The stable isotope compositions (chlorine, oxygen, and hydrogen), major anion concentrations, and major/minor cation concentrations of 37 thermal (any spring water with temperature at least 6.5° C above mean ambient air temperature) and mineral springs from the Cascade volcanic arc system were measured in order to better determine chlorine sources within the Cascades hydrothermal systems, and thus place better constraints on halogen flux through the subduction zone. Typically, most subduction zone flux calculations have been limited to the study of the erupted magmas and gases from fumarole vents, yet magmatic discharge through thermal springs may be considerable, particularly those in the often ignored forearc. Additionally, 9 geochemically well characterized lavas from across the Mt. St. Helens/Mt. Adams region of the Cascade arc (Leeman et al. 2001, 2005) were analyzed for their halogen concentrations, as well as their Cl stable isotope composition. Cl concentrations in the thermal springs range from 6 to 13,850 ppm and have δ37Cl values that range from -0.1‰ to + 1.9‰ (average = +0.8 ± 0.4‰; error = ± 0.2‰), with no systematic variation along or across the arc. The slightly positive values (~0.0 to +0.9‰) may be explained by fluid-rock interaction with underlying lithologic units, such as 37Cl-enriched volcanic sequences, and/or serpentinites or oceanic crust of accreted oceanic terranes. Another process possibly contributing to these positive δ37Cl values, particularly those with δ37Cl > 1‰, is magmatic HCl fractionation during degassing generating an enriched 37Cl vapor which mixes with thermal waters. We cannot completely rule out slab-derived altered oceanic crustal chlorine that has degassed into the springs, although most slab Cl is believed to have already been devolatilized from the slab before reaching sub-arc depths corresponding to longitudes where these springs are located at the surface. Lavas from the Columbia transect across the arc exhibit highest Cl concentrations at the volcanic front compared to the forearc and backarc. Br, like Cl, exhibits highest concentrations along the volcanic front. F and I show a progressive decrease in concentration from forearc to backarc which may demonstrate the putative early surge of fluids/fluid mobile element loss early in subduction at relatively shallow depth. δ37Cl values range from -0.1 to +0.8‰ (error = ± 0.2‰) and may reflect a component of assimilation of crustal material, or is derived from an enriched mantle, although we cannot completely rule out some isotopic fractionation and/or slab-derived chlorine. / text

This thesis describes the importance of spa tourism in Greece reflecting on its history as well as its current status in Greek tourism and the health industry. Its content features basic terminology of the spa industry, specifications and development of the European balneology. This thesis also offers a view on Greek spa market and its performance including legislative and legal framework of the spa sector as well as a SWOT analysis of the Greek spa market. Last but not least it focuses on prospects and possibilities of cooperation between Greece and The Czech Republic in this field. It does so by introducing a new product to the travel industry for Czech clients. This new product takes into consideration current state of demand and health service in the Czech Republic as well as the offerings available from the Greek side.

Στη παρούσα πτυχιακή εργασία παρουσιάζονται στοιχεία σχετικά με τα θερμομεταλλικά νερά της Νήσου Λέσβου. Πραγματοποιήθηκαν υδροχημικές αναλύσεις με δείγματα από τις πηγές: Πολιχνίτου, Αγίου Ιωάννη Λισβορίου, Πέτρας (από γεώτρηση), Λεπέτυμνου, Εφταλούς, Θέρμων Κόλπου Γέρας, Λουτρόπολης Θερμής. Η ηφαιστειακή δραστηριότητα στην περιοχή του Αιγαίου, κατά την Τριτογενή και Τεταρτογενή περίοδο, είχε ως αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση πολλών θερμοπηγών στο νησί, οι οποίες παρουσιάζουν ενδιαφέρον τόσο από θεραπευτική όσο και από γεωλογική άποψη. Οι πηγές αυτές, που αποτελούν σημαντικό φυσικό πόρο της περιοχής, προέρχονται από μετεωρικά νερά (νερά βροχής) που έχουν κατεισδύσει σε μεγάλο βάθος. Τα νερά αυτά θερμαίνονται επαγωγικά και κατόπιν ανεβαίνουν προς την επιφάνεια µε τη βοήθεια της ατμιδικής ενέργειας. Επίσης, συμμετοχή στη σύσταση του νερού των θερμοπηγών πιθανόν να έχει και το θαλασσινό νερό. / --

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a distribuição das concentrações de atividade dos isótopos de rádio de meias-vidas longas, 226Ra e 228Ra, em amostras de águas minerais coletadas no Balneário de Caxambu (MG) e no Balneário de Águas de Lindóia (SP). Foram observadas concentrações de atividade de 228Ra relativamente aumentadas em relação às de 226Ra nas águas minerais estudadas no Balneário de Caxambu. As concentrações elevadas de carbonatos e bicarbonatos destas águas podem resultar em um conseqüente aumento da solubilidade dos isótopos de Ra e pode ter um papel importante para a distribuição do 228Ra e para as reações de equilíbrio entre as fases sólida e líquida das soluções. No Balneário de Caxambu, as concentrações de atividade médias aritméticas variaram de 83 mBq L-1 a 3599 mBq L-1 e de 60 mBq L-1 a 4481 mBq L-1 para 226Ra e 228Ra, respectivamente. O maior valor de atividade de 226Ra foi observado nas águas da Fonte Venâncio, enquanto que a concentração máxima de 228Ra foi determinada na Fonte Ernestina Guedes. As razões de atividade 228Ra/ 226Ra variaram de 0,079 (Fonte Conde DEau e Princesa Isabel) a 4,2 (Fonte Mairink II). Em Águas de Lindóia as concentrações de atividade médias aritméticas variaram de 4,6 mBq L-1 a 41 mBq L-1 e de 30 mBq L-1 a 54 mBq L-1 para 226Ra e 228Ra, respectivamente. O maior valor de atividade de 226Ra foi observado nas águas da Fonte Engarrafada São Jorge, enquanto que a concentração máxima de 228Ra foi determinada na Fonte Santa Filomena (torneira pública 2). As razões de atividade 228Ra/ 226Ra variaram de 1,2 (Fonte Engarrafada São Jorge) a 9,1 (Fonte Engarrafada Jatobá 1). A exposição de indivíduos do público à radiação natural em virtude do consumo das águas minerais também foi avaliada neste trabalho. As doses efetivas foram estimadas utilizando-se um modelo dosimétrico conservativo, e integrando-se os resultados ao longo de 70 anos de vida de um indivíduo adulto, após a incorporação de 226Ra e 228Ra. Os resultados desta avaliação radiossanitária demonstraram que o nível de referência de dose efetiva comprometida recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde de 0,1 mSv a-1 foi ultrapassado em quase todas as fontes de Caxambu, exceto para a Fonte Viotti, Fonte Dom Pedro e Fonte Dona Leopoldina. Em Águas de Lindóia e Lindóia as maiores doses efetivas comprometidas obtidas foram 8,4 10-3 mSv a-1 para o 226Ra (Fonte engarrafada São Jorge) e 2,6 10-2 mSv a-1 para o 228Ra (Fonte Santa Filomena torneira pública 2). Estes valores são menores que o limite recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Doses efetivas comprometidas de até 7,4 x 10-1 mSv a-1 para o 226Ra (Fonte Venâncio, Caxambu) e 2,2 mSv a-1 para o 228Ra (Fonte Ernestina Guedes, Caxambu) foram estimadas no presente trabalho. No caso do 226Ra, este valor representa menos que 31% da dose efetiva média anual atribuída a radioatividade natural. Contudo, no caso do 228Ra, o limite anual de dose efetiva comprometida recomendado pela ICRP (considerando-se todas as fontes de exposição da população mundial à radiação) foi excedido não só na Fonte Ernestina Guedes, mas também na Fonte Beleza. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας, είναι η διερεύνηση των υδροχημικών παραμέτρων των κοκκωδών υδροφόρων της λεκάνης του Σπερχειού, καθώς και η πιθανή τροφοδοσία τους από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις στάθμης, καθώς και υδροχημικές αναλύσεις κύριων στοιχείων, ιχνοστοιχείων και σπάνιων γαιών. Γεωλογικά η περιοχή, στο βορειοανατολικό και νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της ,δομείται από τους σχηματισμούς της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης, στο νότιο από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας και στο δυτικό από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης της Πίνδου. Οι Ολοκαινικές και Πλειο-πλειστοκαινικές αποθέσεις, δομούν το πεδινό τμήμα της λεκάνης και φιλοξενούν τον κύριο υδροφόρο ορίζοντα της περιοχής. Ο ελεύθερος αυτός υδροφόρος μεταπίπτει σε υπό πίεση, εξαιτίας της παρουσίας αργιλικών σχηματισμών, στα ανατολικά της περιοχής. Στα ορεινά τμήματα της λεκάνης, εντός των ανθρακικών σχηματισμών, αναπτύσσονται σημαντικοί υδροφόροι ορίζοντες. Με βάση τον πιεζομετρικό χάρτη της περιοχής προκύπτει ότι η διεύθυνση της ροής του υπόγειου νερού, είναι κυρίως ΒΑ-ΝΑ και o προσχωματικός υδροφόρος, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά, από τους ανθρακικούς σχηματισμούς, που βρίσκονται νότια και βορειοανατολικά του πεδινού τμήματος. Τα υπόγεια νερά της περιοχής, ομαδοποιούνται σε τρεις κύριους υδροχημικούς τύπους: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 και (Ca)-Νa-Cl-(HCO3). Ο πρώτος υδροχημικός τύπος χαρακτηρίζει τα φρέσκα νερά της περιοχής, ο δεύτερος τα νερά που παρέμειναν για μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα στον υδροφόρο και εμπλουτίστηκαν σε Μg+2, και ο τρίτος τα νερά που δέχονται την επίδραση είτε της θάλασσας, είτε των θερμών νερών από μεγαλύτερα βάθη. Από τα αποτελέσματα των υδροχημικών αναλύσεων προέκυψε ότι στην πλειοψηφία τους τα δείγματα είναι κορεσμένα σε ασβεστίτη και δολομίτη. Eπίσης σε μία ομάδα δειγμάτων, διαπιστώθηκε απεμπλουτισμός σε Na, γεγονός που αποδόθηκε σε διαδικασίες ιοντοανταλαγής. Οι αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις Fe, Mn, αποδόθηκαν στη διάλυση των ορυκτών του φλύσχη της Πίνδου, ενώ ο Zn και τα NΟ3 σε ανθρωπογενείς παρεμβάσεις (βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και λιπάσματα). Το As το Li και το Β συνδέονται με την παρουσία θερμών πηγών. Τέλος η μεθοδολογία των σπάνιων γαιών, επαλήθευσε τα αποτελέσματα της πιεζομετρίας αλλά και τα υδροχημικών αναλύσεων, ότι δηλαδή ο προσχωματικός υδροφόρος της περιοχής, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα της περιοχής και συγκεκριμένα από τους ασβεστόλιθους της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης και της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας. / In the frames of this study the hydrochemical parameters of porous aquifers at Sperchios basin, were investigated. Moreover their possible recharge by carbonate rocks was examined. Therefore, a series of water level measurements and a sampling campaign were carried out. The samples were analysed for main, trace and rare earth elements. Regarding the area’s geological setting, its northeastern and southeastern part is comprised of formations of the Subpelagonic Zone, its southern edge of Parnassos-Giona Zone and its western part of Pindos Zone. At the lowlands these formations are overlain by Holocene and Pleistocene deposits which host the most important aquifer of the region. It is an unconfined aquifer, which at the eastern part turns into a confined one, due to the presence of clay formations. Many important aquifers have been also developed in the basin’s carbonate formations. The region’s piezometric map at the southern area indicates that the main water flow direction is NE-SE. Moreover it points out that the carbonate formations recharge the porous aquifer. According to their hydrochemical characteristics groundwater can be divided into three main types: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 and (Ca)-Na-Cl-(HCO3). The first one is typical of the region’s fresh water, the second one indicates longer residence time of the water that was enriched in Mg+2 and the third one of water that was either influenced by sea water or hot springs. The elaboration of the hydrochemical data also showed that the majority of water samples are saturated in calcite and dolomite. There is also a depletion of certain samples in Na+ which was attributed to ion exchange processes. High Fe and Mn concentrations originate from the dissolution of Pindos Flysch minerals, As, Li and B to the presence of hot springs, while Zn and NO3 were related to human impact (industrial waste and fertilizers). The rare earth elements confirmed the original hypothesis, which was based on piezometric data and hydrochemical data analysis, that the region’s porous aquifer is laterally recharged by the carbonate rock formations of Subpelagonic and Parnassos-Giona Zone limestones.

This research aims to investigate the diverse uses of thermal springs and to develop strategies to identify those most appropriate for Sagole with due regard given to the economic, social and environmental aspects. The aim specifically determines the optimum use of the Sagole thermal spring. The following potential uses for Sagole were identified, discussed and analysed in terms of the environmental, social and economic aspects: tourism, aquaculture and geothermal education. The potential cost and benefit of each were also analysed. According to the research finding, the establishment of a Geothermal Education Centre appears to be the most sustainable project with the highest Feasibility Index. It is followed by Health Tourism and then Aquaculture. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

This research aims to investigate the diverse uses of thermal springs and to develop strategies to identify those most appropriate for Sagole with due regard given to the economic, social and environmental aspects. The aim specifically determines the optimum use of the Sagole thermal spring. The following potential uses for Sagole were identified, discussed and analysed in terms of the environmental, social and economic aspects: tourism, aquaculture and geothermal education. The potential cost and benefit of each were also analysed. According to the research finding, the establishment of a Geothermal Education Centre appears to be the most sustainable project with the highest Feasibility Index. It is followed by Health Tourism and then Aquaculture. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze comparatively spa tourism in the United States in relation to European countries. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part presents definitions and characteristics of general terms concerning spa tourism. After that there is approached importance of the spas in the tourism sector and health care. Particular attention is paid to the field of wellness, which is one of the most important components of spa tourism in the US. The practical part presents the characteristics of the United States from the perspective of basic and economic data and subsequently within the particular forms of tourism. The main part of this thesis presents a chapter devoted to the characteristics of spa tourism in the US, where is a briefly presented historical development of the spas, as well as the organizational framework and significant Spa Associations. Subsequent analysis of spa tourism, as well as the wellness area defines on the basis of statistical data the current state of spa tourism and its position in the United States to other countries. The final part presents selected spas in terms of significance of the occurrence of natural healing resources, and also in terms of tourist importance.

English, Afrikaans and Zulu summaries / While there is increasing interest in the effect of landscape on ancient imagination, less attention has been paid to the impact of restless karst hydrology on ancient beliefs. By identifying shared themes, this study compares and contrasts the way Hittites and Aegean people in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages reshaped peripheral karst landscapes into physical and imagined transitional zones. Karst geology underpins much of the Aegean and Anatolian landscape, allowing subterranean zones to be visible and accessible above ground via caves, springs, sinking streams, sinkholes and other unusual natural formations. In both cultures, certain dynamic landscapes were considered to be sacred porous points where deities, daemons, heroes and mortals could transit between cosmic realms. Evidence suggests that Hittites and Aegean people interpreted dramatic karst landscapes as liminal thresholds and spaces situated between the world of humans and the world of deities. Part One investigates physical zones of transition via the karst ecosystems of rural sanctuaries. Part Two considers the creative interpretation in myth and iconography of karst phenomena into metaphysical zones of transition. The examples reveal the way in which Hittites and Aegean people built their concept of the sacred on the extraordinary characteristics of karst geology. Numinous karst landscapes provided validity and a familiar reference point for the creation of imagined worlds where mortal and divine could connect. / Vandag is daar toenemende belangstelling in die effek van die landskap op die verbeelding van die mensdom in die oudheid - maar minder aandag word bestee aan die impak van die rustelose karst landskap op die mens se gelowigheid in die oudheid. Deur die identifisering van sekere gemene temas, vergelyk hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere in die Laat Brons- en vroeë Ystertydperke die omliggende karstlandskap herskep het in fisiese en denkbeeldige oorgangszones. Die Egeïese en Anatoliese landskap bestaan grotendeels uit karst geologie, met tot gevolg dat ondergrondse zones bo die grond sigbaar en toeganklik is in die vorm van grotte, bronne, sinkgate en ander uitsonderlike natuurlike formasies. In beide bogenoemde kulture is sekere landskapstonele beskou as heilige en poreuse punte waar gode, demone, helde en sterwelinge tussen die kosmiese zones kon beweeg. Die getuienis van die tyd suggereer dat die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere die dramatiese karst landskappe as grense of drempels tussen hulle wêreld en dié van die gode beskou het. Deel Een ondersoek die fisiese oorgangszones deur te kyk na die karst ecostelsels waarin plattelandse heiligdomme hulle bevind het. Deel Twee beskou die kreatiewe gebruik van karst verskynsels as voorstellings van metafisiese oorgangszones in die gekrewe bronne en ikonografie. Die geselekteerde voorbeelde dui aan die manier waarop die Hetiete en Egeïese volke hulle konsepte van heiligdom gebaseer het op die buitengewone verskynsels van karst geologie. Numineuse karst landskappe het hulle idees gestaaf en ‘n bekende verwysingspunt uitgemaak waar die menslike en die goddelike met mekaar in kontak kon kom. / Ngenkathi intshisekelo ekhulayo yethonya lokwakheka komhlaba emcabangweni wasendulo, kunakwe kancane umthelela we-karst hydrology engenazinkolelo ezinkolelweni zasendulo. Ngokukhomba izingqikithi okwabelwana ngazo, lo mqondo uqhathanisa futhi uqhathanise indlela amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean kweLate Bronze kanye ne-Early Iron Ages abuye abuye abumbe kabusha imigwaqo ye-karst yomngcele ibe yizingxenye zesikhashana zomzimba nezicatshangwe. I-Karst geology isekela kakhulu indawo yezwe i-Aegean ne-Anatolian evumela ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibonakale futhi zifinyeleleke ngaphezu komhlaba ngemigede, iziphethu, imifudlana ecwilayo, imigodi yokushona nokunye ukwakheka okungokwemvelo okungajwayelekile. Kuwo womabili amasiko izindawo ezithile eziguqukayo zazithathwa njengezindawo ezingcwele zokungena lapho onkulunkulu, amademoni, amaqhawe nabantu abafayo bengadlula phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean bahumusha imidwebo emangazayo yekarst njengemikhawulo yemikhawulo nezikhala eziphakathi komhlaba wabantu nezwe lonkulunkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala iphenya izindawo eziguqukayo zomzimba ngokusebenzisa imvelo ye-karst yezindawo ezingcwele zasemakhaya. Ingxenye Yesibili ibheka ukutolikwa kokudala kunganekwane nakwizithonjana zezinto ze-karst kube izingxenye eziguqukayo zenguquko. Izibonelo ziveza indlela abantu abangamaHeti nabantu base- Aegean abawakha ngayo umqondo wabo ongcwele ngezimpawu ezingavamile ze-karst geology. Amathafa amahle we-karst ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kanye nephuzu elijwayelekile lesethenjwa lokwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwe lapho abantu abafayo nabaphezulu bangaxhuma khona. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)