Orientador: Ricardo Alan Verdú Ramos / Banca: Cassio Roberto Macedo Maia / Banca: Robson Leal da Silva / Resumo: No presente trabalho foram apresentadas diferentes simulações para a operação de uma planta sucroalcooleira produtora de açúcar, etanol e bioenergia, a qual passou por uma ampliação recente, havendo momentaneamente a necessidade de compra de bagaço para atender aos contratos de venda de energia. Para tanto, foram considerados variações na moagem (de 1.500.000 até 1.800.000 toneladas de cana por safra) e no mix de produção (de 40 a 80 %), mantendo-se a potência gerada em 39,3 MW e 45 MW para cada situação. Além disso, também foi considerada o efeito da variação da taxa condensação na turbina (entre 50 e 70 t/h). Para cada caso são apresentadas análises termodinâmica, termoeconômica e econômica, identificando as vantagens e desvantagens de cada situação, incluindo a verificação da viabilidade e atratividade do empreendimento. Os resultados mostram que a ampliação da termoelétrica geram benefícios tanto para a produção de açúcar e etanol, através do aumento da capacidade de moagem, como, também, proporciona uma possibilidade de ganho na comercialização de energia através do aumento de mais de 82 % na energia exportada / Abstract: In this work, different simulations for the operation of a sugarcane mill that produces sugar, ethanol and bioenergy, which has undergone a recent expansion requiring purchase of bagasse to meet energy sales contracts, were carried out. For this was taking into account the variations in the milling (from 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 tons of cane by harvest) and in the sugar-alcohol production mix (from 40 to 80 %), keeping the power output of 39.3 MW and 45 MW for each situation. Furthermore, the effect of the variation in the turbine condensation rate (from 50 to 70 t/h) was also considered. For each case, thermodynamic, thermoeconomic and economic analyzes are presented, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each situation, including the viability and attractiveness of the investment. The results show that the expansion of plant generates benefits both for the production of sugar and ethanol, by increasing the milling capacity, as provides a chance to gain on sale of energy through the increase of over 82 % in the energy exported / Mestre

Orientador: André L. Seixlack / Co-orientador: Amarildo Tabone Paschoalini / Co-orientador: Márcio Antônio Bazani / Banca: Elaine Maria Cardoso / Banca: Thiago Antonini Alves / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o estudo e uma modelagem simplificada de um trocador de calor compacto por mudança de fase para equipamentos eletrônicos, através de técnicas experimentais e simulações numéricas. Tal trocador, possuindo características de espalhamento de calor muito eficientes começa a ser cada vez mais aplicado na indústria eletrônica uma vez que os componentes eletrônicos estão se tornando menores e com alta dissipação de calor. Esta situação faz com que o projeto térmico e simulações numéricas se mostrem cada vez mais importantes no desenvolvimento de um equipamento eletrônico e vem suprir a carência de modelos do trocador que sejam facilmente aplicáveis em softwares comerciais. Neste trabalho também é analisado o comportamento do trocador ao utilizar a fonte de calor em posições diversas não somente na região central, região onde a fonte é comumente localizada nos casos da literatura / Abstract: This paper presents the study and one simplified modeling of a compact heat exchanger by phase change for electronic equipment, by experimental techniques and numerical simulations. This exchanger with very efficient characteristics of scattering heat, begins to be increasingly used in the electronics industry, since the electronics are becoming smaller and with high heat dissipation. This makes the thermal design and numerical simulations be increasingly important in the development of electronic equipment and come supply the scarcity of the exchanger models which are easily applicable in commercial software. In this paper we also will analyze the behavior of the exchanger in the using of the heat source in various positions not only in the central region where the heat source is usually located in the literature / Mestre

Orientador: Júlio Santana Antunes / Coorientadores: José Luz Silveira; Wendell de Queiróz Lamas / Banca: Celso Eduardo Tuna / Banca: Daniel Travieso Pedroso / Banca: José Rui Camargo / Banca: Ederaldo Godoy Junior / Resumo: Neste trabalho de tese é desenvolvido metodologias de análise exergoeconômica-ambiental aplicado em motores-gerador operando com biogás para produção simultânea de energia elétrica e água quente. O método desenvolvido tem como objetivo mensurar o custo das emissões de CO2 para esse sistema, assim como estudar a sua influência no custo de operação pela técnica do custo de manufatura exergético. O método é aplicado a motores de combustão interna operando a biogás, com capacidade de produção de energia elétrica variando entre 4 kW a 2 MW, utilizando ou não a água da jaqueta para produção de água quente, dependendo do tipo de refrigeração do motos (a ar ou a água). Dois métodos são aplicados para análise exergoeconômica-ambiental, o primeiro baseado no método da distribuição de custo pelos fluxos exergéticos unitários dos produtos e outro baseado nos incrementos exergéticos dos componentes do sistema. Conclui-se que ambos os métodos são satisfatórios para avaliar o impacto do custo da emissão de poluentes e que a influência deste no custo de manufatura exergético incrementa entre 9,4 % e 19,6 % em relação aos métodos tradicionais que não consideram o custo da poluição ao meio ambiente / Abstract: In this thesis an econometric-environmental analysis methodology applied in generator-engines operating with biogas for the simultaneous production of electric energy and hot water is developed. The method developed has the objective of measuring the cost of CO2 emissions for this system, as well as to study its influence on the cost of operation by the technique of exergy cost of manufacture. The method is applied to internal combustion engines operating with biogas, with a production capacity of electric energy ranging from 4 kW to 2 MW, using or not the jacket water to produce hot water, depending on the type of engine cooling (air or water cooled). Two methods are applied for exergoeconomic-environmental analysis, the first one based on the method of cost distribution by the unitary exergy flows of the products and another based on the exergetic increments of the system components. It is concluded that both methods are satisfactory to evaluate the impact of the emission cost of pollutants and that the influence of this in the cost of exergético manufacture increases between 9,4% and 19,6% in relation to the traditional methods that do not consider the cost of pollution / Doutor

Motivado pela ocorrência de instabilidade do motor do veículo de Fórmula SAE da equipe Poli Racing da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo quando operando em altas rotações, o escoamento no conduto de admissão, mais especificamente no último conduto antes do flange do motor, conhecido como runner, foi então analisado. A suspeita de que o descolamento do escoamento da parede na região interna da curvatura fosse a causa da instabilidade do motor foi então estudada de duas maneiras: um estudo numérico e outro experimental. O estudo numérico se inicia pela caracterização do escoamento real e desenvolvimento de hipóteses simplificadores e considerações sobre os pontos mais relevantes do escoamento. Em seguida, uma malha de elementos é construída no computador com auxílio de um programa de CFD. Ressalta-se que sua geometria reproduz a geometria interna do duto de interesse (runner). Posteriormente, a mesma é simulada utilizando um modelo de duas equações (SST k-w), obtendo-se assim o perfil de pressão ao longo da região interna e externa da parede do runner.O estudo experimental se inicia pela construção do runner em prototipagem rápida, mantendo sua geometria fiel à geometria do runner utilizado no veículo de referência, adaptando a esse, tomadas de pressão ao longo da sua seção meridional. Ele é então montado em laboratório e as pressões nas diversas tomadas de pressão são então medidas para diferentes valores de vazão.Os resultados acima obtidos são então comparados com as referências bibliográficas relevantes.De maneira geral, tanto os resultados numéricos como os resultados experimentais estão de acordo com as referências bibliográficas, indicando que até valores do número de Reynolds iguais a aproximadamente 210000 (o que corresponde para as condições de temperatura e pressão do ar de admissão durante a operação do motor, a uma velocidade média no runner de cerca de 80 m/s) não ocorre descolamento na região interna da curvatura do runner. / Motivated by the occurrence of instability of the engine of the Formula SAE vehicle of the Poli Racing team from the Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo when operating at high engine speeds, the flow in the intake manifold, more specifically in the last duct before the engine flange, known as runner, became focus of deeper analysis. The suspicion that the detachment of the flow from the wall in the inner region of curvature was the cause of engine instability was studied in two approaches: a numerical study and an experimental study. The numerical study begins by characterizing the real flow and development of simplifying assumptions and considerations on the most relevant points of the flow. Then, a mesh is built into the computer with the aid of a CFD program. Its geometry is equal to the internal geometry of the studied duct (runner). Subsequently, the mesh is simulated using a two equations model (SST k-w) and a pressure profile in the inner and outer wall is calculated. The experimental study begins with the construction of the runner using rapid prototyping, keeping its geometry equal to the geometry of the runner used in the reference vehicle, but adapting to this, pressure taps along the inner and outer wall of the curvature. It is then assembled in the laboratory and the pressure in different pressure taps are measured for different flow rates.The above results are then compared with the relevant bibliographic references.In general, both the numerical results and the experimental results are in agreement with the references indicating that up to Reynolds numbers values equal to approximately 210 000 (which considering the air temperature and pressure while engine is operating, corresponds to an average speed in the runner around 80 m/s) does not occur any detachment in the inner region of curvature of the runner.

This work uses computational fluid dynamics to study the flowfield around a hypersonic missile with two lateral jets to provide control in place of control surfaces. The jets exhaust an H2-O2 mixture at Mach number of 2.9 with a jet pressure ratio of roughly 10,500. The jets are staggered axially and circumferentially in such a way to produce pitch and yaw. The flowfield of such a jet configuration is characterized at several angles of attack and the corresponding force coefficients and amplification factors are provided. The freestream air and H2-O2 plume is treated as inert for the majority of the calculations. Special cases are treated with finite rate chemical kinetics and compared to the inert flowfield to ascertain the effects that chemical reactions have on the force coefficients. It was found that the flowfield was only slightly altered from the familiar one jet flowfield when the second jet is active. The flow topology and vortex structures tend to shift towards the second jet but the overall structure remains the same. The normal force amplification factors are close to unity over the range of angle of attack due to the thrust being so high with the two jet configuration having a lower amplification factor compared to firing a single jet. Treating the flowfield as chemically reacting did not affect the force values much: the difference being 0.3% for an angle of attack of 0°. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The concept of marine current turbines was developed by Peter Fraenkel in the early 1970s. Ever since Fraenkel's efforts to modify and test the technology, several worldwide agencies have been exploiting the technology to retrofit the marine current turbine to their particular application. The marine current turbine has evolved from generating a few kilowatts to a few gigawatts. The present study focuses on a megawatt sized turbine to be located offshore the coast of Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. The turbine is to be placed in a similar location as a 20 kW test turbine developed by the Southeast National Marine Renewable Energy Center (SNMREC) at Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach, FL. Data obtained from the SNMREC is used in the mathematical model. ANSYS FLUENT is chosen as the CFD software to perform wave-current interaction simulation for the present study. The turbine is modeled in SolidWorks, then meshed in ANSYS ICEM CFD, then run in FLUENT. The results obtained are compared to published work by scholarly articles from Fraenkel, Barltrop and many other well known marine energy researchers. The effects of wave height on the turbine operation are analyzed and the results are presented in the form of plots for tip speed ratio and current velocity. / by Amit J. SIngh. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

A common technique to improve the performance of shell and tube heat exchangers (STHE) is by redirecting the flow in the shell side with a series of baffles. A key aspect in this technique is to understand the interaction of the fluid dynamics and heat transfer. Computational fluid dynamics simulations and experiments were performed to analysis the 3-dimensional flow and heat transfer on the shell side of an STHE with and without baffles. Although, it was found that there was a small difference in the average exit temperature between the two cases, the heat transfer coefficient was locally enhanced in the baffled case due to flow structures. The flow in the unbaffled case was highly streamed, while for the baffled case the flow was a highly complex flow with vortex structures formed by the tip of the baffles, the tubes, and the interaction of flow with the shell wall. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

The research described in this dissertation mainly covers the development of novel technologies for co-crystallisation along with the discovering of plumbagin co-crystal and thermodynamic interrelationship between the co-crystal polymorphs. Co-crystallisation is a fast growing field in the area of crystal design and has shown potential advantages in the field of pharmaceutical. Currently, many research groups are working on the development of new technologies for the synthesis of pure and stoichiometrically controlled co-crystals. In present study, three novel technologies have been developed for co-crystallisation, which include microwave assisted co-crystallisation, spherical crystallisation and microwave assisted sub-critical water processing. The microwave assisted co-crystallisation is a slurry based technology where, effects of drug solubility and dielectric properties of the solvent were investigated using caffeine / maleic acid as a model co-crystal pair. The mechanism of co-crystallisation under microwave irradiation has been proposed. The co-crystals of plumbagin with improved solubility were obtained with the coformers such as hydroquinone, resorcinol and urea using microwave assisted co-crystallisation technique. The spherical crystallisation technology was developed for co-crystallisation of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair and demonstrated its application for polymorphic control and as a potential technique for the purification of desired crystal form through surface energetic based separation. The thermodynamic interrelationship between Form I and Form II of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal was studied using different thermodynamic tests. The results obtained suggest that the carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal polymorphs are monotropic. Microwave assisted sub-critical water processing has been explored as a green technology for the synthesis of co-crystals. Carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair has been used as a model pair and effects of processing variables on the resulting crystal form and degradation of an API have been studied.

Hidratos de gás são importantes em questões que vão desde o bloqueio de tubulações na indústria de produção de óleo e gás, até o sequestro de dióxido de carbono, transporte de gás natural, dessalinização de água salgada e purificação de água contaminada. A fim de investigar estes campos e aplicações, necessita-se determinar inicialmente a temperatura e pressão nas quais os hidratos se formam. Isto pode ser feito por meio de experimentos de formação e/ou dissociação de hidratos, bem como utilizando-se de modelos termodinâmicos, correlações empíricas e métodos computacionais. Estudou-se nesse trabalho o desempenho da PC-SAFT na modelagem da fase fluida no equilíbrio da formação de hidratos, comparando seus resultados com a equação de Peng-Robinson e o modelo proposto por Klauda e Sandler. Para a molécula de água, em especial, avaliaram-se as configurações possíveis para o esquema de associação. Para a fase hidrato, avaliou-se a equação de van der Waals e Platteuw (vdWP), e levou-se em conta o efeito das cascas adicionais na estimativa da constante de Langmuir. Por fim, foram propostas duas equações com termos ajustáveis para a fugacidade da água na fase hidrato em função da temperatura, uma linear e outra quadrática, para utilização conjunta com a equação PC-SAFT. Para comparação, quando possível os sistemas foram avaliados com auxílio do software CSMGem. A utilização da equação PC-SAFT em conjunto com as expressões propostas resultou na melhor predição da pressão de equilíbrio em temperaturas determinadas. / Gas hydrates are important for issues that include flow assurance in oil and gas industries, carbon sequestration, natural gas transport, seawater desalinization, and purification of contaminated water. To investigate those fields and applications, temperature and pressure in which hydrates are formed must be determined. This can be done through hydrate formation and/or dissociation experiments, as well as through thermodynamic models, empirical correlations, and computational methods. In this work, the performance of the PC-SAFT in modeling the fluid phase in hydrate phase equilibrium was investigated. Its results were compared to the Peng-Robinson equation of state and to the model proposed by Klauda and Sandler. For the water molecule, different association schemes were considered. For the hydrate phase, the van der Waals and Platteuw (vdWP) equation was used. The effect of additional shells in the estimation of the Langmuir constant was assessed. Finally, equations for water fugacity in hydrate phase, as a function of temperature, were proposed. These equations were intended to be used with the PC-SAFT equation of state, and both linear or quadratic equations were considered. For comparison, when possible the software CSMGem was used to compute the equilibrium conditions. The use of the PC-SAFT EOS, along with the proposed equations, resulted in a better prediction of the equilibrium pressure as a function of temperature.

O estudo da polarização eletrostática em líquidos homogêneos é crucial para compreender as propriedades termodinâmicas e de solvatação. Estes efeitos de polarização são também importantes para estudar a dinâmica molecular de reações químicas, conformações (tais como proteínas), e do meio solvente (solvatocromismo e RMN). Nesta dissertação, estudou-se a variação do momento de dipolo da fase gasosa para a fase líquida das moléculas: acetona, acetonitrila, amônia e água. Os momentos de dipolo em fase gasosa foram obtidos com cálculos quânticos ab initio para a molécula isolada. Para a fase líquida, cálculos equivalentes foram feitos sobre estruturas geradas de simulação computacional clássica (Monte Carlo). Tal procedimento foi feito segundo a metodologia \"Monte Carlo / Mecânica Quântica - Seqüencial\". Este método foi aplicado iterativamente, tornando possível estudar a variação do momento de dipolo e das propriedades termodinâmicas devido à mútua polarização das moléculas do solvente. Usando os resultados calculados, uma discussão foi realizada sobre a polarização eletrostática e o dipolo induzido em fase líquida. / The study of the electrostatic polarization in homogeneous liquids is crucial to the understanding of thermodynamic and solvation properties. These polarization effects are also important to study molecular dynamics of chemical reactions, conformations (such as proteins), and solvent environment (solvatocromism and NMR). In this dissertation, the variation of dipole moments from the gas phase to the liquid phase of acetone, acetonitrile, ammonia and water, were studied. The dipole moments in the gas phase were obtained with quantum mechanical ab initio calculation on the isolated molecule. For the liquid phase, equivalent quantum mechanical calculations were made on structures generated from classical computer simulations (Monte Carlo). Such procedure was made according to the methodology \"Sequential - Monte Carlo/Quantum Mechanics\". This method was applied iteratively, becoming possible to study the variation of the dipole moment and the thermodynamic properties due to the mutual polarization of the solvent molecules. Using the calculated results, a discussion was made of the electrostatic polarization and the induced dipole moment in the liquid phase.