reject or solar cells. This plant consists of two technologies, the full separation and multi effect distillation which when integrated together 8ive us water and salt separately. Three different configuration of the FS-MED system have been presented, naming concurrent feed, variable feed, and counter current feed. They vary depending on their flow and feed distribution. Numerical procedure has been developed to solve the energy and mass balance equation for steady state condition has been presented.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo aplicar a análise térmica e outras técnicas físico-químicas e analíticas ao desenvolvimento e controle de qualidade de fármacos e medicamentos para tratamento de tuberculose, em especial a rifampicina. A calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria/termogravimetria derivada (TG/DTG), análise elementar, espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) e difratometria de raios X (DRX) foram as principais ferramentas utilizadas. Estas técnicas permitiram: avaliar a estabilidade térmica e o processo de decomposição térmica da rifampicina e dos excipientes, utilizados em formulações farmacêuticas; diferenciar os dois tipos de formas polimórficas; desenvolver estudos para determinação de parâmetros cinéticos e avaliar as possíveis interações entre a rifampicina e excipientes. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos empregando duas amostras de rifampicina, identificadas como polimorfos I e II. Os resultados de análise elementar evidenciaram que ambas as amostras têm a mesma composição e estequiometria (C43H58N4O12), característica do fármaco em questão. Os espectros no IV de ambas as amostras são muito similares, porém apresentam ligeiras diferenças devido às pequenas variações que existem na conformação molecular das formas polimórficas. Essas diferenças são nítidas quando se compara as bandas de absorção dos grupos ansa-OH, furanona e acetil, em ambos os espectros. Os difratogramas de raios X evidenciam que ambas as amostras são cristalinas, porém as distâncias interplanares não são coincidentes confirmando que se trata de duas estruturas distintas. As curvas TG/DTG evidenciaram que o polimorfo I é mais estável termicamente que o polimorfo II. As curvas DSC confirmam o resultado de TG/DTG e permitem diferenciar claramente uma forma polimórfica da outra. A curva DSC do polimorfo II mostra que inicialmente ocorre o processo de fusão seguido de cristalização com a formação do polimorfo I, que simultaneamente se decompõe termicamente. O espectro infravermelho do produto isolado após a recristalização do polimorfo II confirma a conversão ao polimorfo I. A partir dos estudos cinéticos não isotérmicos e isotérmicos por TG foi possível calcular a energia de ativação envolvida na decomposição térmica de cada um dos polimorfos. Os estudos de pré-formulação, empregando misturas físicas na proporção 1:1 fármaco/excipiente, indicaram que há interação entre o polimorfo II e os excipientes PEG 6000 e Lutrol F68. Durante a fusão dos excipientes ocorre à dissolução do fármaco e a conseqüente conversão ao polimorfo I. Os estudos de compatibilidade fármaco-fármaco de rifampicina e isoniazida mostraram que há interação com ambos os polimorfos. Tudo indica que a interação entre as espécies conduz a formação do composto 3-(isonicotinoilhidrazinometil)rifamicina. A avaliação dos perfis termoanalíticos dos produtos comerciais permitiu identificar qual dos polimorfos foi empregado na produção. Foi possível concluir que os ensaios de DSC permitem identificar o tipo de polimorfo de rifampicina utilizado em associações com isoniazida. / This work was aimed at implementing the thermal analysis and other physico-chemical and analytical techniques in the development and quality control of drugs and medicines for the treatment of tuberculosis, especially rifampicin. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry(TG/DTG), elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectrometry (IR) were the main tools used. These techniques allowed to: evaluate thermal stability and the process of thermal decomposition of rifampicin and excipients used in pharmaceutical formulations; distinguish the two types of polymorphic forms; develop studies to establish kinetic parameters and evaluate the possible interactions between rifampicin and excipients. The studies were developed using two rifampicin samples, identified as polymorphs I and II. The elemental analysis results showed that both samples have the same composition and stoichiometry (C43H58N4O12), characteristic of the drug in question. IR spectra of both samples are very similar, but with little differences due to variations in the molecular conformation of polymorphic forms. These differences are clear when the absorption bands of ansa-OH, furanone and acetyl groups are compared in both spectra. XRD patterns showed that the two samples are crystalline and that they are two distinct structures. TG/DTG curves showed that polymorph I is more thermally stable than polymorph II. DSC curves confirm the TG/DTG results and allow to clearly differentiate a polymorphic form of the other. DSC curve of the polymorph II shows that initially occur the melting process, followed by crystallization and formation of polymorph I, which then is thermally decomposed. IR spectrum of the product isolated after recrystallization of polymorph II confirms the conversion to polymorph I. After Isothermal and non-isothermal kinetic studies by TG, it was possible to calculate, in both cases, the activation energy envolved in the thermal decomposition of each polymorph. The pre-formulation studies, using physical mixtures in the proportion 1:1 drug/excipient, indicated that there is interaction between the polymorph II and PEG 6000 and Lutrol F68. The excipients melt and dissolve the drug, which is converted to polymorph I. The drug-drug compatibility studies of rifampicin and isoniazid showed that there is interaction with both polymorphs. It appears that the interaction between the species leads to formation of the 3-(isonicotinylhydrazinmethyl) rifamycin compound. The evaluation of thermoanalytical profiles of commercial products allowed the identification of the polymorph was used in the formulation. It was possible to conclude that DSC tests identify the rifampicin polymorph used in association with isoniazid.

O presente trabalho envolve um estudo das propriedades físico-químicas de uma poliuretana obtida a partir do óleo de mamona, desenvolvida pelo Grupo de Química Analítica e Tecnologia de Polímeros do Instituto de Química de São Carlos - USP. Este polímero apresenta-se como um material biocompatível, possuindo em sua estrutura molecular, segmentos derivados do óleo de mamona, um material renovável e de origem natural. Neste trabalho foram preparadas poliuretanas em diferentes proporções de pré-polímero e poliol. A caracterização das amostras foi realizada através das seguintes técnicas: espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, análise térmica (termogravimetria, estudo cinético de decomposição térmica por TG usando o método de Flynn-Wall-Ozawa e análise dinâmico-mecânica) e ensaio mecânico de resistência à tração. As propriedades avaliadas por termogravimetria, análise dinâmico-mecânica e ensaios de resistência à tração demonstram considerável influência com as mudanças nas proporções de pré-polímero e poliol adotadas, assim como, do poliol. A partir dos resultados das curvas termogravimétricas foi observado que o aumento do pré-polímero na proporção pré-polímero/poliol aumenta a perda de massa do primeiro evento de decomposição térmica da poliuretana. Assim como, na análise dinâmico-mecânica, a temperatura de transição vítrea apresentou aumento com o aumento da proporção no pré-polímero/poliol. Os ensaios mecânico de resistência à tração mostraram que o aumento do pré-polímero leva a um aumento da resistência à tração, enquanto diminui o alongamento. / This work study the physicochemical properties of a polyurethane obtained from castor oil, by the Group of Analytical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos - USP. This polymer appears as a biocompatible material, having in its molecular structure, segments derived from castor oil, a renewable material and of natural origin. In this work were prepared in different proportions polyurethane pre-polymer and polyol. The characterization of samples was performed using the following techniques: absorption spectroscopy in the infrared, thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, kinetics of thermal decomposition by TG using the method of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and dynamic mechanical analysis) and mechanical test tensile strength. The properties evaluated by thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and testing of tensile strength showed considerable influence with the changes in the proportions of pre-polymer and polyol adopted, as well as the polyol. From the results of thermogravimetric curves it was observed that the increase the pre-polymer in proportion of pre-polymer/polyol increases the loss mass in the first step of the thermal decomposition of polyurethane. Just as in dynamic mechanical properties, the glass transition temperature also showed an increase with increasing proportion of pre-polymer/polyol. The mechanical testing of tensile strength showed that the increase in pre-polymer leads to an increase in tensile strength, while decreasing the stretch.

Este trabalho consiste na preparação e caracterização de catalisadores de prata em aluminosilicatos para catalisar a reação de oxidação parcial do etileno a óxido de etileno. A α-alumina, que é o suporte normalmente empregado para a prata, gera um catalisador altamente seletivo para a epoxidação do etileno. Neste trabalho foram obtidos suportes utilizando os materiais mesoporosos da família M4lS, especificamente o MCM-41, Al-MCM41 e uma mistura física de Al-MCM-41 e α-alumina na proporção de 15/85 m/m. Após a definição e preparação dos suportes foi desenvolvido, com base na literatura, o procedimento de impregnação da prata e tratamento térmico para obtenção dos catalisadores. A caracterização dos materiais utilizados na preparação dos suportes, dos suportes e dos catalisadores foi realizada a partir de várias técnicas físico-químicas. Os dados obtidos da caracterização dos catalisadores preparados foram comparados aos de um catalisador comercial, que se conhecia previamente a sua atividade para a reação em questão. Os resultados mostraram: i) a ausência de microporos utilizando as análises das isotermas de adsorção de N2; ii) Ag com faces cristalinas hkl(111) obtidas por DRX; iii) a ausência de acidez, exceto para o catalisador suportado em Al-MCM-41, determinada por TG a partir da dessorção de n-butilamina previamente adsorvida; iv) a adsorção de O2 por TG, somente para os catalisadores suportados na mistura física Al-MCM-41 e α-alumina; v) que os valores de área especifica do metal suportado e % de Dispersão, para o catalisador suportado na mistura física de Al-MCM-41 (obtido a temperatura ambiente) e α-alumina determinados por TG, são comparáveis àqueles do catalisador comercial. A análise geral dos resultados permite sugerir que os catalisadores obtidos por mistura mecânica de aluminosilicatos mesoestruturados, (Al-MCM-41) e α-alumina, na composição sugerida provavelmente possuem atividade da mesma ordem do catalisador comercial. / This work consists of preparation and characterization of silver catalysts on alumininosilicates to catalyze ethylene partial oxidation reaction to ethylene oxide. The α-alumina, that is the support usually used for silver, generates a highly selective catalysts for ethylene epoxidation. In this work the supports were obtained, using the M41 S family of mesoporous materials, specifically MCM-41, Al-MCM41 and a Al-MCM-41 and α-alumina physical mixture in the proportion of 15/85 m/m. After definition and preparation of supports it was developed, according to literature, the silver impregnation procedure and thermal treatment to generate the catalysts. The characterization of precursors used for support preparation, of the supports and catalysts was accomplished from several physical-chemistry techniques. The characterization synthesized catalysts data were compared to those obtained for a commercial catalyst, whose activity for the ethylene partial oxidation reaction to ethylene oxide was previously well-known. The results showed: i) microporous absence, using N2 adsorption isotherm analyses; ii) Ag(111) in the structure, obtained for XRD; iii) acidity absence, except for the catalyst using as support Al-MCM-41, obtained by TG from n-butilamine desorption previously adsorpted; iv) O2 adsorption by TG, only for the catalyst using as support the physical mixture of Al-MCM-41 and α-alumina; v) that the supported metal specific area in the catalyst values and percentage of dispersion, only for the catalyst using as support the physical mixture of Al-MCM-41 (synthesized at room temperature) and α-alumina, obtained by TG, these values are comparable to that of the commercial catalyst. The general analysis of the results allows to suggest that the catalyts obtained for mechanical mixture of mesostructured alumininosilicates (Al-MCM-41) and a-alumina in the suggested composition show the same activity order commercial catalyst.