by Leung Kwok-kuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46). / Table of contents --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Abstract --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1- --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Nucleation / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Homogeneous nucleation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heterogeneous nucleation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Growth and formation of dendrites / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Lateral growth --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Dendrites formation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Previous result --- p.7 / Figures --- p.9 / References --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Experimental set-up and techniques / Chapter 2.1 --- High temperature furnace / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Design --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Working principle --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- Removal of heterogeneous impurities / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Common methods --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Method used --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Preparation of undercooled Si specimen / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Fluxing in B2O3 --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fluxing in glass --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Examine the microstructure of the sample / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Surface morphology --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Internal morphology --- p.24 / Figures --- p.26 / References --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Microstructures of undercooled Si / Chapter 3.1 --- Abstract --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Introduction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.44 / References --- p.46 / Table --- p.47 / Figures --- p.48

Wang Xiaofeng = Hf基高K介电薄膜的微观结构和电子结构研究 / 王晓峰. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-67). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Wang Xiaofeng = Hf ji gao K jie dian bo mo de wei guan jie gou he dian zi jie gou yan jiu / Wang Xiaofeng. / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Ideal high-k materials --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Current problems with Si02 and possible solutions --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Requirements on the high-k gate dielectric materials --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Recent results on high-k gate dielectrics --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- A1203 --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Y203 and La203 --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Hf02 and Zr02 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Pseudo-binary Alloys --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- Experimental and Instrumentation --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2 --- Transmission electron diffraction (TED) --- p.15 / Chapter 3.3 --- Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) --- p.16 / Chapter 4 --- Data Analysis Methodology --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1 --- Diffraction analysis --- p.22 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Ring ratio analysis for polycrystal diffraction pattern --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- RDF analysis for amorphous materials --- p.24 / Chapter 4.2 --- Eliminating the plural scattering in EELS --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Removal of plural scattering from inner-shell edges --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Fourier-Ratio deconvolution --- p.30 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Demonstration using Co L2,3 core-loss spectrum" --- p.31 / Chapter 5 --- The Temperature Effect on the Microstructure of HfO2 Films --- p.37 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experimental --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2 --- Phase identification and crystallinity analysis of the Hf02 thin films --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Phase and crystallinity analysis from TEDs --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The phase and crystallinity evolution with the growth temperature --- p.39 / Chapter 5.3 --- The local symmetry of Hf atom in the films --- p.40 / Chapter 6 --- Effect of A1 Addition on the Microstructure and Electronic Structure of HfO2 Films --- p.43 / Chapter 6.1 --- Experimental --- p.44 / Chapter 6.2 --- RDF analysis of HfAlO films --- p.45 / Chapter 6.3 --- The local symmetry of Hf atom in the HfAlO films --- p.46 / Chapter 6.4 --- Loss functions of HfAlO films --- p.48 / Chapter 7 --- Comparison of A1 and Y Addition on the Microstructure of Hf02 Films --- p.56 / Chapter 7.1 --- Experimental --- p.57 / Chapter 7.2 --- Phase identification and crystallinity analysis of the alloy thin films --- p.57 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Phase and crystallinity analysis from TEDs --- p.57 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- The phase and crystallinity evolution with the Y and A1 incorporation --- p.58 / Chapter 7.3 --- The local symmetry of Hf atom in the alloy thin films --- p.59 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.61 / Bibliography --- p.62

近年來微型製冷系統有許多應用。例如，電子器件的冷却是研製更快速、更小型和更可靠的芯片的重要課題, 隨著電子芯片功耗的增加，散熱量不断增長，傳統的被動式散熱方法已經過時，新的主動式散熱方法成爲必須。又例如微型個人冷卻系統可用於救火等各種惡劣環境。与其它製冷方法相比，蒸氣壓縮製冷技術是最有潜力的方法。 / 本文闡述了两种微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統的研製工作：一是電子冷却系统，一是個人热舒适系统。研究主要包括以下幾個方面： / 1) 微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統的熱力學分析。對系統在不同工作條件下（包括壓縮機效率、環境溫度等）的性能進行了分析。对換熱器的設計也作了详述。 / 2) 微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統的熵分析。通過分析發現，壓縮機和系統漏熱造成的熵是產生系統不可逆性的主要因素,因此高效的壓縮機和降低系統漏熱是提高微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統性能的關鍵所在。 / 3) 實驗系统的詳細介紹。一共做了两套微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統，一为電子冷卻系統和一为個人冷卻系統。爲了縮小微型蒸氣壓縮製冷系統的尺寸，系統的元件必須小型化。系統的壓縮機是在市場上直接购買的，但是換熱器包括冷板蒸發器、管翅式蒸發器和微通道冷凝器都是特別設計和製造的。實驗裝置建成可以方便的改變工作條件，諸如壓縮機轉速、製冷劑充灌量、毛細管長度、換熱器面積等。 / 4) 對電子冷卻系統和個人冷卻系統分別進行了實驗。對於電子散熱系統來，當發熱管的功率為200瓦時，冷板溫度可以控制在大約60攝氏度。系統的熱力學完善度在0.23到0.31，而壓縮機的效率介乎40%至65%。對個人冷卻系統來，系統製冷量可達321瓦，其性能係數達到4.59。系統的熱力學完善度為0.21 ~ 0.27。 兩种系統的熱力學完善度都與當前家用製冷系统的熱力學完善度相似。相信不久的将来会有不少应用。 / Micro refrigeration systems are being increasingly used nowadays. One example is electronic cooling. With the rapid advancement of chips, traditional passive heat dissipation techniques are becoming obsolete and hence, new active cooling techniques become necessary. The other example is the personal thermal comfort system demanded by people working in the hazardous environment, such as fire fighting. Among various cooling methods, Vapor Compression Refrigeration (VCR) is the most promising method. According literatures, however, few miniature refrigeration systems are available. / This thesis presents two Miniature Vapor Compression Refrigeration (MVCR) systems, one for electronics cooling and the other for personal thermal comfort. In particularly, following aspects are focused: / 1) Thermodynamic analysis. The thermodynamic models of the systems are developed and the performances are studied under various working conditions including compressor efficiencies, ambient temperature and so on. / 2) Entropy analysis. It is found that entropy of the compressor and the heat leakage play crucial roles. High efficient compressor and the heat leakage minimization are very important. / 3) Prototype building. Two prototypes are built: one for electronics cooling and the other for personal thermal comfort. The miniature compressors are purchased from market. The heat exchangers, including the cold pate, tube-fin evaporator and micro channel condenser, are custom designed and made. / 4) Experiment testing. The two prototypes are tested under various working conditions such as compressor speed, refrigerant charge and capillary tube length. For the electronics cooling system, the cold plate temperature could be maintained at about 60 ºC under the 200 W heater power input. The second-law efficiency of the system varies from 0.23 to 0.31; and the compressor efficiency is between 40% ~ 65%. For the personal thermal comfort system, its capacity could reach 321 W with 100 g refrigerant charge, 1200 mm capillary tube length, and the compressor speed of 4503 rpm. The COP is 4.59 and the second-law efficiency is between 0.21 ~ 0.27. The performances of the two systems are comparable to that of the current domestic refrigeration systems. Therefore, it is expected that they will find some practical applications in the near future. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wu, Zhihui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-110). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / Acknowledgement --- p.IV / List of Tables --- p.VIII / List of Figures --- p.IX / Nomenclature --- p.XII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Backgound --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Thesis Outline --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- History of Refrigeration --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Availabe Refrigeration Methods --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Heat pipe and vapor chamber --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Thermoelectric cooler --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Stirling refrigerator --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Pulse tube refrigerator --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Absorption refrigerator --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Vapor Compression Refrigeration System --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Development of the miniature refrigeration system --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Development of the miniature compressors --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Development of the micro heat exchangers --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Applications --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- System Analsysis and Components Design --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- A Brief Review of a Typical VCR System --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Refrigerant comparison --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Effect of the compressor efficiency --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Effect of the ambient temperature --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effect of the evaporator temperature --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Analysis on Entropy Generation of a MVCR System --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Derivation of coefficient of performance --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Entropy generation calculation for a MVCR system --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- System Design --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- System Configuration --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Heat Exchanger Design --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Condenser design --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Cold plate design --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.2.3 --- Tube-fin evaporator design --- p.51 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The MVCR System for Electronics Cooling --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Experimental Setup --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Components --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Instrumentation --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Testing plans --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Data reduction --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Uncertainty analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of the compressor speed --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of the refrigerant charge --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of the capillary tube length --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Cold plate temperature comparison --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Location of the Cartridge heater --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- System efficiency --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Thermal resistance --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The MVCR System for Personal Cooling --- p.85 / Chapter 5.1 --- Experimental Setup --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results and Discussions --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of the compressor speed --- p.87 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of the refrigerant charge --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Effect of the capillary tube length --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Effect of the evaporator area --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Effect of the evaporator fan speed --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- System efficiency --- p.92 / Chapter 5.3 --- Summary --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.96 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.96 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future Work --- p.98 / Bibliography --- p.99

我們研究了極端嗜熱古菌Pyrococcus horikoshii 的嗜熱性酰基磷酸酶acylphosphatase (PhAcP) ，以及與它同源的人類嗜溫性酶(HuCTAcP) 的熱穩定性。我們發現PhAcP的熱穩定性之所以比HuCTAcP高出很多，是由於熔融溫度的焓變值的增加以及變性熱容量的減少。研究蛋白質熱穩定性的其中一個推動力，是運用我們的知識去製造耐高溫的酶，這對工業和生物技術非常重要。通過交換 PhAcP的嗜熱核和 HuCTAcP的嗜溫核以及研究變種的熱穩定性，我們認為蛋白表面是改善熱穩定性工程的首選地區。嗜熱和嗜溫蛋白質之間的主要區別，在於嗜熱蛋白質有更多的表面鹽橋。為了探討表面鹽橋對蛋白熱穩定性的貢獻，我們採用雙突變循環，量化嗜熱蛋白T.celer L30e一表面鹽橋的相互作用能。我們的結果顯示，表面鹽橋對蛋白質穩定性的貢獻是獨立於溫度變化的。此外，表面鹽橋對蛋白質變性熱容量的減少起一定作用。 / We characterized the thermodynamic properties of thermophilic acylphosphatase from Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhAcP) and its mesophilic homologue from human (HuCTAcP) and found that the much higher thermostability of PhAcP was the result of increased enthalpy change at melting temperature and decreased heat capacity change of unfolding. One incentive to study protein thermostability is to apply our knowledge to engineer thermostable enzyme which is of great industrial and biotechnological importance. Through swapping the core of thermophilic PhAcP and mesophilic HuCTAcP and characterizing the thermostability of the resulting variants, we concluded that surface is a preferred region for thermostability engineering. The key difference between thermophilic and mesophilic proteins lies in the surface on which thermophilic proteins have more salt-bridges. To investigate the contribution of surface salt-bridge to protein thermostability, we employed double-mutant cycle to quantify the pair-wise interaction energy of a surface salt-bridge in thermophilic T.celer L30e. Our results showed that surface salt-bridge had a temperature independent contribution to the protein stability and plays a role in the reduction of the heat capacity change of unfolding. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yu, Tsz Ha. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-93). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / Content --- p.iv / List of Abbreviations --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1: --- General introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Definition of protein stability --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Contribution to thermostability from the protein core --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition of hydrophobic effect --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Why the hydrophobic effect has been recognized as the major driving force for protein folding? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Contribution to thermostability from the protein surface --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Electrostatic interactions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Exposed hydrogen bonds and helix propensity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Surface loop --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- Protein stability curve --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- The incentive to study protein thermostability --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methods --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Generation of DNA clones --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2 --- Plasmid transformation to competent E. coli strain --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Expression of recombinant proteins --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- T. celer L30e --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Acylphosphatase --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Protein extraction from E. coli by sonication --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5 --- Protein purification --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- T. celer L30e --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Acylphosphatase --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6 --- Circular dichroism experiment --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Thermal denaturation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Denaturant-induced denaturation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.7 --- Differential scanning calorimetry --- p.24 / Chapter 2.8 --- Enzymatic assay of AcPs using benzoyl phosphate as substrate --- p.25 / Chapter 2.9 --- Crystallization and crystal structure refinement --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Thermodynamic characterization of thermophilic acylphosphatase from Pyrococcus horikoshii and its mesophilic homologue from human --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Result --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- PhAcP has a higher thermostability than HuCTAcP --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- PhAcP has an upshifted and broadened PSC compared with the PSC of HuCTAcP --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- PhAcP has a highly enhanced ΔH[subscript m] and slightly reduced ΔC[subscript p]. --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Thermophilic AcPs harness enhanced ΔH[subscript m] and reduced ΔC[subscript p] to attain a higher thermostability. --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Possible structural differences between PhAcP and HuCTAcP that lead to the higher thermostability of PhAcP. --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Protein surface is a preferred region for thermostability engineering --- p.47 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Construction of the chimera with Thermophilic Surface and Mesophilic Core (T[subscript surf]M[subscript core]), and the chimera with Mesophilic Surface and Thermophilic Core (M[subscript surf]T[subscript core]). --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The crystal structures of the chimera T[subscript surf]M[subscript core] and M[subscriptsurf]T[subscript core] reveal that anticipated interactions are engineered. --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Characterization of the thermodynamic stabilities of the chimeras at different temperatures --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Engineering a thermophilic surface onto a mesophilic protein enhances thermostability --- p.59 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Concluding remarks --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- Supplementary Tables --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Stabilizing surface salt-bridge enhances protein thermostability by upshifting the protein stability curve --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Design of variants --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Determination of the pair-wise interaction energy of K46 and E62 by double-mutant cycles --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Surface salt-bridge K46/E62 is stabilizing and its interaction energy is insensitive to temperature changes --- p.75 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Stabilizing salt-bridge K46/E62 reduces ΔC[subscript p] and upshifts protein stability curve --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Stabilization effect brought by surface salt-bridge is insensitive to temperature change --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- The pair-wise interaction energy of K46-E62 determined by DMC reflects their electrostatic interaction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Surface salt-bridge contributes to the reduction of ΔC[subscript p] in thermophilic proteins --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Reduced ΔC[subscript p] upshifts and broadens the PSC resulting a higher T[subscript m] --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4 --- Supplementary Figures and Tables --- p.85 / Chapter Appendix --- List of Publications --- p.88 / References --- p.89

"A series of one dimensional horizontal infiltration experiments were performed to investigate the predictive capabilities of the Kao and Hunt model. By modifying pristine laboratory apparatus, a reasonable range of soil temperatures was achieved. Experiments were run at approximately 5°C, 20°C, and 35°C. Distilled water was used as an infiltrating liquid and silica powder was used as soil. The infiltrating liquid was dispensed into the column at zero pressure head. The results of the experiments show that the model is adaptable to a range of temperature conditions by modifying terms for the liquid effects of the model, viscosity and surface tension. Experimental data and model predictions differed by 30 percent at most. Although the change in the rate of infiltration across the range of temperatures is perceivable, it is small in comparison to the effects caused by heterogeneity encountered in nature. "

Thesis. 1977. Ocean E.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 93-95. / by Osie "V". Combs, Jr. / Ocean E.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1978. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / B.S.

It has been observed that thermophilic enzymes are often more sluggish at lower temperatures but comparable active as their mesophilic homologues at their corresponding living temperatures. Although these thermophilic enzymes exhibit high structural stability, the increased stability leads to a decreased flexibility of the thermophilic enzymes in return. To yield further advances in analysis of the interrelationships between flexibility and activity of enzymes, also the molecular basis of enzyme adaptation, we used a pair of thermo-meso acylphosphatase homologues with high level of similarity isolated from hyperthermophilic archeaon Pyrococcus horikoshii (PhAcP) and human (HuAcP) as model to study this issue. Despite the fact that their active-site residues are highly conserved, activity (kcat) of PhAcP is remarkably reduced compared with HuAcP at low temperatures. Based on crystal structure comparison, an extra salt bridge was formed between active site residue and C-terminus of PhAcP. To examine the role of salt bridge plays in catalytic reaction of AcPs, we designed a mutant PhG91A to disrupt the salt bridge in thermophilic PhAcP. In parallel, a salt bridge was re-engineered into mesophilic HuAcP to create HuA99K. Interestingly, the thermophilic variant PhG91A exhibited a more mesophilic-like manner in terms of activity and thermodynamic parameters. On the contrary, mesophilic HuA99K displayed a more thermophilic-like character. This is supplemented by detailed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, revealing good qualitative agreement with experimental findings. Both theory and experiment results had provided evidences that the presence of a specific salt bridge is directly associated with the temperature adaptation of AcPs by reducing the catalytic site flexibility. / Lam, Yan. / Adviser: K. B. Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3364. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-127). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Ngai To. / "May 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

by Chan Kim Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Chan Kim Wai. / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Rapid solidification / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Rapid quenching --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Undercooling --- p.1-2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Grain refinement / Chapter 1.2.1 --- What is grain refinement? --- p.1-5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Previous results in grain refinement / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Pure metals (or dilute alloys) --- p.1-5 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Alloys --- p.1-9 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Semiconductor --- p.1-10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Critical crystal growth velocity V* --- p.1-11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Proposed models to grain refinement / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Dynamic nucleation and cavitation --- p.1-12 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Remelting (melt-back) --- p.1-14 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Interdendritic fluid flow --- p.1-15 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Volumetric manifestation of grain refinement --- p.1-15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aim of this project --- p.1-16 / References / Figures / Chapter Chapter II --- Experimental / Chapter 2.1 --- Pure palladium / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Sample preparation and procedure --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Limitation and choice of flux --- p.2-2 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- High temperature furnace --- p.2-3 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Measurement of specific volume / Chapter 2.1.4.1 --- Theory --- p.2-4 / Chapter 2.1.4.2 --- Setup --- p.2-5 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Observing internal morphology --- p.2-5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Palladium with insoluble impurity / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Choice of insoluble impurities --- p.2-6 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.2-7 / References / Figures / Chapter Chapter III --- Results and Discussion / Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Pure palladium / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Specific volume --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Grain structure and internal voids --- p.3-2 / Chapter 3.2 --- Palladium with insoluble impurity / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Pinning effect of insoluble impurities --- p.3-3 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Pd-Ni-S system / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Grain refinement in Pd99.9Ni-S)0.1 --- p.3-4 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Change of ΔT* with addition of sulfur --- p.3-5 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Internal voids --- p.3-5 / Discussion / Chapter 3.3 --- Dynamic nucleation of Pd-Ni-S system --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.4 --- Void formation of pure palladium and Pd-Ni-S --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.5 --- Grain refinement and specific volume --- p.3-7 / Reference / Figures