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The deformation of a mirror's optical surface due to a spacial variation of the coefficient of thermal expansion is examined. Four types of variations of the coefficient of thermal expansion are studied. These represent variations which result after typical manufacturing and/or fabrication processes. Equations describing the deformations resulting from the variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion are derived for some of the cases. Deformations due to more complex variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion are developed empirically using data generated by the finite-element method.

No description available.

In the year 2006, the energy performance directive 2002/91/EG was passed by the European Union, according to this directive the Swedish building code was supplemented by a key measure of energy use intensity (EUI). The implemented EUI equals some energy use within a building divided by its floor area and must be calculated in new housing estate and shown when renting or selling housing property. In order to improve the EUI, energy efficiency refurbishments could be implemented. Building energy simulation tools enables a virtual view a building model and can estimate the energy use before implementing any refurbishments. They are a powerful resource when determine the impact of the refurbishment measure. In order to obtain a correct model which corresponds to the actual energy use, some adjustments of the model are often needed. This process refers to as calibration. The used EUI has been criticized and thus, the first objective in this work was to suggest an alternative key measure of a buildings performance. The results showed that the currently used EUI is disfavoring some districts in Sweden. New housing estate in the far north must take more refined actions in order to fulfill the regulation demand, given that the users are behaving identical regardless where the house is located. Further, the suggested measure is less sensitive to the users’ behavior than the presently used EUI. It also has a significance meaning in building design as it relating the building shape and thermal properties and stating that extreme building shapes must undergo a stricter thermal construction rather than buildings that are more compact. Thus, the suggested key measure also creates a communication link between architects and the consultant constructors. The second objective of this thesis has been to investigate a concept of calibration using the data normally provided by energy bills, i.e. some monthly aggregated data. A case study serves to answer this objective, by using the building energy simulation tool IDA ICE 4.7 and a building located in Umeå, Sweden. The findings showed that the used calibration approach yielded a model considered as calibrated in eleven of twelve months. Furthermore, the method gives a closer agreement to the actual heat demand rather than using templates and standardized values. The major explanation of the deviation was influence of the users, but also that the case study building burden with large heat losses by domestic hot water circulation and thus, more buildings should be subjected to this calibration approach.

The preparation of layered double hydroxides via titration with sodium hydroxide was thoroughly investigated for a number of M(II)/M(III) combinations. These titration curves were examined and used to calculate nominal solubility product constants and other thermodynamic quantities for the various LDH chloride systems.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 V56 / Master of Science / Grain Science and Industry

Low-to-negative thermal expansion is an important property for materials in a wide range of applications including space applications, microwave components, construction, mirrors, dental fillings and high precision ion dilatometers. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) has been used to investigate the thermoresponsive behavior of Nb6.7W10.3O47, Ta14.8W1.2O46, Ta16W18O94 and BaPbO3. Calibration and benchmarking of the diffractometer was performed to ensure accurate results are obtained. Continuous Online X-ray Analysis (COXA) enabled the close monitoring of phase transitions, changes in any lattice parameters in response to thermal stimuli. When COXA is coupled with Rietveld refinement, coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) could be determined accurately. The tungstates were synthesized using a precipitation reaction and heat treatment from chlorides of the metals (NbCl5; TaCl5) and tungstic acid (H2WO4). The products, Nb6.7W10.3O47, Ta14.8W1.2O46 and Ta16W18O94, underwent a COXA analysis within the temperature range 30 ˚C to 900 ˚C. Nb6.7W10.3O47 has a mean volumetric CTE of 6.704 x 10-6 ˚C-1, and therefore has low positive thermal expansion. The tantalum tungstates were found to have low positive thermal expansion as well. Ta14.8W1.2O46 and Ta16W18O94 have mean volumetric CTEs of 2.101 x 10-5 ˚C-1 and 9.851 x 10-6 ˚C-1. BaPbO3 underwent two phase transitions between 30 ˚C and 550 ˚C from orthorhombic Imma to I4/mcm to cubic Pm-3m. The transition from Imma to I4/mcm took place at 270 ˚C. The phase transition from I4/mcm to Pm-3m took place at 390 ˚C.

This experim ental project aims to describe the influencing factors in the vacuum boiling o f w ater in w ater vapour refrigeration system s Testing was conducted using a 2 kW three-stage steam je t ejector system, w ith barom etric condensers, as the com pression device. Three direct-contact evaporators were used to investigate the boiling phenom ena. T hese were : a through-flow evaporator w here heal and mass transfer rates were established for boiling m echanism s at various positions within the evaporator; a vertical cylinder where small quantities o f w ater were subjected to rapid decom pression and the effects m easured, and a sim ple channel for photographic studies o f the process. Boiling in direct-contact water vapour systems is described herein The vacuum boiling proo ss was found to be controlled by a com bination o f the w ater surface tem perature and the hydrostatic pressure gradient, these being governed by the w ater vapour flow geometry between the w ater surface and ejector suction and convective heat transfer below the boiling region. The contributions o f the various boiling regim es to the total heat transfer are discussed. Heat and mass transfer coefficients and their applicability to evaporator design are presented

Vidros boratos contendo óxidos modificadores vêm sendo estudados por apresentarem um número atômico efetivo próximo ao do tecido humano, o que os tornam materiais interessantes para o desenvolvimento de dosímetros termoluminescentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as propriedades térmicas e estruturais do sistema xCaB4O7-(100-x)CaB2O4, com x variando de 0 a 100 % em massa. As amostras sem dopantes foram previamente estudadas a fim de determinar uma composição que apresentasse a melhor resposta termoluminescente (TL) para a inclusão do íon Dy como dopante e Li como co-dopante, aumentando a eficiência TL da mesma. Pelo método de fusão e moldagem, foram obtidos amostras vítreas e vitrocerâmicas. A fase cristalina presente nas amostras vitrocerâmicas foi determinada por difratometria de raios X e identificada como fase única CaB2O4. A composição vitrocerâmica 20CaB4 (% em massa) apresentou a melhor resposta TL, sendo dopada com Dy e co-dopada com Li para o estudo das propriedades dosimétricas. Este estudo mostrou uma resposta linear num intervalo de 5 a 70 minutos de exposição à radiação ultravioleta e uma boa reprodutibilidade do sinal TL provando ser um material promissor para a utilização em dosimetria pessoal e clínica. / Borate glasses containing modified oxides have been studied on account of their effective atomic number close to that of the human tissue, what makes them interesting materials for the development of the thermoluminescent dosimeters. The purpose of this work was to study the thermal and structure properties of the xCaB4O7-(100-x)CaB2O4 system with x ranging from 0 to 100 wt%. The undoped samples were previously studied in order to determine a composition that would present a better thermoluminescent response for the incluision of the Dy íon as dopant and Li as co-dopant, thus increasing its TL efficiency. By the melting/molding method, the glass-ceramic samples was determined by the X-ray difractometry and identified as a unique CaB2O4 phase. The glass-ceramic 20 CaB2O4 (wt%) composition presented the best TL response being doped with Dy and co-doped with Li for the study of the dosimetric properties. This study has shown a linear response within an interval of 5 to 70 minutes of exposure to the UV radiation and good reproducibility of the TL signal, thus proving to be a promising material for using in the personal and clinical dosimetry.

Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University Of Technology, 2015. / Twelve multicomponent crystals of dicarboxylic acids (succinic, adipic and suberic acid) with derivatives of picoline (4-picoline, 2,4-lutidine, 3,4-lutidine and 3,5-lutidine) were analyzed with the aim of finding correlation between their melting points and crystalline structural features. The solvates of SUC•2,4LUT, SUC•3,4LUT, SUC•3,5LUT and ADP•4PIC are already known structures but were remade for completeness and to obtain their accurate melting temperatures. The acids were selected because of their systematically increasing chain lengths and the selection of the picoline derivatives were based on the systematic variation of the positions of the methyl groups around the pyridine moiety. All the formed multicomponent crystals were analyzed with single crystal X-ray diffraction and parallel to the solution crystallizations, grinding experiments were carried out to prepare the aimed inclusion compounds by using much less of the solvent of crystallization. Thermogravimetry was used to confirm the solvent content of the bulk material and differential scanning calorimetry was applied to obtain information about the melting process, such as the onset and the peak temperature of the melting and the concomitant enthalpy change. The melting temperatures revealed that the inclusion formation significantly decreased the melting points of the staring materials and the melting points of the inclusion compounds for the same acid varied significantly. Hirshfeld surfaces of the base-acid-base moieties and the related fingerprint plots were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively. The melting points of the compounds were plotted against the percentage contribution of the various intermolecular interactions.