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Untersuchungen zum Abbauverhalten von Polyestern mit unterschiedlichen PhosphorsubstituentenFischer, Oliver 29 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
In unserem alltäglichen Leben nehmen Kunststoffe eine immer größere Rolle ein. Die organische Struktur dieser Materialien bedingt die Brennbarkeit derselbigen und birgt somit eine Gefahr, die allgegenwärtig ist. Flammschutz von Polymeren ist daher eine wichtige Eigenschaft. Der Markt an Flammschutzadditiven ist bereits sehr breit gefächert. Allerdings gibt es nur wenig Studien, die systematisch Struktur und Flammschutzwirkung betrachten. So war es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, durch die Untersuchung zweier systematisch variierter Polymergruppen Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen zu entwicklen, die das Verständnis von Flammschutzadditiven erweitern.
Die erste Gruppe bestand aus Polyestern mit einem gleichbleibenden Polymerrückrat an dem phosphorhaltige Seitenketten systematisch variiert wurden. In der zweiten Gruppe wurde das Polymergrundgerüst bei gleichbleibendem Substituenten variiert. Die Strukturen wurden umfassend hinsichtlich ihres Abbaus untersucht, so das durch Korrelation von Abbauverhalten und erarbeiteten Abbaumechanismen Zusammenhänge zwischen der nativen Polymerstruktur und dem Flammschutzverhalten gefunden werden konnten.
Es lässt sich nachweisen, dass das Hauptabbaumaximum fast vollständig durch die Polymergrundkette dirigiert wird. Der Substituent hat wenig Einflauss darauf, womit sich die Möglichkeit ergibt Flammschutzadditive gezielt and das Abbaumaximum des zu schützenden Matrixpolymers anzupassen. Die strukturelle Veränderung des phosphorhaltigen Substituenten hingegen ermöglich es das Flammschutzadditv in seiner Wirkungsweise, also Aktivität in der Gasphase oder kondensierten Phase, anzupassen. Sehr wesentlich, besonders mit Blick auf die Rückstandbildung, ist das Zusammenspiel zwischen Substituent und Polymerrückgrat. Bei geeigneter Wahl aliphatischer und aromatischer Anteile lassen sich so Flammschutzadditive herstellen, die einerseits gut zu verarbeiten sind, andererseits aber auch einen möglichst hohen Rückstand erzeugen.
Mit Kenntnis dieser Struktur-Eigenschafts-Beziehungen ist es zukünftig möglich, polymere Flammschutzadditive zielgerichteter zu entwickeln. So lässt sich das Additiv in seiner Wirkung nicht nur an das Matrixpolymer anpassen, sondern auch an die primären Brandgefahren in dessen Endanwendung. Eine Under-the-hood-Anwendung im Automobilbau fordert andere Flammschutzeigenschaften als die Verwendung im häuslichen Küchenbedarf.
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Evaluation of the volatile organic profile profile generated from thermally degraded tissue: analysis by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometryTincher, Heidi 12 March 2016 (has links)
Ample research has been published regarding the effects of environmental decomposition on volatile organic profiles of tissue, however literature concerning the volatile organic profiles of thermally degraded tissue is limited in quantity and scope. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature on the headspace volatile organic compounds produced by muscle, subcutaneous fat, skin, and punch biopsy samples.
The majority of the compounds for each tissue type were alcohols and aldehydes. Compounds were extracted using solid phase microextraction and identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compounds such as nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, and hexanal were present in the volatile organic compound profile for many tissue types at a majority of the temperatures, particularly from 150°C to 300°C. 2-pentylfuran was the most abundant component in the profile of skin samples from 150°C to 300°C. The profile of fresh subcutaneous fat had numerous branched alkanes, while thermally degraded subcutaneous fat profiles were comprised mostly of aldehydes and alcohols. The profile of muscle was primarily composed of alcohols and aldehydes up to 300°C, whereas the most abundant compound at 350°C was trimethylpyrazine.
There were consistent compounds identified among each tissue group. The abundance patterns of alcohols and aldehydes over increasing temperatures differed for each tissue type. Analysis of the data gathered in this study indicates that muscle, subcutaneous fat, and skin contribute characteristic compounds, such as alcohols and aldehydes, to the profile of the punch biopsy samples. The findings further suggest that temperature affects the volatile organic profile of tissue in terms of the compounds identified and the abundance trends of certain compounds.
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Structure property relationship and thermal stability of organic photovoltaic cellsMotaung, David Edmond January 2010 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In this thesis, regioregularpoly( 3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT) polymer was used as a light absorption and electron donating material, while the C60 fullerene and its derivative [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were used as electron acceptor materials. The effect of solvent to control the degree of mixing of the polymer and fullerene components, as well as the domain size and charge transport properties of the blends were investigated in detail using P3HT:C60 films. The photo-physical, structural and electrical transport properties of the polymer blends were carried out according to their ratios. A distinctive photoluminescence (PL) quenching effect was observed indicating a photo-induced electron transfer. In this thesis, the effect of solvents on the crystallization and interchain interaction of P3HT and C60 fullerene films were studied using XRD, UV-vis, PL, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. The polymer blends formed with non-aromatic solvents exhibited an improved crystallinity and polymer morphology than that formed with aromatic solvents. An improved ordering was demonstrated in the polymer films spin coated from non-aromatic solvents. This indicates that the limited solubility of rr P3HT in a marginal solvent such as non-aromatic solvents can offer a strategy to obtain highly ordered crystal structures and lead directly to optimal morphologies on the films. / South Africa
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Estudo dos efeitos da radiação gama no polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) injetado / Study of effects gamma radiation linear low density polyetilene (LLDPE) injectedOLIVEIRA, ANA C.F. de 10 November 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:49:28Z
No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Avaliação de propriedades de artefatos à base de borracha natural / Evaluation of the properties of articles based on natural rubberJanaina Dallas Caroline Bárbara di Kássia Fonseca da Silva 18 June 2007 (has links)
A combinação de excelentes propriedades mecânicas aliadas à biocompatibilidade torna a borracha natural um material amplamente empregado na fabricação de artefatos voltados à saúde, tais como bicos de chupetas e de mamadeiras, e luvas cirúrgicas e de procedimentos não-cirúrgicos. Esses artefatos são processados a partir de látices de poli(cis-isopreno) extraído de seringueiras. Entretanto, o grande número de insaturações presentes na cadeia polimérica, mesmo após a vulcanização, resulta em uma baixa resistência desse material ao envelhecimento, causado principalmente pela associação de fatores como temperatura, oxigênio, ozônio e radiação. Outro inconveniente associado à aplicação da borracha natural é a presença de proteínas no látex, com potencial alergênico, podendo promover reações fisiológicas em alguns usuários. Por esse motivo artefatos comerciais à base de material sintético também são encontrados no mercado. Esses artefatos também não são isentos dos processos naturais de desgaste e decomposição. Esta Dissertação teve como objetivo realizar um estudo comparativo de propriedades dos produtos comerciais à base de borracha natural e à base de material sintético (bicos de chupeta e de mamadeiras e luvas) de diferentes fabricantes, como adquiridos e após sofrerem envelhecimento acelerado. O estudo foi feito empregando-se as técnicas de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e termogravimetria (TG). Uma avaliação mecânica com métodos padronizados foi também realizada / By combining the excellent mechanical properties as well as biocompatibility, natural rubber is a suitable material to be applied in the manufacture of commercial articles as pacifiers, nursing bottles and gloves. Those products are processed from lattices of poly(cis-isoprene) extracted from rubber-trees. Nevertheless, the expressive amount of insaturations present along the polymeric chains, even after the vulcanization process, leads to degradation mainly caused by an association of factors as heat, oxygen, ozone and radiation. Another inconvenience in the application of natural rubber is the presence of some proteins in the latex, which causes allergic problems in a few usuaries. Thus synthetic materials are also employed in the production of such articles that are not free from degradation problems as well. The objective of this Dissertation was to carry out a comparative study of some properties of commercial products (nipples, of pacifiers and nursing bottles, and gloves) from different manufacturers. The materials were characterized, as received and after being submitted to accelerated degradation, by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). Some mechanical properties were also evaluated by employing standard methods
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Modificação da sílica propiletilenodiamina com formaldeído, estudo do equilíbrio e da cinética de adsorção dos íons cádmio, chumbo e cromato / Modification of silica propiletilenodiamina with formaldehyde - a study of equilibrium and the kinetics of adsorption of cadmium, lead and chromate ions.Aguiar, Franklin Pessoa 01 November 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-11-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, modified silica gel with the group aminopropiletanoimina was used as retention capacity for the ions cadmium, lead and cromate. The tests were accomplished in aqueous solutions under different conditions of pH, in constant temperature of 298±1 K. The number of mol of the organic chain anchored to the matrix was 0,97mmol /g. The analysis of the curves TG, for the degradation interval between 0,12 and 0,4, shows certain constancy of the value of the activation energy with the increase of the value of the conversion degree, however, the comparison of the activation energies calculated by the method of FWO and by the method of Coats-Redfern shows different results for all the models of simple mechanisms, for that, it is believed that the process in such area conversion doesn't happen through a simple mechanism, but through a complex process where more than one mechanism is acting in the dynamics of the degradation reaction. Based in the number of mols of cadmium, lead and cromate adsorbed, it can settle down the following order: cadmium > cromate > lead. The analysis of the kinetics of the reaction for the three ions shows that the processes of adsorption follow a kinetic law of speed of pseudo-second order with the constants of speed cadmium > lead > cromate. The balance of the process of adsorption is not described by the same model of adsorption; the lead and the cromate are described reasonably well by Langmuir, but for the cadmium it was not found any model to describe the behavior of the process of adsorption satisfactorily. / Neste trabalho, sílica gel modificada com o grupo aminopropiletanoimina foi utilizada como adsorvente para os íons cádmio, chumbo e cromato. Os testes foram realizados em soluções aquosas sob diferentes condições de pH em temperatura constante de 298±1 K. O número de mol da cadeia orgânica ancorada à matriz foi de 0,97mmol /g. A análise das curvas TG, para o intervalo de degradação entre 0,12 e 0,4, mostra certa constância do valor da energia de ativação com o aumento do valor do grau de conversão, entretanto, a comparação das energias de ativação calculadas pelo método de FWO e pelo método de Coats-Redfern mostra resultados diferentes para todos os modelos de mecanismos simples, por isso, acredita-se que o processo em tal região de conversão não ocorre a través de um mecanismo simples, mas sim, através de um processo complexo onde mais de um mecanismo está atuando na dinâmica da reação de degradação. Com base no número de moles de cádmio, chumbo e cromato adsorvidos pode-se estabelecer a seguinte ordem: cádmio > cromato > chumbo. A análise da cinética da reação para os três íons mostra que os processos de adsorção seguem uma lei cinética de velocidade de pseudo-segunda ordem com as constantes de velocidade de cádmio > chumbo > cromato. O equilíbrio do processo de adsorção não é descrito pelo mesmo modelo de adsorção; o chumbo e o cromato são descritos razoavelmente bem pelo Langmuir, mas, para o cádmio não foi encontrado nenhum modelo que descrevesse o comportamento do processo de adsorção satisfatoriamente.
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Estudo dos efeitos da radiação gama no polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) injetado / Study of effects gamma radiation linear low density polyetilene (LLDPE) injectedOLIVEIRA, ANA C.F. de 10 November 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:49:28Z
No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O uso do método de esterilização por radiação gama ajuda na redução da contaminação microbiológica. O polietileno linear de baixa densidade (PELBD) é um polímero de cadeias lineares e ramificações curtas. Neste trabalho o PELBD injetado foi irradiado por uma fonte de 60Co com 2000 kCi de atividade, na presença de ar, em doses de 5, 10, 20, 50 ou 100 kGy e taxas de dose de cerca de 5 kGy.h-1 em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC). Após a irradiação, foi necessário submeter as amostras a um tratamento térmico em uma estufa por 60 min a 100 ºC para a recombinação e aniquilação dos radicais residuais. Na sequência as amostras injetadas foram irradiadas e caracterizadas para identificar os efeitos de degradação térmica, cisão e reticulação em cada dose. Verificou-se uma degradação térmica da resina ao passar pelo processo de modelagem por injeção confirmada pela análise de FTIR. Os PELBD injetados irradiados nas doses de 5, 10 ou 20 kGy tiveram maior tendência a cisão do que aqueles nas doses de 50 ou 100 kGy, nos quais predominou a reticulação. Desta forma determinaram-se os efeitos da irradiação e do processo nos PELBD moldados por injeção. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Estudo de degradação a baixa temperatura de cerâmicas Y-TZP/Al2O3 sintetizadas por coprecipitação / Low temperature degradation study of Y-TZP/Al2O3 ceramics synthesized by coprecipitationMATSUI, JEFERSON M. 17 November 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-17T17:43:50Z
No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T17:43:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A zircônia tetragonal estabilizada por ítria (Y-TZP) têm sido utilizada na área odontológica para próteses livres de metais devido à estética associada ao alto desempenho mecânico. Porém, a presença de ambiente úmido pode causar a transformação acelerada da fase tetragonal para monoclínica e consequente falha catastrófica deste material, processo este conhecido como degradação a baixa temperatura ou envelhecimento. A cinética desta transformação é função da composição química da cerâmica e sua microestrutura. Tendo em vista que métodos químicos permitem a síntese de pós cerâmicos à base de zircônia de dimensões nanométricas, cuja microestrutura da cerâmica sinterizada é constituída por grãos submicrométricos quimicamente homogêneos, e que a presença de alumina é indicada para evitar a degradação de fases da zircônia, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a degradação a baixa temperatura e ambiente úmido de cerâmicas de zircônia estabilizada com 3 mol% de ítria (Y-TZP) e do compósito Y-TZP/Al2O3, proveniente de pós sintetizados pela rota de coprecipitação. A concentração de alumina na Y-TZP foi estudada na faixa de 0,05 a 20% em massa. A eficiência do processo desenvolvido foi verificada pela avaliação das características físicas dos pós obtidos (granulometria, área de superfície específica, estado de aglomeração e estrutura cristalina). As amostras cerâmicas foram prensadas, sinterizadas e avaliadas quanto à densidade aparente e microestrutura. Após a caracterização inicial das cerâmicas a degradação das amostras foi estudada in vitro em reator hidrotérmico pressurizado a 150°C. As amostras (n=4) foram submetidas à análise de difração de raios X de acordo com o tempo de envelhecimento, acompanhando a curva cinética de transformação de fase. A porcentagem de cada fase cristalina foi determinada pelo Método de Rietveld. A relação entre o tempo de envelhecimento e a concentração de fase monoclínica foi determinada pela equação de Avrami modificada por Kolmogorow (Johnson-Mehl- Avrami-Kolmogorow JMAK). Após envelhecimento a 150°C por 70 horas, todas as amostras contendo alumina apresentaram menor concentração de fase monoclínica, comparativamente à cerâmica Y-TZP, que apresentou 66,5% dessa fase. Menores porcentagens de fase monoclínica após o envelhecimento hidrotérmico foram obtidas com a adição de 10 e 20% em massa de alumina na matriz de zircônia, sendo esses valores 59,1 e 52,9%, respectivamente. Deve-se considerar, no entanto, que a diminuição da degradação total é consequência da menor porcentagem de zircônia na matriz em função da adição de alumina. Neste contexto, o efeito benéfico da adição de alumina ocorre apenas no início do envelhecimento. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Comparison on the thermal degradation kinetics and mechanism of hides before and after formaldehyde-tanningHu, Yadi, Luo, Lan, Liu, Jie, Wang, Fang, Zhu, Haolin, Tang, Keyong 28 June 2019 (has links)
Content:
The thermal degradation kinetics of hides before and after being tanned with formaldehyde were investigated using thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 30 K/min.
Such model-free methods as Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Friedman as well as model-fitting method of Criado were employed to determine the thermal degradation active energy and degradation mechanism. Based on the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Friedman methods, the average active energy (Ea) of formaldehyde-tanned leather was 223.1 kJ/mol and 230.7 kJ/mol respectively. Results from general master curves showed diffusion processes in the thermal degradation of formaldehyde-tanned leather. Neither the thermal degradation activation energy nor the degradation mechanism is affected by the formaldehyde tanning. Nevertheless, the results by thermalgravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) indicated difference in the relative amounts of evolved products. According to the 3D-FTIR analysis, the dominant components of evolved gas for both untanned and tanned hides are CO2, CH4, H2O, NH3 along with small amount of HNCO. However, after formaldehyde tanning, both the evolved NH3 by the decomposition of free –NH2 groups and peptide –NH– groups from different amino acids in collagen and CH4 by the cleavage of -CH3 and -CH2- increase.
Take-Away:
1. The theraml degradtion mechanism of hides before and after formaldehyde-tanning is eatablished in our paper.
2. The main degradation pathway of hides before and after formaldehyde-tanning is discussed with the help of TG-FTIR analysis.
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Thermal degradation of PFAS in solid matter / Termisk nedbrytning av PFAS i fast materiaAl-Badri, Tuqa January 2024 (has links)
Per- och Polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS) är syntetiskt framställda organiska föreningar som har använts i stor utsträckning i konsument- och industriprodukter. PFAS-substanser besitter attraktiva egenskaper såsom resistans mot väta, fett, fläckar och är dessutom värmetåliga. De används i bland annat brandskum, smink, vattentäta kläder med ”andas-funktion”, möbler och non- stickstekpannor. Den senaste forskningen har dock visat att PFAS utgör en fara för levande organismer och miljön. Vissa PFAS-substanser har klassats som persistenta, bioackumulativa och toxisk (PBT), samt väldigt persistenta och väldigt bioaccumulativa (vPvB).Existerande forskning har fokuserat på beteendet hos PFAS i olika miljöer. Dock finns det en kunskapslucka när det gäller hur dessa PFAS-substanser beter sig under termiska behandlingsprocesser, samt förbränningsgraden i kommersiella förbränningsanläggningar vid temperaturerna 850–950 °C. I detta projekt undersöks därför nedbrytningsgraden av PFAS genom förbränning samt bildning av potentiellt farliga biprodukter efter förbränning. För att genomföra denna studie skulle förbränning av PFAS-haltigt avloppsslam i en pilotskalig bubblande fluidiserad bädd (BFB) genomföras. På grund av hinder utfördes experimenten i stället i en konventionell och simpel laboratorieugn. Dessutom genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att undersöka bildandet av potentiellt farliga biprodukter efter förbränning av PFAS. Denna studie har visat att termisk behandling genom förbränning är en effektiv metod för att behandla PFAS i avloppsslam med reduktion under kvantifieringsgränserna. Undersökning av potentiellt farliga biprodukter baserat på litteraturstudier har visat att kortkedjiga PFCAs var mest förekommande i aska, vätska och gasformiga rester efter termisk behandling. Några undersökningar tyder på att termisk behandling av PFAS-haltigt material möjligen resulterar i ozonnedbrytande ämnen. Utifrån den genomförde litteraturstudien i detta projekt saknas starka bevis för att kunna påstå att det bildas ozonnedbrytande ämnen under förbränning av PFAS. / Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made organic compound widely used in consumer and industrial products. They exhibit attractive properties such as resistance to water, heat, and grease. Therefore, PFAS are used in fire foam, non-stick pans, water-resistant clothes, make-up, and furniture. Recent studies have revealed that PFAS substances can be harmful to humans, animals, and the environment. Some PFAS substances have, therefore, been classified as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT), and very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB). This means that PFAS resists degradation, accumulates in living organisms and biota, and inherits toxic effects. In previous and current research, the focus has been on the behavior of PFAS in different environmental settings. However, there is a gap in research on how these PFAS substances behave during thermal treatment processes in commercial facilities at temperatures of 850-950 °C and how effective the thermal degradation is. This project investigates the effectivity of thermal degradation via combustion and the fate of PFAS post-combustion, focusing on the formation of potentially hazardous by-products. Therefore, the combustion of PFAS-containing sewage sludge in a bench- scale bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) was to be conducted to fulfill the objective of this study. Due to hindrances, the experiments were performed in a conventional furnace furnace instead. Also, a literature study was conducted to investigate the fate of PFAS after combustion. From this study, it was concluded that thermal treatment via combustion at temperatures 850 and 950 °C is an effective method to degrade PFAS in sewage sludge. Also, the literature study investigation revealed that persistent short-chain PFCAs were most abundant in the ash, liquid, and gaseous residues after thermal treatment. A few investigations indicate that thermal treatment of PFAS-containing matter possibly results in ozone-depleting compounds. Based on the conducted literature study, there is a lack of strong evidence that supports the claim of the formation of ozone- depleting compounds during combustion of PFAS.
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