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abstract: C.C. Cragin Reservoir’s location in the Coconino National Forest, Arizona makes it prone to wild fire. This study focused on the potential impacts of such a wild fire on the reservoir’s annual thermal stratification cycle impacts and water quality. The annual thermal stratification cycle impacted the reservoir’s water quality by increasing hypolimnion concentrations of magnesium, iron, turbidity, and specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) values, as well as resulting in the hypolimnion having decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations during stratified months. The scarification process did not affect the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the reservoir or the total/dissolved nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations. Some general water quality trends that emerged were that phosphorous was the limiting nutrient, secchi disk depth and chlorophyll a concentration are inversely related, and no metals were found to be in concentrations that would violate an EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level (MCL). A carbon mass model was developed and parameterized using DOC measurements, and then using historic reservoir storage and weather data, the model simulated DOC concentrations in the reservoir following four hypothetical wild fire events. The model simulated varying initial reservoir storage volumes, initial flush volumes, and flush DOC concentrations, resulting in reservoir DOC concentrations varying from 17.41 mg/L to 8.82 mg/L. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-08-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pentagna_rpp_me_bauru_prot.pdf: 1054031 bytes, checksum: c2f515f7ab29cf3aa3f199133c8d8d15 (MD5) / outros - empresas / Foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático para descrever o processo de estocagem de energia via estratificação térmica de líquido em um tanque. Neste modelo foi considerado um balanço de energia para o sistema de estocagem e proposto um modelo matemático unidimensional e transiente capaz de descrever o histórico dos perfis de temperatura do líquido e da parede do reservatório durante a operação de carregamento dinâmico. O modelo matemático foi discretizado através da técnica de diferença finitas e sua solução foi obtida numericamente através de um código computacional desenvolvido em linguagem de programação FORTRAN. Os resultados teóricos foram comparados com resultados experimentais, e estudada também a influência da relação altura/diâmetro e velocidade de carregamento no processo de estocagem de energia. / A mathematical model is developed to describe the energy storage process by thermal stratification of a liquid in a storage tank. Considering a balance of energy for the storage system, is proposed a transient and unidimensional mathematical model capable to describe the history of the liquid temperatures profile and the wall of the storage during the charging dynamic operations. The mathematical model was discretizided using a finite differences technic and its solution got numerically through a computational code developed in a FORTRAN programming language. The theorical results were compared with experimental results, and it was also studied the influence of aspect ratio and the charging velocity in an energy storage process.

In light of rising global temperatures and energy needs, nuclear power is uniquely positioned to offer carbon-free and reliable electricity. In many markets, nuclear power faces strong headwinds due to competition with other fuel sources and prohibitively high capital costs. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), such as the proposed Advanced Fast Reactor (AFR) 100, have gained popularity in recent years as they promise economies of scale, reduced capital costs, and flexibility of deployment. Fast sodium reactors commonly feature an upper plenum with a large inventory of sodium. When temperatures change due to transients, stratification can occur. It is important to understand the stratification behavior of these large volumes because stratification can counteract natural circulation and fatigue materials. This work features steady-state and transient simulations of thermal stratification and natural circulation of liquid sodium in a simple rectangular slice using a commercial CFD code (ANSYS FLUENT). Different inlet velocities and their effect on stratification are investigated by changing the inlet geometry. Stratification was observed in the two cases with the lowest inlet velocities. An approach for tracking the stratification interface was developed that focuses on temperature gradients rather than differences. Other authors have developed correlations to predict stratification in three dimensional enclosures. However, these correlations predict stratified conditions for all simulations even the ones that did not stratify. The previous models are modified to reflect the two-dimensional nature of the flow in the enclosure. The results align more closely with the simulations and correctly predict stratification in the investigated cases. / Master of Science

As lagoas de estabilização têm sido, por suas características operacionais e baixos custos de implantação, consideradas como a opção mais viável para tratamento de águas residuárias em pequenas e médias comunidades. O sistema composto por lagoa anaeróbia e facultativa em série é o mais empregado no Brasil. Com o avanço no monitoramento das lagoas de estabilização que se iniciou na década de 90, no caso do Estado de São Paulo pela SABESP, e que hoje se encontra bastante estruturado, periódico e confiável, nota-se que esses sistemas apesar de projetados seguindo as técnicas mais recentes, não possuem a eficiência esperada quando em operação. Tornam-se então prementes os estudos no sentido de melhorar o desempenho dos sistemas existentes e fornecer subsídios para novos projetos de lagoas de estabilização. Este trabalho estudou a utilização de chicaneamento nas lagoas de estabilização verificando a influência das chicanas no comportamento hidrodinâmico e desempenho desses sistemas além da utilização de macrófitas aquáticas no processo de tratamento de águas residuárias. Concluiu-se que mesmo com aumento de eficiência de remoção de DQO, 'DBO IND.5', nitrogênio Kjedahl e amoniacal, para ambos os casos: lagoa com aguapé e lagoa com lentilha d’água, os inúmeros problemas operacionais e aumento de custos que surgiram da aplicação das macrófitas aquáticas tornam desaconselhável o uso de aguapé e lentilha d’água em lagoas de tratamento de esgoto. Com relação ao chicaneamento o sistema que mais se aproximou dos valores teóricos, com relação ao tempo de detenção hidráulico e número de dispersão (d), foi a lagoa com chicaneamento longitudinal, melhorando o comportamento hidráulico do sistema, podendo ser considerado uma medida simples e de baixo custo para incrementar a eficiência de lagoas de estabilização / Due to the operational characteristics and low investment costs stabilization ponds have been considered as the most viable option for wastewater treatment in small and medium size communities. Anaerobic and facultative ponds in series are the most used in Brazil. With the progress of monitoring of the stabilization ponds, that was initiated in the decade of 1990 in the State of São Paulo by SABESP, it was observed that these systems do not possess the expected efficiency when in operation, although they were designed following the best available knowledge at that time. Thus, new studies were direct to improve the performance of the existing systems and to supply subsidies for new projects of stabilization ponds. This research examines, separately, the use of baffles and macrophytes in a pilot scale stabilization pond verifying the influence of these elements on the hydrodynamic behavior and performance of the wastewater treatment. It was concluded that although there is an increase in removal efficiency of DQO, 'DBO IND.5', nitrogen Kjedahl and ammoniacal, the several operational problems and increase of costs that had appeared with the application of water hyacinths and duckweed in the pond, it is not recommended to use these aquatic plants in sewer treatment. Concerning the use of baffles the system that came closer to the theoretical values, in relation to the hydraulic time of detention and number of dispersion (d), was the pond with longitudinal baffles. These baffles improved the hydraulic behavior of the system and are a simple measure and of low cost to develop the efficiency of stabilization ponds

The climate response of the equatorial Pacific to increased greenhouse gases is investigated using numerical experiments from five climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Changes in the heat budget of the surface layer in response to CO2 doubling (2xCO2) are analyzed in experiments with full-coupled ocean dynamics; and compared to experiments with uncoupled ocean dynamics. In full-coupled experiments, weaker ocean zonal currents driven by a slowing down of the Walker circulation reduce the ocean heat flux divergence throughout the equatorial Pacific. The resulting ocean dynamical heating enhances the surface warming due to increased clear-sky surface radiation in response to 2xCO2. The total radiative plus ocean dynamical heating are stabilized by evaporation and cloud feedbacks over the warm pool and by increased ocean vertical heat transport over the cold tongue. Increased near-surface thermal stratification enhances vertical heat transport in the cold tongue despite a reduction in vertical velocity. This ocean dynamical cooling is the dominant negative term in the heat budget changes over the eastern Pacific; and represents a strengthening of the processes leading to the annual cycle of the cold tongue, which increases by 0.4 K as a result. The stratification response is found to be a permanent feature of the equilibrium climate potentially linked to both thermodynamical and dynamical changes within the equatorial Pacific. To conclude, the relationship between the heat budget changes and the SST response is discussed along with implications for detecting these signals in the modern observational record.

Phytoplankton mirrors changes in the environment and plays an important role in biogeochemical processes. Phytoplankton dynamics is the outcome of both autogenic succession and external disturbances. This thesis focused on the seasonal variation of water column stability and its effects on phytoplankton, particularly considering the influence of mixing events on phytoplankton development. Lake Erken is a dimictic lake with weak and often interrupted summer stratification, which represents an intermediate case between a polymictic lake and a lake with strong summer stratification. There are two diatom phases annually. The spring bloom is caused by pioneer centric diatoms, and the autumn diatom phase is dominated by meroplanktonic diatoms induced by turnover. A summer Cyanobacteria bloom – mainly Gloeotrichia echinulata, depended on the length and stability of stratification. Winter and spring air temperature is found to play an important role in the annual succession of phytoplankton by initiating changes in ice/snow-cover and lake thermal stability and setting the basic status. Instead of starting from zero, the vernal phytoplankton piles up on the overwintering community, this trans-annual ecological memory influences both the composition and diversity and taxonomic distinctness of spring phytoplankton. Water column stability during summer in Lake Erken is mainly influenced by wind-induced turbulence and internal seiches. As thermal stratification develops from early until late summer, variations in stability and gradual deepening of the thermocline depth influence phytoplankton dynamics directly by changing its distribution, and also indirectly by altering the nutrient and light availability. A new disturbance index (DI) was defined to quantify environmental stability/disturbance and tested well to indicate phytoplankton equilibrium status in two summer stratification periods. The concept of species and functional groups was generally used in this study. However, a next generation sequencing based approach was also tested and proved to provide an excellent candidate for revealing distribution patterns of phytoplankton in inland waters.

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ABSTRACT HEAT REMOVAL FROM A LARGE SCALE WARM WATER STORAGE Kayserilioglu, Yavuz Selim M.S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. R&uuml / knettin Oskay August 2004, 88 Pages A preliminary experimental study was performed in order to investigate the charging and heat removal characteristics of a sensible heat storage. Two sets of experiments were performed at two aspect ratios. Heat removal processes of these two sets were different while the charging processes were similar. In the first set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit with relatively warm water was complete, heat removal process was started with simple heat exchangers from different elevations within the storage while the charging of the storage unit was continued. In the second set of experiments, after the charging of the storage unit was complete, heat removal from the storage unit was started without further charging of the storage unit. Charging water was fed into the storage from the top of one side and relatively colder water was drained from the bottom of the opposite side. Internal heat exchangers were used for the heat removal. Vertical temperature profile developments during the charging and heat removal periods were investigated. Thermal stratification was observed in all experiments. Heat exchangers extracted heat from different elevations in different experiments and the trend was that more heat can be extracted in upper elevations. Comparable heat can be extracted from the same elevation of lower and higher aspect ratio. Keywords: Sensible Heat Storage, Heat Removal, Thermal Stratification, Warm Water Storage