The evolution of injection processes toward more fuel efficient and less polluting combustion systems tend to make them more prone to critical events such as Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities, Blow-Off and Flash-Back. Moreover, the addition of Di-Hydrogen as a secondary or as the main fuel is in discussion by aeronautical engines manufacturers. It drastically modifies the stability of the system and thus raise several interrogations concerning the multiplicity of its use. Being able to predict critical phenomena becomes a necessity in order to efficiently operate a system without having to pre-test every configuration and without sacrificing the safety of the user. Based on Deep Learning techniques and more specifically Speech Recognition, the following study presents the steps to develop a tool able to successfully detect and translate precursors of instability of an aeronautical grade swirled injector confined in a tubular combustion chamber. The promising results obtained lead to proposals for future transpositions to real-size systems. / Utvecklingen av injektionsprocesser mot mer bränsleeffektiva och mindre förorenande förbränningssystem, tenderar att göra dem mer benägna att utsättas för kritiska händelser som Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities, Blow-Off och Flash-Back. Dessutom diskuterar flygmotorkonstruktörer möjligheten att använda Dihydrogen som sekundärt eller som huvudbränsle. Det modifierar drastiskt systemets stabilitet och det väcker frågan hur man kan använda det effektivt. Att kunna förutsäga kritiska fenomen blir en nödvändighet för att använda ett system utan att behöva att på förhand testa varje konfiguration och utan att reducera användarens säkerhet. Baserat på Deep-Learning-tekniker och Speech-Recognition-tekniker, presenterar följande studie stegen för att utveckla ett verktyg som kan upptäcka och översätta föregångare till instabilitet hos en swirled flygmotorerinsprutningspump som är innesluten i en förbränningskammare. De lovande resultaten leder till idéer om hur man kan anpassa det här verktyg till ett system i verklig storlek.

This present research effort was directed towards developing reduced order models for the dynamics of laminar flat flames, swirl stabilized turbulent flames, and in evaluating the effects of the variation in fuel composition on flame dynamics. The laminar flat flame study was conducted on instrument grade methane, propane, and ethane flames for four total flow rates from 145 cc/sec to 200 cc/sec, and five equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 0.75. The analysis was done by measuring the frequency resolved velocity perturbations, u', and the OH* chemiluminescence, as a measure of unsteady heat release rate, q'. The experimental data showed the corresponding flame dynamics to be fourth order in nature with a pure time delay. One of the resonance was shown to represent the pulsation of the flame location caused by fluctuation in the flame speed and fluctuating heat losses to the flame stabilizer. The other resonance was correlated to the dynamics of the chemical kinetics involved in the combustion process. The time delay was correlated to the chemical time delay. Upon comparing the results of the experiments with the three fuels, it was concluded that for all equivalence ratios studied, propane flame had a higher dynamic gain than methane flames. Ethane flames exhibited a higher dynamic gain than methane flame in the frequency range of 20-100 Hz. Thus, burning of propane instead of methane increased the likelihood of the occurrence of thermo-acoustic instabilities. The experimental techniques developed during the dynamic studies conducted on laminar flat flames were applied to swirl stabilized turbulent flames. Experiments were performed for QAir = 15 scfm and 20 scfm, F = 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, and S = 0.79 and 1.19. The results of fully premixed experiments showed that the flame behaved as a 8th order low pass filter. The results of the partially premixed experiment exhibited a rich spectra, which maintained its bandwidth over the entire range of frequency studied. Comparison of fully and partially premixed flames in the frequency range of 200-400 Hz, indicated that at overall lean conditions the dynamic gain of the totally premixed flames was almost an order of magnitude lower than that of the partially premixed conditions. Thus, it was concluded that combustors with fully premixed flames have a higher probability of being thermo-acoustically stable than those with partially premixed flames. / Ph. D.

This last decade experienced a sudden increase of interest in the control of thermo-acoustic instabilities, in particular through the use of fuel modulation techniques. The primary goal of this research was to design, construct and characterize a high bandwidth proportional fuel injection system, which could be used to study the effect of specific levels of fuel modulation on the combustion process and the reduction of thermo-acoustic instabilities. A fuel injection system, incorporating the use of a closed loop piston and check valve, was designed to modulate the primary fuel supply of an atmospheric liquid-fueled swirl stabilized combustor operating at a mean volumetric fuel flow rate of 0.4 GPH. The ability of the fuel injection system to modulate the fuel was examined by measuring the fuel line pressure and the flow rate produced during operation. The authority of this modulation over the combustion process was investigated by examining the effect of fuel modulation on the combustor pressure and the heat release of the flame. Sinusoidal operation of the fuel injection system demonstrated: a bandwidth greater that 800 Hz, significant open loop authority (averaging 12 dB) with regards to the combustor pressure, significant open loop authority (averaging 33 dB) with regards to the unsteady heat release rate and an approximate 8 dB reduction of the combustor pressure oscillation present at 100 Hz, using a phase shift controller. It is possible to scale the closed loop piston and check valve configuration used to create the fuel injection system discussed in this work to realistic combustor operating conditions for further active combustion control studies. / Master of Science

Thermoacoustic instabilities are a problem in modern pre-mixed combustors causing reduced performance and leading in the extreme to combustor failure from excessive pressure cycles. Much work has been done using linear controllers to eliminate these instabilities. Many experimenters in the field have used pulsed and subharmonic fuel controllers to eliminate these instabilities, but very little investigative work has been done on these controllers. The goal of this work is to explain the mechanism of control behind pulsed controllers. It is shown that the combustion system can be treated as a linear system, thus meaning that frequency components of the control signal at the desired instability frequency are the dominant means of control, with nonlinear effects only serving to slightly reduce the gain necessary for control. Fourier analysis is thus performed on pulsed signals and the components analyzed, showing that there will indeed be a component of a pulsed signal at the frequency of the instability, aside from a few select cases. It is then proven that this frequency component is largely responsible for control of the thermoacoustic system using proportional height pulse train signals, which will change pulse height based on the amplitude of the instability. This analysis is then used to predict the height of instabilities resulting from the use of fixed height pulse control signals. Finally, numerical simulations and experimental observations support the analytical constructs. Acoustic control is mainly used for these experiments, although some preliminary work with liquid fuel controllers is also presented. / Master of Science

A utilização de novas tecnologias associada a novos materiais é uma contribuição para a indústria da construção civil diminuir o déficit habitacional e reduzir os impactos ambientais gerados pelas técnicas construtivas tradicionais. Esses novos materiais estão entre as alternativas para enfrentar a atual escassez de materiais para construção, que tem pressionado os índices de preços da construção civil em nosso país. O novogesso está entre as novas tecnologias que disputarão espaço nesse vasto mercado, em função do que oferece. A contribuição desse trabalho está centrada no estudo da condutividade térmica desse novo material e no compósito novogesso celulose, obtido a partir do gesso, produzido através de tecnologia originalmente desenvolvida no LCM / IFSC / USP. O gesso é um material com grande abundância em nosso país: jazidas minerais no Norte e Nordeste e de fosfogesso estocadas no centro-sul. O processo inovador utilizado para preparação de peças do novogesso para componentes construtivos consiste em empregar a menor quantidade de água necessária para a hidratação do gesso, o que corresponde a cerca de 20% da massa do hemihidrato. O pó umedecido é submetido à compactação por compressão uniaxial, que por sua vez, resulta em peças com propriedades mecânicas elevadas. O conhecimento da condutividade térmica desse material foi de grande importância para a avaliação do seu desempenho na construção da habitação experimental. A condutividade térmica foi medida pelo método do fio quente. Estudamos placas do novo material, tendo como variáveis o nível de compactação e o teor de fibras de celulose. A baixa condutividade térmica dessas placas influenciou o comportamento térmico dos ambientes da habitação experimental, montada por um sistema construtivo inovador. Outro aspecto avaliado foi o isolamento acústico dos ambientes da habitação experimental, que de acordo com os materiais empregados se mostrou bastante adequado. Portanto, podemos concluir pela viabilidade da construção da habitação experimental tanto do ponto de vista dos materiais empregados quanto do conforto termo-acústico e do seu baixo custo. / The use of new technologies associated with new materials is a contribution to the building industry, decreasing the housing deficit and reducing the environmental impacts generated by traditional design techniques. These new materials are alternatives to the current shortage of materials for construction, which has raised the prices of construction in our country. The novogesso is among the new technologies that will be included in the vast market in function of the offers. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the study of the thermal conductivity of this new material and the novogesso cellulose composite obtained from gypsum and produced using a technology originally developed in LCM / IFSC / USP. Gypsum is an abundant material in our country, as there are mineral deposits in the North and Northeast and phosphogypsum stored in the center-south. The innovative process used for the preparation of parts of novogesso for building components is the employment of the smallest amount of water needed for the hydration of plaster, which represents approximately 20% of the hemihydrates weight. The moistened powder is subjected to compaction by uniaxial compression, which results in parts with high mechanical properties. The Knowledge of the thermal conductivity of this material was of great importance for the assessment of its performance in the construction of an experimental prototype of housing. Its thermal conductivity was measured by hot wire technique. Plates of this new material were studied, considering the level of compaction and the content of cellulose fibers. The low thermal conductivity of the plates influences the thermal behavior of the environments of the experimental house built by an innovative constructive system. Another aspect evaluated was the acoustic behavior of the experimental environments of the house, which, according to the material used, was quite appropriate. It was possible to conclude that the experimental house is feasible for construction taking into account the materials used in its thermo-acoustic comfort and low-cost.

A utilização de novas tecnologias associada a novos materiais é uma contribuição para a indústria da construção civil diminuir o déficit habitacional e reduzir os impactos ambientais gerados pelas técnicas construtivas tradicionais. Esses novos materiais estão entre as alternativas para enfrentar a atual escassez de materiais para construção, que tem pressionado os índices de preços da construção civil em nosso país. O novogesso está entre as novas tecnologias que disputarão espaço nesse vasto mercado, em função do que oferece. A contribuição desse trabalho está centrada no estudo da condutividade térmica desse novo material e no compósito novogesso celulose, obtido a partir do gesso, produzido através de tecnologia originalmente desenvolvida no LCM / IFSC / USP. O gesso é um material com grande abundância em nosso país: jazidas minerais no Norte e Nordeste e de fosfogesso estocadas no centro-sul. O processo inovador utilizado para preparação de peças do novogesso para componentes construtivos consiste em empregar a menor quantidade de água necessária para a hidratação do gesso, o que corresponde a cerca de 20% da massa do hemihidrato. O pó umedecido é submetido à compactação por compressão uniaxial, que por sua vez, resulta em peças com propriedades mecânicas elevadas. O conhecimento da condutividade térmica desse material foi de grande importância para a avaliação do seu desempenho na construção da habitação experimental. A condutividade térmica foi medida pelo método do fio quente. Estudamos placas do novo material, tendo como variáveis o nível de compactação e o teor de fibras de celulose. A baixa condutividade térmica dessas placas influenciou o comportamento térmico dos ambientes da habitação experimental, montada por um sistema construtivo inovador. Outro aspecto avaliado foi o isolamento acústico dos ambientes da habitação experimental, que de acordo com os materiais empregados se mostrou bastante adequado. Portanto, podemos concluir pela viabilidade da construção da habitação experimental tanto do ponto de vista dos materiais empregados quanto do conforto termo-acústico e do seu baixo custo. / The use of new technologies associated with new materials is a contribution to the building industry, decreasing the housing deficit and reducing the environmental impacts generated by traditional design techniques. These new materials are alternatives to the current shortage of materials for construction, which has raised the prices of construction in our country. The novogesso is among the new technologies that will be included in the vast market in function of the offers. In this context, the present thesis focuses on the study of the thermal conductivity of this new material and the novogesso cellulose composite obtained from gypsum and produced using a technology originally developed in LCM / IFSC / USP. Gypsum is an abundant material in our country, as there are mineral deposits in the North and Northeast and phosphogypsum stored in the center-south. The innovative process used for the preparation of parts of novogesso for building components is the employment of the smallest amount of water needed for the hydration of plaster, which represents approximately 20% of the hemihydrates weight. The moistened powder is subjected to compaction by uniaxial compression, which results in parts with high mechanical properties. The Knowledge of the thermal conductivity of this material was of great importance for the assessment of its performance in the construction of an experimental prototype of housing. Its thermal conductivity was measured by hot wire technique. Plates of this new material were studied, considering the level of compaction and the content of cellulose fibers. The low thermal conductivity of the plates influences the thermal behavior of the environments of the experimental house built by an innovative constructive system. Another aspect evaluated was the acoustic behavior of the experimental environments of the house, which, according to the material used, was quite appropriate. It was possible to conclude that the experimental house is feasible for construction taking into account the materials used in its thermo-acoustic comfort and low-cost.

It has been recognized that the evaporation process is one of the pivotal mechanisms driving thermo-acoustic instability in gas turbines and rockets in particular. In this regard, this study is principally focused on studying the evaporation process relevant to thermo-acoustic instability from three complementary viewpoints in an effort to contribute to an overall instability model driven primarily by evaporation in gas turbine combustors. Firstly, a state of the art LES algorithm is employed to validate an evaporation model to be employed in predictive modelling regarding combustion instabilities. Good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data is achieved. Additionally, transient sub-critical droplet evaporation is investigated numerically. In particular, a numerical method is proposed to capture the extremely important pressure-velocity-density coupling. Furthermore, the dynamic system nonlinear behaviour encountered in classical thermo-acoustic instability is investigated. The Poincaré map is adopted to analyse the stability of a simple non-autonomous system considering a harmonic oscillation behaviour for the combustion environment. The bifurcation diagram of a one-mode model is obtained where the analysis reveals a variety of chaotic behaviours for some select ranges of the bifurcation parameter. The bifurcation parameter and the corresponding period of a two-mode dynamic model are calculated using both analytical and numerical methods. The results computed by different methods are in good agreement. In addition, the dependence of the bifurcation parameter and the period on all the relevant coefficients in the model is investigated in depth. Moreover, a discrete dynamic model accounting for both combustion and vaporization processes is developed. In terms of different bifurcation parameters relevant to either combustion or evaporation, various bifurcation diagrams are presented. As part of the nonlinear characterization, the governing process Lyapunov exponent is calculated and employed to analyze the stability of the particular dynamic system. The study has shown conclusively that the evaporation process has a significant impact on the intensity and nonlinear behaviour of the system of interest, vis-à-vis a model accounting for only the gaseous combustion process. Furthermore, two particular nonlinear control methodologies are adopted to control the chaotic behaviour displayed by the particular aperiodic motions observed. These algorithms are intended to be implemented for control of combustion instability numerically and experimentally to provide a rational basis for some of the control methodologies employed in the literature. Finally, a state of the art neural network is employed to identify and predict the nonlinear behaviour inherent in combustion instability, and control the ensuing pressure oscillations. Essentially, the NARMAX model is implemented to capture nonlinear dynamics relating the input and output of the system of interest. The simulated results accord with the results reported. Moreover, a control system using the NARMA-L2 algorithm is developed. The simulation conclusively points to the fact that the amplitude of pressure oscillations can be attenuated to an acceptable level and the controller proposed may be implemented in a practical manner.

A full Strouhal number thermo-acoustic model is purposed for the feedback control of self excited noise driven combustors. The inclusion of time delays in the volumetric heat release perturbation models create unique behavioral characteristics which are not properly reproduced within current low Strouhal number thermo acoustic models. New analysis tools using probability density functions are introduced which enable exact expressions for the statistics of a time delayed system. Additionally, preexisting tools from applied mathematics and control theory for spectral analysis of time delay systems are introduced to the combustion community. These new analysis tools can be used to extend sensitivity function analysis used in control theory to explain limits to control effectiveness in self-excited combustors. The control effectiveness of self-excited combustors with actuator constraints are found to be most sensitive to the location of non-minimum phase zeros. Modeling the non-minimum phase zeros correctly require accurate volumetric heat release perturbation models. Designs that removes non-minimum phase zeros are more likely to have poles in the right hand complex plane. As a result, unstable combustors are inherently more responsive to feedback control.

Le travail présenté concerne l'étude des instabilités thermo-acoustiques apparaissant dans une chambre de combustion aéronautique. Le montage expérimental permet de faire varier continument les fréquences de résonances et de passer pour une même condition d'écoulement, d'un régime de combustion stable à un régime instable. La caractérisation complète d'un cas instable comprend une mesure des conditions acoustiques aux limites du banc, une analyse du comportement des phases liquide et évaporée, de celui du dégagement de chaleur instationnaire et une mesure de la fonction de transfert de la flamme. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence trois phénomènes jouant sur l’injection cyclique de carburant liquide. Les temps caractéristiques des différents phénomènes intervenant dans le couplage thermo-acoustique et une distribution spatiale de l'indice de Rayleigh sont présentés. / The purpose of this experimental study was to further our understanding of the fuel spray behavior during combustion instability phenomena in combustion chambers. An aeronautical injection system with dual kerosene lines was mounted on the LOTAR setup, which was equipped with an adjustable exhaust length. Stability maps were generated by varying the global equivalent ratio and the fuel split parameter, for two Inner Exhaust Lengths (IEL). A non-unique multiphase flow condition was found to produce stable and unstable combustion for different IELs. Each configuration was fully characterized. Acoustic boundary conditions were measured using the 2-microphone technique. Different optical techniques were used toanalyze the unsteady behavior of the liquid phase, fuel vapor, and heat release. Moreover, two techniques were exploited to study the Flame Transfer Function using velocity measurement supstream and downstream of the injection device. Altogether, these results highlighted three atomization phenomena occurring during the cycles of thermo-acoustic instabilities. The phase-averaged analysis applied on the different measurements permitted to determine thetime scales associated with each process appearing in the thermo acoustic coupling. This cyclic injection of liquid fuel into the chamber was followed by a vapor phase increase corresponding to a wave of equivalent ratio. The delay between the two phenomena was of10°. In addition, OH* emissions showed a cyclic behavior following these waves. The delay between the wave of equivalent ratio and the unsteady heat release was approximately of 25°.Finally, spatial distribution of the Rayleigh index revealed that the inner recirculation zone contributed to sustain the combustion instability.

L'influence de l'épaisseur et de la durée de vie des porteurs sur l'efficacité de la mise en résonance d'une membrane clipsée de silicium excitée par effet photo-thermo-acoustique a été étudiée. Pour cela, nous avons modélisé les phénomènes physiques spécifiques aux semi conducteurs mis en jeu afin de connaître leur influence sur la vibration créée pour augmenter l'efficacité de la conversion photo-acoustique. Un modèle analytique du mode d'encastrement de la membrane a également été développé. Puis, un banc expérimental utilisant une diode laser pour l'excitation lumineuse et un vibromètre optique pour la détection des déplacements induits a été conçu pour obtenir la réponse en fréquence de membranes de différentes épaisseurs (de 100 à 3000µm) et durées de vie de porteurs (de 1 à 45µs). Ces essais ont montré un décalage vers les basses fréquences d'environ 1kHz de la fréquence du premier mode de résonance et une faible valeur du facteur de qualité de l'ordre de la dizaine dus au choix de l'encastrement par serrage des wafers de silicium à l'aide de joints toriques en nitrile dans l'air. Cette étude a permis de montrer que, dans nos conditions expérimentales, le facteur de qualité était optimal pour une valeur particulière de l'épaisseur de membrane de l'ordre de 300µm par l'effet combiné de la pression extérieure de l'air ambiant et des pertes dans ce type d'encastrement. L'augmentation de la durée de vie des porteurs n'a pas d'effet sur le facteur de qualité alors qu'il semble faire augmenter légèrement l'amplitude de la résonance. / The influence of mechanical housing conditions and electronic properties of clamped silicon wafers in resonance configuration induced by photo-thermal-acoustic effect is studied. First, we have modelised the specific physical phenomena involved in semiconductors in order to increase the efficiency of the photo-acoustic conversion. A simplified model of clamped membrane has also been developed. Next,, an experimental set up to observe this phenomenon and to obtain the frequency response of the membrane has been built to test numerous silicon wafers with thickness from 100 to 3000µm and carrier life time between 1and 45µs. These tests showed a shift to lower frequency of about 1 kHz of the first resonance mode frequency and a low quality factor value of the order of ten due to our choice of soft clamping of silicon wafers using Nitrile O-ring in air. With our experimental conditions, the quality factor was found optimal for a thickness value of about 300µm due to the combined effects of mounting and air losses. The increase of carrier lifetime does not change the quality factor but seems to slightly increase the resonance amplitude.