This thesis presents a body of work conducted to determine thermal comfort on train journeys. Relatively little research has been conducted on trains in comparison with the vast body of work conducted within building environments. This thesis aimed to expand our knowledge of rail passenger thermal comfort throughout the journey; platform to destination. The train journey was separated into its component parts and analysed by conducting both laboratory and field experiments that either simulated or measured aspects of a train journey. Laboratory experiment 1 examined appropriate methods of data collection during train journeys. Participants (9 males and 9 females) were exposed to a simulated train environment three times and used a different data collection method on each occasion; a paper-based method, a voice recorder or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Results concluded that the three methods can be used interchangeably when recording thermal comfort data. Participants preferred the PDA over the other two methods because they felt it afforded them a level of privacy in addition to blending in with other rail passengers using similar technologies. The second laboratory experiment measured thermal comfort following a change of environment. Participants (12 males and 12 females) were exposed to three environmental conditions (warm, neutral and slightly cool) in a thermal chamber on three separate occasions. The exposure lasted 30 minutes, after which, participants entered a new environment that was the same on each occasion (slightly cool). Results showed that overshoots in sensation (beyond those predicted by the Predicted Mean Vote thermal comfort index PMV) are observed following downward steps (warmer to cooler) in environmental conditions. No overshoots were observed following the upward step (cooler to warmer) in environment, with sensations immediately reflecting the predicted steady-state values. Laboratory experiment 3 (22 males and 26 females) expanded the research conducted in laboratory experiment 2 by exposing participants to greater magnitudes of environmental change. In addition, sensation was measured after this change until steady-state was reached. Participants were exposed to four environmental conditions (cool to warm to neutral to cool or cool to cold to warm to cool) consecutively over a 2 hour period with 30 minutes spent in each location. Results demonstrated similar effects to those observed during laboratory experiment 2 with overshoots observed following downward steps in environmental conditions and none observed in the opposite direction. Sensations demonstrating overshoots gradually increased until steady-state was achieved after approximately 25 minutes. Field experiment 1 (12 males and 32 females) measured thermal comfort while boarding trains. Participants were taken on a short train journey and recorded sensations whilst on the platform and during boarding. Results showed that overshoots may also be observed following step up and step down in environments. It is hypothesised that change in air velocity is influential in this effect. Thermal comfort throughout a train journey was measured in field experiment 2. Participants (16 males and 16 females) reported on thermal comfort on the platform, during boarding and throughout a return train journey from Loughborough to London St Pancras. Results also demonstrated overshoots following upward transients indicating that there are factors in the field that do not occur in laboratory conditions. Subjective parameters reach steady-state after approximately 20 minutes and PMV accurately predicted sensations during the journey. Again, air velocities may have interacted with other variables resulting in the overshoots following upward steps in environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments 2 and 3 resulted in the creation of a model predicting sensation following a change of environment, PMVTRANS. When the model was compared with the field data, it could not accurately predict sensations observed during transients. It also could not predict the sensation overshoots observed following upward transients. A new model is now proposed, NEW PMVTRANS. This model shows greater correlation with actual sensation than PMV; however it does require further validation from field data. Research has shown that PMV is an accurate estimator of sensation within a train carriage and should be used by train designers to optimise the environmental conditions for passengers.

The present thesis is primarily motivated by the will to provide help for decisionmaking on the overall layout of a house or a housing development in the very early stages of design from the point of view of energy efficiency and thermal comfort. This study contributes towards a deeper understanding of thermal interactions between a house and its adjacent enclosed open spaces. It addresses the contribution of the yard design, i.e. placement, size and type towards the development of a comfortable microclimate within the yard itself, as well as the reduction of total energy demands of the house for mechanical heating and cooling. The focus is put on the applicability of the results and findings are expressed in form of a decision-making aid. This research also makes empirical and analytical assessments on the validity of some existing methods and tools that are used for understanding the nature of microclimates in small scales and proposes methods for their improvement, particularly when used in conjunction with standard tools for the assessment of indoor climates. These methods are also demonstrated through an exemplary application in an archetypal setting and the results of the exemplary case are analysed to reach a decision on the most advisable design layouts for the buildings in the example. As a result, this work emphasises on the importance of private outdoor spaces and how their careful design can benefit occupiers, investors and the environment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about how the warming effects of climate change may affect indoor living standards, considering that we are already living with some over-temperatures during the summer time. The specific aim is therefore to show how thermal climate in warm passive houses will be perceived, and how specific energy consumption will be affected, within the near future in southern Sweden. Method: To order to achieve the aim, a specific scenario of future temperatures had to be defined. Official climate data for the year 2050 in Gothenburg was collected and compiled. A certified passive house was theoretically exposed to the expected future climate and indoor temperature as well as energy consumption was calculated. Calculations were made using the energy calculation software BV2 for reference conditions and adaptions of both climate as well as technical solutions for greater thermal comfort. Findings: A climate scenario for Gothenburg during year 2050 illustrates that the average year-temperature increases from +7.7°C to +9.9°C. The largest change can be observed during the winter, with an increase peaking at +2.5 ºC. The results show an increase from 65 to 107 number of days during the year in which the studied passive house has an inadequate indoor temperature, as a consequence of over-temperatures. One method for thermal climate enhancing, using a combination of sun screening and air conditioning powered by solar cells, showed having good impact without considerably affecting the specific energy consumption. Implications: In a passive house without air conditioning, the thermal indoor climate will reach an unacceptable level for the tenants, more often in the year 2050, than during the reference period, due to warmer outside temperatures. The method which has the smallest impact upon the energy consumption is sun screening, while air conditioning is the most effective, but also very energy consuming. In order to optimally conserve the thermal indoor climate without decreasing the free energy during the winter, one should install both sun screening and air conditioning in their passive house. Limitations: The result is applicable on passive houses within climate zone III, but the general conclusions made applies for all passive houses in Sweden. Using different methods of calculating the indoor temperature may result in variable results. Keywords: Climate change, Passive house, Indoor climate, Thermal comfort, Energy consumption

This study aimed to develop retrofitted natural ventilation options and control strategies for existing office buildings to improve thermal comfort, indoor air quality and energy consumption. For this purpose, a typical office building was selected in order to identify opportunities and constraints when implementing such strategies. Actual performance of the case study building was evaluated by conducting quantitative and qualitative field measurements including physical measurements and questionnaire surveys. Based on the actual building performance, a combination of Dynamic Thermal Simulation (using IES) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (using PHOENICS) models were built to develop appropriate natural ventilation options and control strategies to find a balance between energy consumption, indoor air quality, and thermal comfort. Several retrofitted options and control strategies were proposed and the best retrofitted natural ventilation options and control strategies were installed in the case study building. Post occupancy evaluation of the case study building after the interventions was also carried out by conducting physical measurements and questionnaire surveys. Post refurbishment measurements revealed that energy consumption and risk of overheating in the refurbished building were reduced by 9% and 80% respectively. The risk of unacceptable indoor air quality was also reduced by 60% in densely occupied zones of the building. The results of questionnaire surveys also revealed that the percentage of dissatisfied occupants reduced by 80% after intervention. Two new products including a Motorized ceiling tile and NVlogIQ , a natural ventilation wall controller, were also developed based on the results of this study.

Este projeto de pesquisa de mestrado buscou identificar os impactos das propriedades da superfície urbana sobre as condições meteorológicas da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), buscando um melhor entendimento dos mesmos para que atividades de planejamento urbano possam ser melhor organizadas. O trabalho utilizou como principais ferramentas produtos de sensoriamento remoto, para definir algumas propriedades da superfície urbana, medidas em superfície de variáveis meteorológicas, para determinação de índices de conforto humano, e a modelagem numérica da atmosfera, para identificação de condições atmosféricas e construção de cenários úteis ao planejamento urbano. Com o uso de imagens de satélite, foram criados arquivos de ocupação do solo e da fração vegetada na área urbana da RMSP em altíssima resolução (20 m). Após a definição das propriedades da superfície, valores medidos pela CETESB de temperatura e umidade relativa foram associados a padrões de ocupação urbana. Verificou-se que as regiões de São Caetano do Sul e do Parque D. Pedro II foram as que apresentaram o maior número de casos de desconforto por calor moderado. Regiões como São Miguel Paulista e Ibirapuera mostraram-se mais confortáveis. Na maior parte dos casos, as regiões apresentaram um nível agradável a levemente quente, seguidos pela condição agradável a levemente fresca. Após a análise diagnóstica, foram construídos cenários contemplando atividades de planejamento urbano em busca da melhoria das condições de conforto térmico humano. Os experimentos realizados indicam que os fluxos turbulentos em superfície são consideravelmente modificados e que a temperatura pode sofrer uma diminuição gradativa até cerca de 1,5 ºC com a substituição de 50% da superfície urbana por vegetação, chegando a mais de 2,2 ºC quando esta substituição é completa. O perfil de temperatura potencial na Camada Limite Planetária também foi consideravelmente modificado com o aumento da porção vegetada no domímio modelado. / This master\'s research project has the goal of indentifying the impacts of urban surface properties over the meteorological conditions of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), in order to obtain a better understanding of them and to provide means of better organized urban planning activities. The work was made by using as principal tools, remote sensing derived products, in order to define some surface properties, surface measurements of atmospheric variables, in order to obtain human thermal comfort indexes, and numerical modeling of the atmosphere, in order to identify atmospheric conditions and simulate useful scenaries for urban planning. By using sattelite images, land use and vegetated fraction files were created over the MASP with very high resolution (20 m). Afterwards, temperature and relative humidity measured by CETESB were associated to urban land use patterns. It was verified that regions like São Caetano do Sul and Parque D. Pedro II are more likely to have greater discomfort sensation by moderate heat. Regions like São Miguel Paulista and Ibirapuera were identified to be more confortable. In the majority of cases, the regions presented a pleasant to lightly warm, followed by pleasant to lightly fresh conditions. After the definition of the surface properties, scenarios were built comprehending urban planning activities, looking for the improvement of human thermal comfort conditions. The experiments showed that the surface turbulent fluxes are considerably changed and that temperature was gradualy reduced in up to 1,5 ºC with the replacement of 50% of the urban surface by vegetation, reaching more than 2,2 ºC when this replacement was complete. The potential temperature profile inside the Planetary Boundary Layer was also considerably modified following the increase of vegetated area in the modeled domain.

Nos últimos anos tem havido um aumento no estudo da qualidade do ar interno relacionado aos sistemas de ventilação mecânica e condicionamento do ar. Isso é especialmente fundamental em hospitais, onde a transmissão da contaminação pelo ar é considerada uma das principais causas de aquisição de doenças por pacientes, profissionais de saúde e visitantes. Além disso, essas instituições por abrigarem diversos setores, cada um com uma especificidade e função, exigem diferentes condições de conforto ambiental, sob os aspectos higrotérmico e de qualidade do ar, além do acústico e luminoso. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade o ar, sob os parâmetros de conforto térmico e da concentração de dióxido de carbono em ambientes hospitalares climatizados artificialmente, realizou-se uma investigação de campo em salas de espera e salas de cirurgias de uma amostra de seis edifícios hospitalares na cidade de São Paulo e região metropolitana. Para coleta dos dados foram utilizados instrumentos de monitoramento, portáteis e de elevada precisão, adequados para a realização da pesquisa. Os resultados obtidos a partir da análise desses dados apontaram relevantes problemas relacionados ao conforto e a qualidade do ar. Dentre esses problemas, destacam-se a ausência de controle do diferencial de pressão entre as salas de cirurgias e os corredores; a divergência entre as temperaturas operativas ideais para promoção do conforto térmico para grupos de pessoas com diferentes vestimentas e nível de atividade, ocupando um mesmo ambiente, no caso, as salas de cirurgias; a insuficiência de renovação de ar, especialmente nas salas de espera equipadas com o sistema de climatização do tipo split-system; além da ausência de padronização entre os critérios dos referenciais técnicos mais adotados. Sob esses aspectos, percebeu-se a necessidade de melhoria do conhecimento da interação entre os ocupantes e o ambiente, especialmente naqueles onde o controle se faz necessário para a promoção da saúde. / In recent years has been increased interest in thermal comfort and air quality of indoor environments related to mechanical ventilation systems and air conditioning. This is especially crucial in hospitals where contaminated air transmission is considered a major cause of acquiring disease for patients, health care professionals and visitors. Moreover, these institutions having different sectors, each one with a speciality and function, require different conditions of environmental comfort, in terms of hygrothermal, air quality, acoustic and luminous aspects. In order to evaluate the air quality under the parameters of thermal comfort and carbon dioxide concentration in air conditioning hospital environments, it was carried out a field investigation in waiting rooms and operating rooms in six hospitals in São Paulo and metropolitan region. For data collection were used portable monitoring devices, suitable for research. The results from data analysis indicated significant problems related to thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Among these problems, it can be highlighted the lack of the differential pressure control between the operating rooms and corridors; the divergence among the optimal operative temperatures to provide thermal comfort for different groups of people with different clothing and activity level, occupying the same environment, in this case, the operating rooms; the disregard with the air changes required, especially in waiting rooms equipped with the splitsystem; besides the lack of standardization among the technical references criteria often used. Under these aspects, it is necessary to improve the knowledge of the interaction between the occupants and the environment, especially where the environmental control is decisive to promote the health.

Os bovinos mantidos em pastagens de regiões tropicais buscam a sombra regularmente como recurso de conforto térmico nos períodos mais quentes do dia. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avançar no entendimento da utilização de recursos de proteção contra o calor, para bovinos de origem zebuína, taurina européia e taurina adaptada em condições climáticas de altas temperaturas. Pretendeu-se quantificar a freqüência de utilização dos recursos de sombreamento e de água para imersão, disponibilizados a pasto para touros da raça Angus, variedade vermelha, Caracu e Nelore, variedade mocha, também avaliando as causas e funções dos diferentes comportamentos, detectando as possíveis preferências por água para imersão ou sombra ou interações entre esses recursos. O experimento foi realizado na FZEA/USP, Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia. Os aspectos comportamentais de seis bovinos machos inteiros de cada raça foram avaliados em três experimentos distintos de mesma metodologia, para três diferentes tratamentos: TS - disponibilidade de sombra de árvores e artificial (malha de polietileno), TSA - disponibilidade de sombra artificial e de água para imersão, e TA - disponibilidade de água para imersão. Os registros das temperaturas de globo negro e da umidade relativa do ar foram tomados a cada 15 minutos entre o amanhecer e o anoitecer, juntamente com as variáveis comportamentais dos animais: posição (ao sol, à sombra natural e artificial ou na água), postura (em pé ou deitado) e atividades (pastejo, ruminação, deslocamento, ócio ou outras atividades). Os resultados dos experimentos mostraram que animais da raça Angus utilizam com frequência os recursos de proteção contra o calor durante grande parte do dia, especialmente nos momentos onde a temperatura é mais elevada, a sombra é a opção utilizada na maior parte das vezes, mas a água pode ser utilizada quando a sombra não está disponível. As atividades de ruminação e ócio foram realizadas majoritariamente enquanto os animais estavam sob a sombra e deitados. O pastejo ocorreu com maior frequência nos horários onde as temperaturas foram mais amenas. Para os animais da raça Caracu, o uso da sombra ocorreu numa frequência moderada e o da água foi baixo, mesmo quando as temperaturas foram mais elevadas, e a atividade de pastejo ocorreu de forma distribuída durante todo o dia e de forma mais intensa ao amanhecer e entardecer. Os animais da raça Nelore não utilizaram os recursos de defesa contra o calor, mesmo quando as temperaturas foram mais elevadas. Concluiu-se que os bovinos optam por utilizar o sombreamento como recurso de defesa contra as temperaturas elevadas e a radiação solar direta, e que na ausência de sombreamento podem utilizar a água para imersão como recurso secundário de proteção contra o calor. O menor nível de tolerância ao estresse ocasionado pelo calor faz com que animais menos adaptados ou que possuam a termólise prejudicada procurem os recursos de termólise com maior frequência e intensidade. Raças mais adaptadas possuem uma maior amplitude de tolerância ao estresse térmico. / Cattle under grazing conditions in tropical areas seek for shade as a thermal comfort resource often during the hottest periods of the day. The objective of this study was to evaluate and understand how cattle of different origins (Caracu - adapted taurus, Nellore - zebu and Red Angus - european taurus) use the thermal comfort resources, quantifying the frequencies of utilization of shade and water for immersion (pond), available in the pasture, analyzing the causes and functions of different behaviors, detecting the preferences for shade or water for immersion, or interactions of both. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Biometeorology and Ethology of FZEA/USP. The behavioral patterns of six young bulls of each breed were evaluated in three different experiments with same methodology, for three different treatments: availability of trees and artificial shade (TS), availability of artificial shade and water for immersion (TSA) and availability of water for immersion (TA). The black globe temperature and relative humidity were taken every 15 minutes between sunrise and sunset and the behavioral patterns were recorded at the same moment, using the focal sampling method and the categories observed were: position (in the sun, in the natural or artificial shade or in the pond), the posture (standing or lying down) and the activities (grazing, ruminating, moving, resting or other). The results showed that the Angus animals use the resources for protection against heat more often during the day, especially when the temperature is high, the shade is the option used in most of the times, but the pond can be utilized when the shade is not available. The main activity occurring in the sun was grazing, especially concentrated during the cooler hours of the day, and the ruminating and resting were done often when animals were under the shade and lying down. For the Caracu breed animals, the use of the shade occurred in a moderated frequency and the use of pond were low, even when the temperatures were higher, and the grazing activity were distributed during the day and intensively done at sunrise and sunset. The Nellore animals did not utilize the resources against the heat stress, even when the temperature was higher. On a whole, bovines under grazing conditions in hot climates choose the shade as thermal comfort resource against the high temperatures and heat load, and if the shade is not available they can use the pond for immersion as a second resource against heat stress. The lower level of heat tolerance make the less adapted animals seek for the resources more often and more intensively. The more adapted breeds have a higher range of heat tolerance against the heat stress.

O objeto desta pesquisa é a relação entre as variáveis microclimáticas urbanas e as de sensação térmica. Parte-se da hipótese de que a predição de conforto térmico em espaços abertos requer modelos com calibração e validação específicas para dada população adaptada a determinadas condições climáticas. O objetivo é propor um método para quantificar as correlações entre variáveis microclimáticas urbanas (temperatura, umidade e velocidade do ar e radiação térmica) e variáveis subjetivas (percepção e preferência de sensações térmicas), mediadas por variáveis individuais (vestimentas e atividade física), possibilitando a predição do grau de adequação térmica de espaços abertos para uma população adaptada às condições climáticas em que se encontra (no caso específico, na cidade de São Paulo). O método utilizado é indutivo experimental (levantamento em campo de variáveis microclimáticas, individuais e subjetivas) apoiado por método dedutivo computacional comparativo (simulação preditiva). Os resultados do estudo experimental e computacional comparativo fornecem subsídio para duas proposições: (a) calibração de índices interpretativos para modelos existentes, por meio de método iterativo; (b) proposição de nova modelagem preditiva, por meio de método numérico apoiado por método analítico. Os produtos finais da pesquisa são: (I) procedimento para quantificação empírica de variáveis, (II) quadro comparativo de modelos, (III) calibração de modelos para o caso em estudo, (IV) método de calibração de modelos para outros casos, (V) novo modelo preditivo para o caso em estudo, (VI) método de modelagem preditiva para aplicação em outros casos, (VII) análise e síntese crítica do caso em estudo e dos metódos desenvolvidos. / The subject of this research is the relationship between urban microclimatic and thermal sensation variables. The hypothesis is that outdoor thermal comfort prediction requires modeling with specific calibration and validation to a given population adapted to certain climatic conditions. The objective is to propose a method to quantify the correlations between urban microclimatic variables (temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation) and subjective variables (thermal sensation perception and preference), mediated by means of individual variables (clothing insulation and metabolic rate), allowing the prediction of the outdoor thermal environment adequacy to a population adapted to a given climatic condition (in the specific case, the city of Sao Paulo). The method used is experimental inductive (field research of microclimatic, individual and subjective variables) supported by comparative computational deductive (predictive simulation). The field research and predictive simulation results allow twos propositions: (a) interpretative indexes calibration for predictive models, by means of iterative method; (b) proposition of a new predictive model, by means of numeric and analytic methods. The research final products are: (I) procedure for empirical estimation of microclimatic, individual and subjective variables (II) comparative chart of predictive models, (III) models calibration for the case in study, (IV) calibration method to be applied in other cases, (V) new predictive model based on the case in study, (VI) predictive modeling method to be applied in other cases, (VII) critical analysis and synthesis of the case in study and the developed methods.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade ambiental interna de lojas da região central na cidade de São Carlos/SP. Foram monitorados os seguintes parâmetros: concentração e análise química de MP10 e de MP2,5, \'CO IND.2\', níveis de ruído, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. A coleta de dados foi realizada de maneira simultânea em ambientes internos e externos de quatro lojas do centro da cidade por um período de oito horas diárias, das 9 h às 17 h. Dois pontos estavam localizados de frente para vias de grande circulação de veículos e dois no calçadão da cidade (sem trânsito de veículos). Os valores de concentração, tanto de MP10 como de MP2,5, se apresentaram, na maior parte dos dias de coleta, com os valores internos superiores aos externos. Para o período chuvoso, em que foi realizado o maior número de coletas, os valores de concentração não ultrapassaram os limites estabelecidos pela OMS, de 25 \'mü\'g/\'M POT.3\' para o MP2,5 e de 50 \'mü\'g/\'M POT.3\' para o MP10. Quanto à análise química, foi observado que não há diferenças significativas entre os ambientes interno e externo. Sendo que, em ambos os ambientes, foram encontrados Si, S, Ca, Fe, Al, K e Cu, elementos comumente observados em áreas urbanas. Em relação ao \'CO IND.2\', o seu monitoramento não se mostrou relevante, já que todos os ambientes monitorados realizavam trocas de ar com o ambiente externo de forma natural, dessa forma a concentração não atingiu valores preocupantes. Os níveis de poluição sonora monitorados no ambiente externo foram superiores aos do ambiente interno em todos os dias monitorados. Os pontos de monitoramento que ficavam direcionados para as vias de circulação de veículos apresentaram valores superiores aos encontrados no calçadão da cidade. Em todos os dias monitorados, os valores de ruído dos ambientes interno e externo não apresentaram acordo com o padrão estabelecido pela NBR 10.151/2.000, de 50 dB(A) e 60 dB(A), respectivamente. Sendo que os valores externos ficaram entre 61 dB(A) e 66,8 dB(A) e, para o ambiente interno, os valores variaram de 53,9 dB(A) a 63,6 dB(A). A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar apresentaram variações ao longo do dia e, de acordo com a RE/ANVISA nº 09/2003 e o índice HI, a maioria dos dias monitorados sugere sensação de desconforto térmico aos ocupantes desses locais. / This study aimed to evaluate the indoor environmental quality of shops in the central region in São Carlos/SP. The following parameters were monitored: the concentration and chemical analysis of MP10 and MP2,5, \'CO IND.2\', noise levels, temperature and relative humidity. Data collection was performed simultaneously in internal and eternal environments of four stores in the center of town for period of eight hours daily, from 9 am to 5 pm. Two points were located in front of large circulation routes for vehicles and two on the sidewalk of the city (no vehicle traffic). The values concentration both PM10 and PM2,5 are presented, in most days of collection, with the internal values higher than the outside. For the rainy season, which was held in the greatest number of samples, the concentration values did not exceed the limits set by OMS of 25 \'mü\'g/\'M POT.3\' for MP2,5 and 50 \'mü\'g/\'M POT.3\' for MP10. In the chemical analyses, it was not observed significant differences between the internal and external environments, since in both environments were found Si, S, Ca, Fe, Al, Cu and K, elements commonly seen in urban areas. In relation to the \'CO IND.2\' monitoring was not relevant, since all monitored environments performed ais exchanges with the external environment in a natural way, producing values concentration not concern. The noise levels monitored in the external environment were superior to the internal environment every day. The monitoring points directed to the traffic routes of vehicles had higher values than those found on the sidewalk of the city. On each day the monitored noise vaues of the internal and external environments not presented inside of the standard established by NRB 10.151/2000 of 50 dB(A) e 60 dB(A), respectively, since external values were between 61 dB(A) and 66,8 dB(A), and the internal environment values ranged from 53,9 dB(A) and 63,6 dB(A). The temperature and relative humidity showed variations thoughout the day, and according to RE/ANVISA nº 09/2003 and the index HI, most of the days monitored suggests thermal discomfort to the occupants of these places.

Neste trabalho, foi pesquisada a eficiência de abrigos individuais para bezerros, a partir de índices de conforto térmico (carga térmica radiante, índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e índice de globo negro) calculados com base na temperatura ambiente, temperatura de globo negro e umidade relativa do ar, comparando-se abrigos cobertos por telha de cimento celulose ou telha de cimento amianto comercial. O experimento foi implantado num sistema de abrigos convencionais, tipo boxe, com cinco tratamentos diferentes e cinco repetições por tratamento (um bezerro por repetição), durante os meses de setembro a novembro de 2002. Foram registradas variáveis fisiológicas de termorregulação (freqüência respiratória e temperatura retal). As telhas de cimento celulose foram caracterizadas por meio de testes físicos e mecânicos com resultados aceitáveis. Estimou-se o custo final da produção da telha de cimento celulose, que se mostrou vantajoso em relação a outras opções de cobertura com telha cerâmica. Os abrigos expostos ao sol e cobertos com telha de cimento amianto apresentaram os índices menos satisfatórios quanto ao conforto térmico animal, em relação aos demais abrigos também expostos ao sol. Já os abrigos cobertos com telhas de cimento celulose apresentaram os melhores índices de conforto térmico animal, quando estes estavam dispostos em área sombreada. Os resultados das variáveis fisiológicas também foram significativamente melhores para os tratamentos posicionado à sombra. Encontrou-se uma relação satisfatória entre os resultados de conforto térmico e os resultados fisiológicos. / This work focused the efficiency of individual housing for calves, based on thermal comfort indexes (radiant thermic load, black globe humidity index and black globe index) that were calculated with ambient temperature, black globe temperature and relative humidity of the air. Animal housing covered with cellulose cement tiles were compared with commercial asbestos cement tiles. The experiment was installed in a system of conventional housing, box type, with five different treatments (one calf per repetition), during the period from September to December 2002. Physiological variables of thermoregulation (respiration rate and rectal temperature) were also registered during the experiment. The roofing tiles of cellulose cement were characterized by physical and mechanical tests with acceptable results. The final cost of the production of the cellulose cement tiled showed to be advantageous in relation to other options of roofing with ceramic tiles. The housing exposed to the sunlight and covered with asbestos cement tiles presented the less satisfactory results for the animal thermal comfort in comparison with the others treatments exposed to the sun. The housing covered with cellulose cement tiles under shade showed the best results of thermal comfort. The results of the physiological variables were significantly better for the treatment positioned under the shade. A satisfactory relation between the thermal comfort indexes and the physiological results were found in the conditions of the present work.