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New gold(I) and gold(III) coordination complexes derived from N and S heterocyclesKifle Hagos, Tesfamariam 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Please refer to full text for abstract
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Study of the pathway of heavy metals in a sewerage systemHalday, Ismail 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This thesis reports on an exploratory investigation of proposed sludge guideline limits of heavy metal (cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc) concentrations for South Africa. The purpose of the study is to determine allowable heavy metal concentrations in sludge for use as fertilizer in agriculture that can be attained and is practically possible without being detrimental to the environment.
This determination was done by investigating the potential sources and concentrations of these heavy metals at the Potsdam Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) and also the efficiency of the treatment works in removal of these heavy metals. A heavy metal mass balance of both the influent at the Potsdam WWTW and the wastewater through the treatment works was calculated. This study also proposes possible interventions to minimize the levels of these heavy metals.
Results for the heavy metal mass balance of the influent showed that a large quantity of some metals were unaccounted for, this implies that either industries discharge illegally after hours or the present monitoring undertaken by the City of Cape Town is inadequate. The large percentage of unaccounted cadmium suggests another source, which should be further investigated.
The mass balance of the wastewater through Potsdam WWTW concluded that all these heavy metal limits were attainable, and that in some cases can be lowered even more. The treatment works has a high removal efficiency of these heavy metals, and a substantial reduction of these limits is justified. In the period of this study, the area under investigation gradually expanded, as more industries were established in it. Although the works was performing beyond its capacity it nevertheless was able to attain the rigorous heavy metal limits in sludge that are envisaged. There has also been a reduction in limits of heavy metals for discharge of final effluent into waterbodies; this study shows that these limits are also attainable.
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Nuwe reaksies van gedeprotoneerde Fischer-tipe karbeenkomplekseStander, Elzet 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / This study comprises the preparation and characterisation of completely new Fischer-type
carbene complexes of chromium and tungsten by deprotonation of (CO)5M=C(NMe2)(Me),
(CO)5M=C(OMe)(Me) or (CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CH, and subsequent treatment of the formed
anion with a variety of reagents, including reactive metal complexes.
The deprotonation of the termodynamically stable complexes, (CO)5M=C(NMe2)(Me)
(M = Cr or W) followed by reaction with the sulfonium salt, [Me2(MeS)S][BF4], yielded not
only the expected products (CO)5M=C(NMe2)CH2SCH3, but also thioether complexes,
(CO)5MS(CH3)2, disulfinated complexes (CO)5M=C(NMe2)CH(SCH3)2, S-bridged dinuclear
compounds (CO)5M=C(NMe2)CH2S(CH3)M(CO)5, as well as the unique fourmembered-
C,S-chelate carbene complexes (CO)4Cr=C(NMe2)CH(SCH3)SCH3 and
(CO)4M=C(NMe2)CH2SCH3.
Crystal structure determinations of (CO)5W=C(NMe2)CH(SCH3)2,
(CO)5Cr=C(NMe2)CH2S(CH3)Cr(CO)5, (CO)4M=C(NMe2)CH2SCH3 (M = Cr, W) and
(CO)4Cr=C(NMe2)CH(SCH3)SCH3 were successfully performed. The latter tetracarbonyl
complexes have Cr-S bonding distances of 2.4531(9) and 2.4517(5) Å and a W-S distance of
2.577(1) Å. These relatively weak bonds contribute to the short M-C(O)-distances trans to it.
The formed four membered chelate rings are essentially planar.
The deprotonation of (CO)5Cr=C(NMe2)(Me) and sequential reaction with sulphur and
CF3SO3Me does not yield the expected product, (CO)5Cr=C(NMe2)CH2SCH3, but
(CO)5CrS=C(NMe2)CH3 resulting from a sulphur insertion was isolated. A single crystal
structure determination of the latter complex shows a normal thione carbene complex.
The reaction of methyl(methoxy)carbenepentacarbonylchromium(0) and the tungsten
analogue with n-BuLi, followed by reaction with [Me2(MeS)S][BF4], afforded unexpected
complexes via an unusual addition dissimilar to the above mentioned reactions of
dimethylaminocarbene complexes. The formation of the products,
(CO)5M=C(OMe)[CH=C(Me)NH(Me)] and (CO)4M=C(OMe)[C(SMe)=C(Me)NH(Me)]
(M = Cr, W) can be ascribed to the influence of the heteroatom, oxygen, as well as the
presence of acetonitrile in the sulfonium salt reagent [Me2(MeS)S][BF4]. An unusual
alkylation by Me+ is also affected. The X-ray crystallographic structure determination of the
complexes show hydrogen bonding between the alkoxy oxygen atoms and the protons on the nitrogen atoms. The latter four membered C,S-chelates show bonding distances and angles
similar to these of the previously mentioned four membered chelates.
Deprotonation of the alkynyl carbene complexes, (CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CH (M = Cr, W),
with n-BuLi and subsequent reaction with PPh3AuX (X = Cl, NO3), initially afford the
β-transmetalated products (CO)5M=C(NMe2)C≡CAuPPh3. In solution (CH2Cl2) the product
isomerises through metal migration to Ph3PAuC(NMe2)=C=C=W(CO)5. The conversion was
followed by means of 1H-NMR-spectroscopy and it appears that two first order reactions take
place consecutively.
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Development of a novel LC-MS/MS method for the detection of adulteration of South African sauvignon blanc wines with 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazinesAlberts, P. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / A method for the detection of adulteration of South African Sauvignon blanc
wines, by enrichment with foreign sources of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazenes, is
described. The levels of three 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazenes (3-isobutyl-, 3-
isopropyl- and 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine) in South African Sauvignon blanc
wines were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sample
preparation involved clean-up and pre-concentration by distillation followed by
solvent extraction of the distillate with dichloromethane. Extracts were acidified
and concentrated by evaporation and finally reconstituted to a fixed volume to
affect quantitative pre-concentration of the samples. Sample extracts were
separated with reversed phase liquid chromatography utilizing a phenyl-hexyl
separation column. Residues were measured with liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry utilizing a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric detector
operated in multiple reaction monitoring mode for optimal trace level quantitation.
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was utilized as electrospray ionization
was found to suffer from quenching effects attributed to the sample matrix.
Qualitative information was obtained from the relevant molecular ions as well as
two secondary ion transitions (and one ion ratio) in each case. Recoveries
obtained by the extraction procedure were better than 90% with coefficient of
variance of better than 10% at concentrations from 1 to 100 ng/L. The limit of
detection of the method was 0.03 ng/L and the limit of quantification 0.10 ng/L for
the three analytes measured. The described LC-MS method is more sensitive for
the determination of 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines in wine than GC methods
reported for the same purpose.
From the experimental data, a set of parameters were established to discriminate
adulterated South African Sauvignon blanc wines. It was demonstrated that the
3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentration, despite showing considerable
variance, was confined to a relatively narrow range spanning approximately two
orders of magnitude (0.20 to 22 ng/L). A clear indication of possible maximum values for this compound in South African Sauvignon blanc wines was obtained
from the analysis of a large number of samples (577), spanning most relevant
wine producing regions and representing vintages 2003 to 2006. It was also
demonstrated that South African Sauvignon blanc wines contain the major 3-
alkyl-2-methoxypyrazenes in reasonably distinct relative amounts and that the
said ratios of abundance may be used to elucidate authenticity. The expected
effect of adulteration with green pepper extracts or some synthetic preparations
on the 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine concentration as well as the relative
abundances were also determined by characterizing the corresponding profiles in
green peppers and some synthetic flavor preparations. Two adulterated samples
in the dataset were identified by both outlined criteria. A limited number of wines
of other cultivars were also analyzed. The results represent the most complete
and accurate data on the 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazine content of South African
Sauvignon blanc wines to date.
A publication covering the work presented in this thesis is currently in
preparation.
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Hard-hard and soft-soft coordination in complexes of Group 6 and Group 10 & 11 metals respectivelyLe Roux, Adele 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / In this study, the coordination of certain Group 6 and Group 10 & 11 metals to Odonor
and S-donor ligands were investigated. For the most part, this involved the
isolation of new Mo(VI) and W(VI) complexes. By using a distribution diagram that
shows the dependence of the type of species in solution with pH, we attempted to
crystallize new polyoxoanion species of the two metals. It was found that the products
that crystallize are not necessarily dependant upon the relative concentrations of the
species in solution, but rather on the effective packing of the crystal types that are
prepared. During this study a unique W(VI) polyanion, [(CH3CH2)4N]2[W6O19] (4),
was isolated. The Mo(VI) analogue of this compound as well as the dinuclear
Mo(VI)-W(VI) complex have been reported previously, but a pure W(VI) compound
of this type has not been successfully isolated yet. A new polymorph of a known
dimolybdate, K2Mo2O7·H2O (1), was also crystallized, even though dimolybdate
species do not generally occur in solution. This structure, although previously
reported, shows some differences with the one in the literature, in particular large
deviations in unit cell dimensions. Subsequently, as a second component of this study,
a variety of carboxylates were coordinated to Mo(VI) and W(VI) species in an acidic
medium. Two new complexes of Mo(VI) with these carboxylate ligands were
isolated: [(CH3CH2)4N][MoO3(mal)]·H2O (5) (mal = malate) and Na6[Mo2O5(cit)2] (6)
(cit = citrate). The ligands are two- and threefold deprotonated respectively and
coordinate in a polydentate manner to the metal centra. The formation of compound 5
in solution has been known for many years, but the structure of this complex has not
been determined in the solid state until now. Also, the tungsten analogue of compound
6 was reported years ago, but the Mo(VI) complex has not been crystallized before.
Compounds 5 and 6 exhibit a 1:1 and 2:2 metal to ligand ratio respectively, and these
ratios are quite rare in Mo(VI) crystal chemistry. Finally, the dimolybdate complex,
[CH3)3N(CH2)6N(CH3)3][Mo2O7(cit)] (7), was isolated, and its structure determined
and compared to the one in the literature. In the third part of this study, our attention shifted to the group 10 and 11 metals,
platinum and gold. Attempts were made to coordinate unusual ligands with donor
atoms P, Se and/or S to these metal centers. During this investigation, we isolated a
unique Pt(IV) complex, PtCl2(S3C8H7)2 (9). The structure of this compound that was
determined crystallographically involves the coordination of two identical R-SCS2
fragments to the metal ion forming four-membered chelate rings. No compounds of Pt
and Au with the P-Se ligand, P3Se3(C(C6H5)3)3, could be isolated. However, a mixed
valence compound of Au(I,III), [Au(I)Cl(S(CH2C6H5)2)][Au(III)Cl3(S(CH2C6H5)2]
(8), could be isolated and characterized. In this compound Au exhibits two oxidation
states, +1 and +3. Although the complex has been reported previously, the structure
was not described fully, and we now unequivocally determined its crystal structure.
The extended structure shows the formation of chains of alternating Au(I) and Au(III)
centers with a separation of 5.610 Å.
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Investigation of the co-crystallisation of N-heterocyclesLoots, Leigh-Anne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / Co-crystals are excellent materials for studying intermolecular interactions in the solid-state and can be used to further our knowledge of the balance between strong and weak intermolecular interactions. The O–H∙∙∙∙∙∙Narom synthon was chosen as the focus of this investigation of hydrogen bonding motifs. The starting materials selected all have two hydrogen bond donor and/or acceptor sites for the formation of extended networks. All molecules are also aromatic such that the influence of weaker π∙∙∙∙∙∙π interactions can be included in the study. Two 3x3 grids of related co-crystals were produced from these starting materials and are reported in this thesis as part of an ongoing investigation into a broader set of co-crystals.
A part of the work describes the investigation of co-crystals prepared by the combination of related benzenediol and diazine isomers taken from a 3x3 grid. The solid-state structures of each of the six starting materials are discussed briefly to describe the nature of intermolecular interactions involved in the single component crystals. Trends in hydrogen-bonding patterns as well as the weaker interactions identified in the starting materials, can be used to recognise those in the subsequent multi-component crystals. Thirteen co-crystal compounds were obtained, of which twelve structures are novel. Each of these co-crystal structures is discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions and packing in the solid state. Hydrogen-bonding patterns and structural similarities are highlighted in related co-crystal structures as well as between co-crystals and their respective starting materials.
The combination of benzenediol isomers with benzodiazine isomers yielded seven novel co-crystal structures in a second 33 grid is reported. The structure of phthalazine, which has not yet been reported, is included in addition to these co-crystals, while the structures of quinazoline and quinoxaline that were retrieved from the CSD are discussed briefly. Co-crystal structures are discussed individually, focusing on the intermolecular interactions that are significant to the structural architecture of the compound. Certain co-crystals that display structural similarities with structures of the 3x3 grid, as well as with co-crystals presented in Chapter 3, are discussed in the relevant sections.
Lastly, two extended pyridyl diyne ligands that were synthesised for use in future co-crystallisation studies similar to those reported earlier are briefly highlighted. The crystal structures of the pure compounds and of a hydrate of one of the ligands were obtained and discussed briefly. To date only one of these structures has been reported in the literature.
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Preparation and coordination chemistry of bis-pyridyl diamide ligandsBatisai, Eustina 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
The number of coordination complexes utilizing bis-pyridyl diamide ligands has increased
significantly over the past decade. This is attributed to the relatively easy synthetic procedure
of the ligands and interesting structural features such as helicity, water clusters and porosity
that the coordination complexes possess. In the first part of this study, the following eight
structurally related bis-pyridyl diamide ligands:
• N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)isophthalamide (ISO);
• N,N'-bis(pyridyl-4-ylmethyl)terephthalamide (TER);
• N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)hexanediamide (ADI);
• N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)butanediamide (SUC);
• N,N'-bis(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)biphenyl-4,4'-dicarbonyl dicarboxamide (DIP);
• N,N'-dipyridin-2-ylpentanediamide (GLUT);
• (2E)-N,N'-bis(2-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)but-2-enediamide (FUM);
• 4-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)aminocarbonyl benzoic acid (TER-A).
were synthesized and characterized by NMR, FTIR, MS and SCD. In the second part, the
synthesized ligands were reacted with a variety of transition metal salts to yield fifteen novel
coordination polymers and one discrete complex. SCD analysis showed that of the sixteen
complexes thirteen formed 1-D chains, two formed 2-D networks, and one formed a discrete
unit. Hydrogen bonding interactions between water molecules, the counterions and the amide
groups resulted in connection of the lower dimension entities into higher dimension networks.
The synthesized ligands were co-crystallized with trimesic acid and a novel co-crystal
consisting of ADI and trimesic acid was obtained. SCD analysis showed that the co-crystal
featured the amide homosynthon as well as the pyridine/carboxylic acid heterosynthon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Die aantal koördinasie komplekse met dipiridieldiamied ligande het noemenswaardig
vermeerder oor die afgelope dekade. Hierdie groei kan toegeskryf word aan die eenvoudige
sintetiese prosedure en interessante strukturele eienskappe van dié koördinasie komplekse, wat
o.a. helikse, waterbondels en poreuse materiale vorm. In die eerste deel van hierdie studie is
die agt onderstaande struktureel verwante dipiridieldiamied ligande se sintese en
karakterisering deur kernmagnetieseresonansie, Fourier transform infrarooi,
massaspektrometrie en enkel kristal X-straal diffraksie (SCD) beskryf:
• N,N'-bis(piridien-4-ielmetiel)isoftalamied (ISO);
• N,N'-bis(piridien-4-ielmetiel)tereftalamied (TER);
• N,N'-bis(piridien-4-ielmetiel)heksaandiamied (ADI);
• N,N'-bis(piridien-4-ielmetiel)butaandiamied (SUC);
• N,N'-bis(piridien-4-ielmetiel)bifeniel-4,4'-dikarbonieldikarboksamied (DIP);
• N,N'-dipiridien-2-ielpentaandiamied (GLUT);
• (2E)-N,N'-bis(2-piridien-4-ielmetiel)but-2-eendiamied (FUM);
• 4-(piridien-4-ielmetiel)aminokarboniel bensoësuur (TER-A).
In die tweede gedeelte is bg. ligande met 'n reeks oorgangsmetaalsoute gereageer om vyftien
nuwe koördinasiepolimere, asook een diskrete kompleks, te lewer. SCD analise toon dat van
hierdie sestien komplekse vorm dertien 1-D kettings, twee vorm 2-D netwerke en slegs een
vorm 'n diskrete eenheid. Waterstofbindings tussen die water molekules, die teen-ione en die
amied groepe het laer dimensie (1-D) eenhede verbind om hoër dimensionele netwerke (2-D)
te vorm. Mede-kristallisasie van die gesintetiseerde ligande met trimesielsuur het 'n nuwe
mede-kristal tussen ADI en triemesielsuur opgelewer. Enkelkristal diffraksie toon dat die
mede-kristal beide die amied homosinton en die piridien/karboksielsuur heterosinton bevat.
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Studies in the selective synthesis of bidentate resorcinarene ligandsKleinhans, Dewald Johannes 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Resorcinarenes are macrocyclic products formed from the condensation of aldehydes (aliphatic or aromatic) and
resorcinol and have been used in a wide range of applications since their first synthesis. Applications include:
HPLC stationary phases for the separation of pyrimidine bases, racemic drugs and isomers, the selective
extractions of lanthanides and actinides, as molecular receptors, catalysis, NMR chiral shift agents, GC
separations and as starting materials for the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds (e.g. cavitands and carcerands)
to name but a few. The use of resorcinarenes in catalysis is still quite new and unexplored, while catalysis using
calix[4]arenes, a related macrocycle, has been widely studied. In this thesis it was attempted to synthesise a C2v
symmetric resorcinarene precursor that could be further functionalised to form distal bidentate ligands for
coordination to transition metals. These compounds would then ultimately be used in catalytic testing,
especially for Pd catalysed C-C bond formation.
A dibromo resorcinarene precursor was synthesised starting from resorcinarene, using methodology developed
by Shivanyuk. This molecule was functionalised with a small range of different electrophiles using lithium
halogen exchange methodology, although low yields were returned for the expected distal resorcinarene
compounds. Other methods of functionalisation of the resorcinarene, using an anionic ortho-Fries
rearrangement and the reduction of a dinitrile resorcinarene to amine and aldehyde functionalities proved
unsuccessful.
Using a dithioether resorcinarene a di-nuclear coordination compound was formed with Pd(II). This compound
was tested for catalytic activity with a Heck reaction, showing low yields for the coupling of styrene with bromobenzene. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Resorsinarene is makrosikliese produkte wat gevorm word deur die kondensasie van aldehiede (alifaties of
aromaties) met resorsinol en word in ‘n verskeidenheid van toepassings gebruik sedert hulle eerste sintese.
Tipiese voorbeelde sluit in: stationêre fases vir die HPLC-skeiding van pirimidien-basisse, rasemiese
farmaseutiese middels en isomere, die selektiwe ekstraksie van lantaniede en aktiniede, molekulêre reseptore,
katalise, chirale verskuiwingsreagense vir KMR spektrometrie, GC-skeidings en as uitgangverbindings vir die
sintese van ander makrosikliese verbindings (bv. kavitande en karserande). Die gebruik van resorsinarene in
katalise is ’n splinternuwe onontginde veld. In teenstelling hiermee is calix[4]areen, ’n verwante makrosikliese
verbinding, baie meer bestudeer en vir katalise gebruik. Die doel van hierdie tesis was om ’n C2v simmetriese
uitgangstof te sintetiseer wat verder gefunksionaliseer kan word om distale, bidentate ligande vir koordinasie
met oorgangsmetale te lewer. Daar is beplan om die katalitiese eienskappe van die komplekse te toets, veral vir
Pd-gekataliseerde C–C-koppelings reaksies.
Deur gebruik te maak van ’n protokol wat deur Shivanyuk ontwikkel is, is ’n dibromo-resorsinareen
gesintetiseer uit resorsinareen. Verskillende elektrofiele is in ’n litium-halogeen uitruilreaksie gebruik om ’n
beperkte verskeidenheid nuwe ligande te sintetiseer wat verskillende funksionele groepe besit. Ongelukkig was
die opbrengste aan distale ligande baie laag en ander metodes is dus ook ondersoek om die funksionalisering te
bewerkstellig. ’n Anioniese orto-Fries herrangskikkingsreaksie en die reduksie van ’n dinitriel-resorsinareen om
amien- en aldehiedfunksies te lewer, was ook onsuksesvol.
Die reaksie tussen ‘n Pd(II) sout en ‘n ditioeter-gederivatiseerde resorsinareen het ‘n koordinasie verbinding met
twee metaalkerne gelewer. Hierdie kompleks is deur middel van ‘n Heck-koppelingsreaksie vir katalitiese
aktiwiteit getoets, maar het lae opbrengste gelewer in die koppeling van stireen en bromobenseen.
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Palladium and copper complexes based on dendrimeric and monofunctional N, N’ chelating ligands as potential catalysts in the oxidative carbonylation of alcoholsMketo, Nomvano 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis we describe the synthesis of several new N-(n-propyl)-1-(2-pyridyl and
quinolyl)-imine ligands (ML1-ML4) as well as peripheral functionalised iminopyridyl and
iminoquinolyl poly(propylene-imine) dendrimeric ligands (DL1-DL8) with a 1,4-
diaminobutane core. The dendrimeric ligands were obtained by modification of the
peripheral groups of Generation 1 and Generation 2 poly(propylene-imine) dendrimers,
(DAB-(NH2)n which are commercially available, with a series of aldehydes. All the ligands
were fully characterised by ESI-mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, 1H&13C{1H}-NMR,
FT-IR and UV/Vis spectroscopies.
These ligands were utilised to synthesise Pd(II) and Cu(I) complexes using appropriate metal
precursors. Some of mononuclear complexes, [N-(n-propyl)-(2-pyridyl and quinolyl)
methanimine] dichloro Pd(II) complexes (C1-C4) and bis[N-(n-propyl)-(2-pyridyl and
quinolyl) methanimine] copper(I) tetrafluoroborate complexes (C14) were structurally
characterised. Pd(II) complexes adopted a distorted square-planar geometry around the metal
centre while Cu(I) complex exhibit a distorted tetrahedral arrangement around the metal
centre. Both Pd(II) and Cu(I) multinuclear complexes (metallodendrimers) were characterised using a range of analytical techniques. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die sintese van verskeie nuwe N-(n-propiel)-1-(2-piridiel) en kinolielimien
ligande (ML1-ML4) sowel as gefunksioneerde imienopiridiel en imienokinoliel
poli(propilien-imien) dendrimeriese ligande (DL1-DL8) beskryf. Die dendrimeriese ligande
was behaal deur die modifikasie van perifere groepe van Generasie 1 en Generasie 2
poli(propilien-imien) dendrimere met ‘n reeks aldehiede. Alle ligande was volledig deur
ESI-massaspektrometrie, elementele analiese, 1H en 13C{1H} – KMR, FT-IR en UV/Sigbare
spektroskopie gekarakteriseerd.
Hierdie ligande was gebruik om Pd(II) en Cu(I) komplekse te berei om van die gepaste
metaal voorlopers te gebruik te maak. Sommige van die mono-kern komplekse, [N-(npropiel)-(
2-piridiel) en kinoliel metanimien] dikloor Pd(II), komplekse (C1-C4) en bis[N-(npropiel)-(
2-piridiel) metanimien] koper(I) tetrafloorboraat, kompleks (C14) was struktureël
gekarakteriseerd. Pd(II) komplekse neem ‘n versteurde vierkant valk geometrie om die
metaal senter aan, terwyl die Cu(I) kompleks, ‘n versteurde tetrahedriese opset rondom die
metaal toon.
Beide Pd(II) en Cu(I) multikern komplekse (metaaldendrimere) was deur ‘n verskeidenheid
van analitiese tegnieke gekarakteriseerd.
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Polylactic acid core-shell fibres by coaxial electrospinningKriel, Haydn 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:
The work presented in this dissertation describes the use of coaxial electrospinning of
two miscible polymer solutions in the preparation of core-shell fibres with a semicrystalline
core of poly(L-lactic acid) and an amorphous shell of poly(D,L-lactic
acid). Additionally it describes using these fibres in the production of single polymer
composite yarns and films. These materials can potentially be used in applications that
require biodegradable and fibre-reinforced composite materials e.g. suture yarns.
Traditional methods, such as TEM, when used to analyse the core-shell fibre structure
were not successful with the polymer system used. A method was developed to
validate core-shell fibre structure by selective dissolution of the shell material and
correlating analyses of the separated components using differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and optical rotation. The effects of solution concentration and flow
rate on resultant core-shell fibre diameters were investigated. Core-solution flow rate
was shown to be the most significant variable affecting the core and core-shell fibre
diameters.
A thermal processing window exists between the glass transition temperature of the
amorphous PDLLA shell material and the crystalline melting temperature of the semicrystalline
PLLA core material. Heating these core-shell fibres within this processing
window resulted in flow and fusion of overlapping shells of these core-shell fibres at
their surfaces while the fibrous core components remained intact and reinforced the
resulting composite material. This approach was used to produce single polymer
composite yarns and films. Thermal treatments on yarns were shown to increase
crystallinity of the cores and therefore the modulus and yield strength of the fibres
when compared to untreated yarns. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:
Die werk wat in hierdie tesis voorgelê word, beskryf die gebruik van koaksiale
elektro-spinnery van twee wedersydsoplosbare polimeeroplossings in die
vervaardiging van kern-skilvesels met ‘n gedeeltelik-kristallyne kern van poli-Lmelksuur
(PLLA) en ‘n amorfe skil van poli-D,L-melksuur (PDLLA). Verder beskryf
dit die gebruik van hierdie vesels in die vervaardiging van enkel-polimeer
saamgestelde-materiaalgarings en -films. Hierdie materiale kan moontlik gebruik
word in toepassings wat bio-afbreekbare en veselversterkte saamgestelde materiale
vereis, soos byvoorbeeld chirurgiese steke.
Die polimeervesels wat in hierdie studie gebruik is, kon nie gekaraktiseer word met
behulp van transmissie-elektronmikroskopie (TEM), wat gewoonklik gebruik word in
die bestudering van kern-skilvesels, nie. ‘n Alternatiewe karakteriseringsmetode is
ontwikkel om te bevestig dat die gevormde vesels wel ‘n kern-skilstruktuur het.
Hierdie metode het behels dat die skil van die kern-skilvesel selektief opgelos is,
waarna beide komponente (d.i. kern en skilmateriale) bestudeer is met behulp van
differensiële skanderingskalorimetrie en optiese rotasie. Die invloed van
polimeeroplossingskonsentrasie en –vloeitempo op die gevormde kern-skilvesels is
daarna ondersoek en die vloeitempo van die kernoplossing is geïdentifiseer as die
prosesinsetwaarde wat die mees beduidende invloed het op die deursnee van die
vesels.
Daar bestaan ‘n temperatuurinterval tussen die glasoorgangstemperatuur van
die amorfe PDLLA skilmateriaal en die kristallyne smeltpunt van die gedeeltelikkristallyne
PLLA kernmateriaal. Verwerking van die kern-skilvesels by ‘n
temperatuur binne hierdie interval het gelei tot vervloeiing en samesmelting van die
oorvleuelende skille van die kern-skilvesels, terwyl die veselagtige kernkomponente
van die vesels heel gebly het en opgetree het as versterking binne-in die saamgestelde
materiaal wat gevorm het. Hierdie benadering is gebruik om enkelpolimeersaamgestelde-
materiaalgarings en –films te vervaardig. ‘n Vergelykende
studie tussen onbehandelde en hitte-behandelde enkel-polimeer-saamgesteldemateriaalgarings
het aangetoon dat die hittebehandeling gelei het tot ‘n verhoging in
die kristalliniteit van die veselkerne en daarom ook ‘n verhoging in die modulus en
breeksterkte van die garings tot gevolg gehad het.
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