Introdução: especula-se que os instrumentos e produtos químicos em cuja composição esteja o mercúrio sejam banidos para o uso comercial ou industrial devido à toxicidade deste metal ao meio ambiente e aos seres vivos. Como no nosso meio usa-se predominantemente o termômetro axilar de mercúrio para aferir a temperatura corporal, se de fato este termômetro deixar de ser usado, precisamos saber qual(is) termômetro(s) poderá(ão) substitui-lo; recentemente foram postos no mercado os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos, como o auricular e o cutâneo frontal e já existia há mais tempo o axilar eletrônico; estes termômetros são confiáveis para substituírem os de mercúrio? Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros eletrônicos axilar e instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) com os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio, este com três e cinco minutos de permanência, na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de crianças internadas ou em consulta nas áreas pediátricas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foi aferida a temperatura corporal dos pacientes participantes do estudo com a utilização quase simultânea de cinco tipos de termômetros: axilar de mercúrio, axilar eletrônico, cutâneo frontal eletrônico, auricular eletrônico e termômetro retal eletrônico. O termômetro axilar de mercúrio foi avaliado com tempo de permanência de três e de cinco minutos. Os dados foram sumarizados em média e desvio padrão. Foi empregado o teste de Bland e Altman para avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros. Resultados: foram avaliadas 20 crianças febris e 43 eutérmicas, com idades entre um mês e dois anos incompletos, totalizando 633 aferições da temperatura corporal. A idade média dos participantes foi 7,5 meses (DP 5,7 meses), 55% deles eram do sexo masculino. Nenhuma criança foi rejeitada e também não houve recusa por parte dos responsáveis em autorizar a participação no estudo. O estudo mostrou que houve boa concordância entre os termômetros axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos e axilar eletrônico, com média das diferenças das temperaturas (MDT) de -0,027°C e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de -0,062°C a 0,116°C; entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos, com MDT de 0,096°C e IC95% de -0,175°C a 0,211ºC; e entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos cinco minutos, com MDT de 0,038°C e IC95% de -0,149°C a 0,073°C. Houve apenas concordância parcial entre os termômetros eletrônicos retal e axilar, com MDT de -0,123°C e IC95% de 0,030°C a -0,245°C. Conclusões: os resultados indicaram o termômetro axilar eletrônico como o de melhor concordância nas aferições da temperatura corporal de crianças com hipertermia ou normotermia quando comparado com os termômetros axilar de mercúrio e eletrônico retal. Os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) não mostraram boa concordância com termômetro eletrônico retal nem com o termômetro axilar de mercúrio. / Introduction: It is said that chemical products and instruments whose composition have mercury will be banned for commercial or industrial use due to the toxicity of this metal for the environment and beings. Since in our field the axillary mercury thermometer is mainly used for reading the body temperature, and if this thermometer is really banned, we need to know what thermometer(s) will replace it; recently, we can find instant electronic thermometers such as the ear and frontal ones in the market, and for longer, there have been the axillary electronic thermometer; are these thermometers reliable to replace the mercury one? Objective: to evaluate the agreement of the axillary electronic and instant (ear and frontal) thermometers with the rectal electronic and axillary mercury thermometers, the axillary mercury one staying three to five minutes, when reading the body temperature of children. Method: A transversal study was carried out with convenience sampling of hospitalized children or children with medical appointments in the pediatric areas of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The body temperature of the subject patients was taken with the use, almost simultaneously, of five types of thermometers: axillary mercury, axillary electronic, frontal electronic, ear electronic and rectal electronic. The axillary mercury thermometer was evaluated by staying three to five minutes. The data was stated by average and standard deviation. The Bland-Altman test was applied to evaluate the agreement between the thermometers. Result: 20 feverish children and 43 euthermic children, between the ages of one month to two incomplete years, were evaluated, totaling 633 body temperatures taken. The average age of the subjects was 7.5 months (5.7 standard deviation), 55% were male. No child was rejected and there was also no refusal by the responsible for the children to authorize their participation in the study. The study has shown that there is a good agreement between the axillary mercury thermometer at three minutes and the axillary electronic one, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.027°C and confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) of -0.062°C to 0.116°C; between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at three minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.096°C and 95%CI of -0.175°C to 0.211°C; and between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at five minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.038°C and 95%CI of 0.149°C to 0.073°. There was only partial agreement between the rectal and axillary electronic thermometers, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.123°C and 95%CI of 0.030°C and -0.245°C. Conclusion: the results have shown that the electronic axillary thermometer has the best agreement in reading the body temperature of children with hyperthermia or normothermia when compared with the axillary mercury and electronic rectal thermometers. The instant electronic thermometers (ear and frontal) have not shown good agreement with either the rectal electronic thermometer or the axillary mercury thermometer.

Existing literature suggests evidence that American citizens have implicit and explicit biases against Muslims that influence or allow biased policies. In general, many of these biases stem from media framing, ethnic discrimination, and religious stereotypes. Some of these stereotypes associate Muslims with terrorism and violence, and public opinion research has concluded that Americans do not believe Muslims uphold American values. Thus, after 9/11, security policies against Muslims have resurfaced the question of suppressing individual liberties for the general welfare of all. My paper analyzes public opinion towards security legislation that discriminates against Muslims and examines how willing Americans are to support policies that infringe on civil liberties. My research poses three main questions: 1) Are opinions on national security influenced by the framing; 2) Does bias and ethnic-profiling make minorities more prone to support protection of civil liberties and 3) Are discriminatory policies against Muslims politicized by party affiliates? Using a survey, I found that framing the chosen policies to emphasize liberty or security had little influence on responses. Furthermore, I argue that, while literature suggests that minority groups tend lean pro-liberty relative to the White demographic, this concept is not substantial across all races when considering current Muslim-profiling policies. Finally, we find some evidence that ideology and ethnocentrism have become closely related factors after the 2016 Presidential Campaign, and that negative feelings of Muslims and national security policy have become more polarized than in the past.

Introdução: especula-se que os instrumentos e produtos químicos em cuja composição esteja o mercúrio sejam banidos para o uso comercial ou industrial devido à toxicidade deste metal ao meio ambiente e aos seres vivos. Como no nosso meio usa-se predominantemente o termômetro axilar de mercúrio para aferir a temperatura corporal, se de fato este termômetro deixar de ser usado, precisamos saber qual(is) termômetro(s) poderá(ão) substitui-lo; recentemente foram postos no mercado os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos, como o auricular e o cutâneo frontal e já existia há mais tempo o axilar eletrônico; estes termômetros são confiáveis para substituírem os de mercúrio? Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros eletrônicos axilar e instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) com os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio, este com três e cinco minutos de permanência, na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de crianças internadas ou em consulta nas áreas pediátricas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foi aferida a temperatura corporal dos pacientes participantes do estudo com a utilização quase simultânea de cinco tipos de termômetros: axilar de mercúrio, axilar eletrônico, cutâneo frontal eletrônico, auricular eletrônico e termômetro retal eletrônico. O termômetro axilar de mercúrio foi avaliado com tempo de permanência de três e de cinco minutos. Os dados foram sumarizados em média e desvio padrão. Foi empregado o teste de Bland e Altman para avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros. Resultados: foram avaliadas 20 crianças febris e 43 eutérmicas, com idades entre um mês e dois anos incompletos, totalizando 633 aferições da temperatura corporal. A idade média dos participantes foi 7,5 meses (DP 5,7 meses), 55% deles eram do sexo masculino. Nenhuma criança foi rejeitada e também não houve recusa por parte dos responsáveis em autorizar a participação no estudo. O estudo mostrou que houve boa concordância entre os termômetros axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos e axilar eletrônico, com média das diferenças das temperaturas (MDT) de -0,027°C e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de -0,062°C a 0,116°C; entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos, com MDT de 0,096°C e IC95% de -0,175°C a 0,211ºC; e entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos cinco minutos, com MDT de 0,038°C e IC95% de -0,149°C a 0,073°C. Houve apenas concordância parcial entre os termômetros eletrônicos retal e axilar, com MDT de -0,123°C e IC95% de 0,030°C a -0,245°C. Conclusões: os resultados indicaram o termômetro axilar eletrônico como o de melhor concordância nas aferições da temperatura corporal de crianças com hipertermia ou normotermia quando comparado com os termômetros axilar de mercúrio e eletrônico retal. Os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) não mostraram boa concordância com termômetro eletrônico retal nem com o termômetro axilar de mercúrio. / Introduction: It is said that chemical products and instruments whose composition have mercury will be banned for commercial or industrial use due to the toxicity of this metal for the environment and beings. Since in our field the axillary mercury thermometer is mainly used for reading the body temperature, and if this thermometer is really banned, we need to know what thermometer(s) will replace it; recently, we can find instant electronic thermometers such as the ear and frontal ones in the market, and for longer, there have been the axillary electronic thermometer; are these thermometers reliable to replace the mercury one? Objective: to evaluate the agreement of the axillary electronic and instant (ear and frontal) thermometers with the rectal electronic and axillary mercury thermometers, the axillary mercury one staying three to five minutes, when reading the body temperature of children. Method: A transversal study was carried out with convenience sampling of hospitalized children or children with medical appointments in the pediatric areas of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The body temperature of the subject patients was taken with the use, almost simultaneously, of five types of thermometers: axillary mercury, axillary electronic, frontal electronic, ear electronic and rectal electronic. The axillary mercury thermometer was evaluated by staying three to five minutes. The data was stated by average and standard deviation. The Bland-Altman test was applied to evaluate the agreement between the thermometers. Result: 20 feverish children and 43 euthermic children, between the ages of one month to two incomplete years, were evaluated, totaling 633 body temperatures taken. The average age of the subjects was 7.5 months (5.7 standard deviation), 55% were male. No child was rejected and there was also no refusal by the responsible for the children to authorize their participation in the study. The study has shown that there is a good agreement between the axillary mercury thermometer at three minutes and the axillary electronic one, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.027°C and confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) of -0.062°C to 0.116°C; between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at three minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.096°C and 95%CI of -0.175°C to 0.211°C; and between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at five minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.038°C and 95%CI of 0.149°C to 0.073°. There was only partial agreement between the rectal and axillary electronic thermometers, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.123°C and 95%CI of 0.030°C and -0.245°C. Conclusion: the results have shown that the electronic axillary thermometer has the best agreement in reading the body temperature of children with hyperthermia or normothermia when compared with the axillary mercury and electronic rectal thermometers. The instant electronic thermometers (ear and frontal) have not shown good agreement with either the rectal electronic thermometer or the axillary mercury thermometer.

Introdução: especula-se que os instrumentos e produtos químicos em cuja composição esteja o mercúrio sejam banidos para o uso comercial ou industrial devido à toxicidade deste metal ao meio ambiente e aos seres vivos. Como no nosso meio usa-se predominantemente o termômetro axilar de mercúrio para aferir a temperatura corporal, se de fato este termômetro deixar de ser usado, precisamos saber qual(is) termômetro(s) poderá(ão) substitui-lo; recentemente foram postos no mercado os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos, como o auricular e o cutâneo frontal e já existia há mais tempo o axilar eletrônico; estes termômetros são confiáveis para substituírem os de mercúrio? Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros eletrônicos axilar e instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) com os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio, este com três e cinco minutos de permanência, na aferição da temperatura corporal de crianças. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal com amostra de conveniência de crianças internadas ou em consulta nas áreas pediátricas do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Foi aferida a temperatura corporal dos pacientes participantes do estudo com a utilização quase simultânea de cinco tipos de termômetros: axilar de mercúrio, axilar eletrônico, cutâneo frontal eletrônico, auricular eletrônico e termômetro retal eletrônico. O termômetro axilar de mercúrio foi avaliado com tempo de permanência de três e de cinco minutos. Os dados foram sumarizados em média e desvio padrão. Foi empregado o teste de Bland e Altman para avaliar a concordância entre os termômetros. Resultados: foram avaliadas 20 crianças febris e 43 eutérmicas, com idades entre um mês e dois anos incompletos, totalizando 633 aferições da temperatura corporal. A idade média dos participantes foi 7,5 meses (DP 5,7 meses), 55% deles eram do sexo masculino. Nenhuma criança foi rejeitada e também não houve recusa por parte dos responsáveis em autorizar a participação no estudo. O estudo mostrou que houve boa concordância entre os termômetros axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos e axilar eletrônico, com média das diferenças das temperaturas (MDT) de -0,027°C e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) de -0,062°C a 0,116°C; entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos três minutos, com MDT de 0,096°C e IC95% de -0,175°C a 0,211ºC; e entre os termômetros eletrônico retal e axilar de mercúrio aos cinco minutos, com MDT de 0,038°C e IC95% de -0,149°C a 0,073°C. Houve apenas concordância parcial entre os termômetros eletrônicos retal e axilar, com MDT de -0,123°C e IC95% de 0,030°C a -0,245°C. Conclusões: os resultados indicaram o termômetro axilar eletrônico como o de melhor concordância nas aferições da temperatura corporal de crianças com hipertermia ou normotermia quando comparado com os termômetros axilar de mercúrio e eletrônico retal. Os termômetros eletrônicos instantâneos (auricular e cutâneo frontal) não mostraram boa concordância com termômetro eletrônico retal nem com o termômetro axilar de mercúrio. / Introduction: It is said that chemical products and instruments whose composition have mercury will be banned for commercial or industrial use due to the toxicity of this metal for the environment and beings. Since in our field the axillary mercury thermometer is mainly used for reading the body temperature, and if this thermometer is really banned, we need to know what thermometer(s) will replace it; recently, we can find instant electronic thermometers such as the ear and frontal ones in the market, and for longer, there have been the axillary electronic thermometer; are these thermometers reliable to replace the mercury one? Objective: to evaluate the agreement of the axillary electronic and instant (ear and frontal) thermometers with the rectal electronic and axillary mercury thermometers, the axillary mercury one staying three to five minutes, when reading the body temperature of children. Method: A transversal study was carried out with convenience sampling of hospitalized children or children with medical appointments in the pediatric areas of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The body temperature of the subject patients was taken with the use, almost simultaneously, of five types of thermometers: axillary mercury, axillary electronic, frontal electronic, ear electronic and rectal electronic. The axillary mercury thermometer was evaluated by staying three to five minutes. The data was stated by average and standard deviation. The Bland-Altman test was applied to evaluate the agreement between the thermometers. Result: 20 feverish children and 43 euthermic children, between the ages of one month to two incomplete years, were evaluated, totaling 633 body temperatures taken. The average age of the subjects was 7.5 months (5.7 standard deviation), 55% were male. No child was rejected and there was also no refusal by the responsible for the children to authorize their participation in the study. The study has shown that there is a good agreement between the axillary mercury thermometer at three minutes and the axillary electronic one, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.027°C and confidence interval of 95% (95%CI) of -0.062°C to 0.116°C; between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at three minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.096°C and 95%CI of -0.175°C to 0.211°C; and between the rectal electronic thermometer and the axillary mercury one at five minutes, with an average of difference in temperature of 0.038°C and 95%CI of 0.149°C to 0.073°. There was only partial agreement between the rectal and axillary electronic thermometers, with an average of difference in temperature of -0.123°C and 95%CI of 0.030°C and -0.245°C. Conclusion: the results have shown that the electronic axillary thermometer has the best agreement in reading the body temperature of children with hyperthermia or normothermia when compared with the axillary mercury and electronic rectal thermometers. The instant electronic thermometers (ear and frontal) have not shown good agreement with either the rectal electronic thermometer or the axillary mercury thermometer.

This master's thesis deals with the issue of temperature measuring with the use of contactless thermometer. The thesis examines the physical findings, methods and detectors for contactless temperature measurement. Is then selected a suitable detector, measuring methods and assembled a block diagram of the IR thermometer. The main section is a specific system design. This includes circuit solution, including printed circuit board design and simulation of the functional parts.

These master‘s thesis deals with the issues of contactless temperature measurement, designe and construction of the infrared contactless thermometer. The thesis is concerned with the IR physical magnitudes and laws, methods of measurment and types of detectors, which are used for contactless temperature measurment. In the practical part of the thesis is created system design and block diagram of the IR termometer. In the next part of the thesis is presented system design, drawing of the printed circuit board and software processing of the IR thermometer. In conclusion are summerized our achieved resultes.

A blackbody optical fiber thermometer consists of an optical fiber whose sensing tip is given a metallic coating. The sensing tip of the fiber forms an isothermal cavity, and the emission from this cavity is approximately equal to the emission from a blackbody. Standard two-color optical fiber thermometry involves measuring the spectral intensity at the end of the fiber at two wavelengths. The temperature at the sensing tip of the fiber can then be inferred using Planck's law and the ratio of the spectral intensities. If, however, the length of the optical fiber is exposed to elevated temperatures, erroneous temperature measurements will occur due to emission by the fiber. This thesis presents a method to account for emission by the fiber and accurately infer the temperature at the tip of the optical fiber. Additionally, an estimate of the temperature profile along the fiber may be obtained. A mathematical relation for radiation transfer down the optical fiber is developed. The radiation exiting the fiber and the temperature profile along the fiber are related to the detector signal by a signal measurement equation. Since the temperature profile cannot be solved for directly using the signal measurement equation, two inverse minimization techniques are developed to find the temperature profile. Simulated temperature profile reconstructions show the techniques produce valid and unique results. Tip temperatures are reconstructed to within 1.0%. Experimental results are also presented. Due to the limitations of the detection system and the optical fiber probe, the uncertainty in the signal measurement equation is high. Also, due to the limitations of the laboratory furnace and the optical detector, the measurement uncertainty is also high. This leads to reconstructions that are not always accurate. Even though the temperature profiles are not completely accurate, the tip-temperatures are reconstructed to within 1%—a significant improvement over the standard two-color technique under the same conditions. Improvements are recommended that will lead to decreased measurement and signal measurement equation uncertainty. This decreased uncertainty will lead to the development of a reliable and accurate temperature measurement device.

Yes / Previous studies have found high levels of undetected psychological distress and unaddressed need among care home residents. The aim of this study was to investigate the usability and usefulness of the Distress Thermometer for the Elderly (DTE; modified from a measure used in cancer care) in the identification of distress and need with older people in care homes. Method: This was a single group, cross-sectional study. Staff in 12 nursing homes and one care home in England completed the DTE and a measure of depression with their older residents (n = 66). Quantitative methods were employed to investigate the relationship between the Distress Thermometer rating, depression scores and problems or needs selected on the DTE. Results: The DTE was found to be feasible for completion by residents with assistance from staff. The level of distress on the DTE was significantly related to depression, number of problems and practical–physical problems. Each of 50 problems in the checklist was checked by at least one of the respondents. More problem items and physical–practical problems were selected by individuals who reached clinical levels of depression. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, results indicate promising potential for the use of the DTE as a simple screening tool for distress, as well as to enable residents to record their perceived needs as part of care-planning and a broader person-centred approach.

Monitoring physiological functions is one of the basic parts of health care. At the moment there is an infinite number of possibilities how to measure body temperature in an effective, fast and non-invasive way. However, if the tools are not used correctly, there is a high possibility that mistakes will occur during measuring and therefore the patient's general state will be distorted. That is why each department has standards of nursing care which need to be followed. Due to EU regulations thermometers with mercury, which are considered the most accurate concerning the non-invasive way of measuring the body temperature, have been eliminated. For research purposes we used quantitative method based on a non-standard questionnaire for nurses working in surgery departments and on an experiment using three kinds of thermometers for carrying out individual patients measurements. The research showed that the most acceptable thermometer for measuring body temperature for nurses is the infrared contactless thermometer, even though many of them are aware that these thermometers can be inaccurate and the measured data distorted. The experiment clearly shows that there is an obvious difference between individual measurements. The results of this research could be beneficial for hospital managements, in particular as a guide when buying thermometers for individual departments. In this way they could ensure the most accurate measurements of body temperature resulting in discovering an incipient infection.

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