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Dietary intake, diet-related knowledge and metabolic control of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, aged 6-10 years attending the paediatric diabetic clinics at Grey's Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.January 2007 (has links)
The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake, diet-related knowledge and
metabolic control in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus between the ages of 6-10 years
attending the Paediatric Diabetic Clinics at Grey’s Hospital, Pietermaritzburg and Inkosi
Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.
This was a cross sectional observational study that was carried out in a total of 30 subjects
out of a possible 35 subjects that qualified for inclusion in the study from both the Grey’s
Hospital clinic (n=8) and IALCH clinic (n=22).
The dietary intake was assessed in a total of 25 subjects using a three day dietary record
(n=20) and a 24 hour recall of the third day of the record (n=16). Diet-related knowledge
was assessed using a multiple choice questionnaire. Metabolic control was assessed using
the most recent HbA1c and the mean HbA1c results over the previous 12 months from the
date of data collection. Height and weight measurements were also carried out.
Information on socioeconomic status and education status of the caregivers was obtained
from 22 caregivers through follow-up phone calls. All measurements except for dietary
intake were obtained from all subjects participating in the study.
The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy was very similar to the
International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Consensus
Guidelines (2002). The mean percentage contribution of macronutrients to total energy
from the 3 day dietary records and the 24 hour recalls were as follows: carbohydrate (52%
and 49%); sucrose (2% and 2%); protein (16% and 17%); fat (32% and 34%).
Micronutrient intake was adequate for all micronutrients except for calcium and vitamin D
which showed low intakes.
The mean diet-related knowledge score for the sample was 67% with significantly higher
scores in children older than 8 years of age.
The latest HbA1c for the sample was 9.7% and the mean HbA1c over the previous 12
months from the date of data collection was 9.6%. There was a significant positive
correlation between age of the participant and the latest HbA1c (r = 0.473; p=0.008) and a
significant negative correlation between the education level of the caregivers and the latest
HbA1c (r = - 0.578; p=0.005) and the mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.496; p=0.019).
Significant differences were found between African and Indian children respectively for
HbA1c, with higher values in African children. There was no correlation between BMI for
age and latest HbA1c (r = 0.203, p=0.282) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = 0.101,
p=0.594). Z score for BMI for age was also not correlated with latest HbA1c (r = 0.045,
p=0.814) or mean HbA1c over 12 months (r = - 0.012, p=0.951). Children from the Grey’s
Hospital Clinic were found to have higher HbA1c values (p=0.001) and lower diet-related
knowledge scores as compared to the children from the IALCH Clinic (p=0.038). It should
be noted that the ethnic and racial composition of the children attending these two clinics
differed.
In conclusion the macronutrient intake in this sample was found to be similar to the ISPAD
Consensus Guidelines (2002) while calcium and vitamin D intakes were low. Overall this
sample displayed good diet-related knowledge while metabolic control was found to be
poor. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
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The prevalence and degree of dehydration in rural South African forestry workers.Biggs, Chara. January 2008 (has links)
South African forestry workers are predisposed to dehydration due to the heavy physical activity they perform in impermeable regulation safety clothing in hot and often humid environments where the availability of a variety of suitable fluids at reasonable temperatures is limited. As dehydration reduces both physical and mental capacity the potential consequences include decreased productivity and an increased risk for injury. The aim of this cross sectional observational study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dehydration in rural forestry workers in both winter (minimum and maximum daily temperatures 3-22°C) and autumn (minimum and maximum daily temperatures 14-27°C). The convenience sample included 103 workers in autumn (Nelspruit, n=64 males, n=39 females, mean age 37.32 years, mean BMI 22.3 kg/m2) and 79 in winter (Richmond, n=68 males, n=11 females, mean age 25.85 years, mean BMI 22.2 kg/m2). The sample included chainsaw operators, chainsaw operator assistants, debarkers and stackers. The risk of heat illness was moderate in Nelspruit (average daily temperature 21.1°C 67% rh) and low in Richmond (average daily temperature 17.0°C 39% rh). The prevalence of dehydration was determined by urine specific gravity (USG) measurements. Percent loss of body weight in the course of the shift was used to determine the severity of dehydration.
In Nelspruit 43% (n=43) and in Richmond 47% (n=37) of the forestry workers arrived at work dehydrated (USG>1.020 g/ml). Pre break this had increased to 49% (n=49) in Nelspruit and 55% (n=33) in Richmond. By the end of shift the number of dehydrated forestry workers had significantly increased to 64% (n=64, p≤0.001) in Nelspruit and 63% (n=42, p=0.043) in Richmond. A minimum of 21% (n=2) in Nelspruit and 23% (n=15) in Richmond of the forestry workers had lost more than 2% of their body weight which could significantly decrease work capacity and work output as well as mental and cognitive ability. Dehydration was not related to season (winter/autumn), gender or job category. In Nelspruit 23% (n=23) and in Richmond 13% (n=10) arrived at work overhydrated (USG<1.013 g/ml). Pre break this had decreased to 14% (n=14) in Nelspruit and 10% (n=6) in Richmond. By the end of shift 4% (n=4) in Nelspruit and 2% (n=1) in Richmond had remained overhydrated and without correcting for fluid and food intake, 5% (n=5) had gained over 2% of their body weight in Nelspruit while none had gained weight in Richmond. Overhydration was not related to season (winter/autumn), gender or job category. Physical symptoms at the end of shift included tiredness (24%), toothache (13%) and headaches (10%) although these did not correlate to end of shift USG readings (p=0.221). The fluid requirements for male workers (n=8) who did not eat or drink across the shift was 439 ml per hour.
The contractors were unaware of how much fluid should be supplied to workers and how much fluid they actually supplied. The only fluid provided by the contractors was water at the ambient air temperature which was the main source of fluid for the majority. Some forestry workers brought a limited variety of other fluids including amahewu, tea and cold drinks to work. At least 40% of the work force investigated, started their shift already compromised to work to capacity (USG>1.020 g/ml). The prevalence of dehydration had increased by the break emphasizing the need to begin drinking early on in the shift. The majority of forestry workers were dehydrated at the end of the shift. A significant proportion was dehydrated to the extent (>2%) that both work capacity and mental ability would be significantly compromised. A select group of forestry workers were drinking excessive amounts of fluid and were therefore susceptible to potentially fatal dilutional hyponatremia especially as water was the primary source of fluid. Dehydration in both autumn and winter was identified as being a significant but preventable risk. As a consequence of overhydration, a small group of forestry workers may be susceptible to dilutional hyponatremia. Fluid intake guidelines for males of 450 ml per hour appeared to be safe and were within the recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine. Fluid guidelines for females need investigation. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
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Nutrient intakes, dietary diversity, hunger perceptions and anthropometry of children aged 1-3 years in households producing crops and livestock in South Africa : a secondary analysis of national food consumption survey of 1999.Bolaane, Lenkwetse. January 2006 (has links)
Children less than five years of age are at a risk of growth failure worldwide. The
South African National Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) of 1999 showed that
25.5% of children aged 1 - 3 years were stunted. Poor growth of young children in
developing countries (South Africa included) has been associated with multiple
micronutrient deficiencies because of the use of starchy plant-based complementary
foods with little variety, especially among resource poor households. Dietary
diversification through the use of crop and livestock production has been
recommended as a strategy to improve the micronutrient intake and food security of
households in resource poor settings.
This study was a cross sectional secondary analysis of the South African NFCS of
1999 data, designed to investigate the impact of crop and livestock production on
nutrient intake, dietary diversity, intake of selected food groups, hunger perceptions
and anthropometric status of children aged 1 - 3 years in South Africa. Children
from households producing crops only (n=211), crops and livestock (n=110),
livestock only (n=93) and non-producers were compared at the national, in rural
areas and among households with a total income of less than R12 000.00 per
household per year.
In rural areas and among households with a total income of less than R12 000.00 per
household per year, children in the crops and livestock group had higher nutrient
intakes for energy, vitamin 86, calcium and folate than the other groups (p<0.05),
while the crops only group had higher nutrient intakes for vitamin A and vitamin C.
The majority of children in all the four study groups had less than 67% of the RDAs
for vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. In addition , children in all the
groups had a median dietary diversity score of four out of 13 food groups. In rural
areas and among low income households, higher percentages (over 60%) of children
in the crops only group consumed vegetables while the non-producers group was the
lowest (47.7%). The non-producers group had the highest percentages of children
consuming meat and meat products and the crops and livestock and livestock only
groups had the lowest percentages. In both rural areas and among households withlow income, the majority of the households in all the study groups were experiencing
hunger. In rural areas, one in five households were food secure.
Crop and livestock production improved the nutrient intake and the intake of
vegetables of children in rural and poor households. However, nutrient intakes were
not adequate to meet the recommended nutrient levels. The high levels of food
insecurity require support of these households to increase crop and livestock
production and, integration of nutrition education to increase the consumption of the
produced products. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Comparison of indicators of household food insecurity using data from the 1999 national food consumption survey.Sayed, Nazeeia. January 2006 (has links)
Information on the present situation of household food insecurity in South Africa is
fragmented. There is no comprehensive study comparing different indicators of
household food security. Better information on the household food security situation in
South Africa would permit relevant policy formulation and better decision-making on
the allocation of limited resources. The availability of a national dataset, the first South
African National Food Consumption Survey data (1999) , provided the opportunity to
investigate some of the issues raised above, and to contribute to knowledge on the
measurement of household food security.
The aim of this study was to use the data from the 1999 National Food Consumption
Survey (NFCS) to :
• Determine and compare the prevalence of household food insecurity using different
indicators of household food security ;
• Determine the overlap of households identified as food insecure by the different
indicators (i.e. how many of the same households are identified as food insecure);
and to
• Investigate whether there was any correlation between the indicators selected .
The indicators of household food security selected were: household income, household
hunger experienced, and using the index child: energy and vitamin A intake (from 24
Hour Recall (24HR) and Quantified Food Frequency data), dietary diversity (from
24HR data) and anthropometric indicators stunting and underweight. The cut offs to
determine food insecure household were those used in the NFCS and the cut off for
dietary diversity was exploratory.
The main results of the study were as follows :
• The prevalence estimates of household food insecurity ranged from 10%
(underweight indicator) to 70% (low income indicator). Rural areas consistently
had a higher prevalence of household food insecurity than urban areas . The Free
State and Northern Cape provinces had higher levels of household food insecurity,
with the Western Cape and Gauteng the lower levels of household food insecurity .
• Quantified Food Frequency (QFF) data yielded lower prevalence of household food
insecurity estimates than 24 hour recall (24HR) data. Household food insecurity as
determined by low vitamin A intakes was higher than that determined by low energy
intakes for both the 24HR and QFF data .
• There was little overlap with the indicators (9-52%), indicating that the same
households were not being identified by the different indicators. Low dietary
diversity, low income, 24HR low vitamin A intake and hunger had higher overlaps
with the other indicators. Only 12 of 2826 households (0.4%) were classified by all
nine indicators as food insecure.
• The dataset revealed a number of statistically significant correlations. Overall , low
dietary diversity, low income, 24HR low energy intake and hunger had the stronger
correlations with the other indicators.
Food security is a complex, multi-dimensional concept, and from the findings of this
study there was clearly no single best indicator of household food insecurity status.
Overall , the five better performing indicators (higher overlaps and correlations) were :
low income, 24 hour recall low energy intake, 24 hour recall low vitamin A intake, low
dietary diversity and hunger; this merits their use over the other selected indicators in
this study. The indicator selected should be appropriate for the purpose it is being used
for, e.g. estimating prevalence of food insecurity versus monitoring the long term
impact of an intervention. There are other important criteria in the selection of an
indicator. Income data on a national scale has the advantage of being available annually
in South Africa, and this saves time and money. The 24HR vitamin A intake and 24HR
energy intake indicators has as its main draw back the skill and time needed to collect
and analyse the information, which increases cost and decreases sustainability. Dietary
diversity and hunger have the advantage of being simple to understand, and quicker and
easier to administer and analyse.
It is suggested that a national food security monitoring system in South Africa uses
more than one indicator, namely : 1) household income from already existing national
data, 2) the potential for including a hunger questionnaire in the census should be
explored, and 3) when further researched and validated, dietary diversity could also be
used in national surveys. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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The current infant feeding practices and related factors of Zulu mothers with 0-6 month old infants attending PMTCT and non-PMTCT clinics in central Durban, KwaZulu-Natal : an exploratory study.Kassier, Susanna Maria. January 2005 (has links)
Abstract: Introduction:
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant's life is
recommended worldwide. In 1998 the South African Demographic and
Health Survey (SADHS) showed that only 10% of mothers exclusively
breastfeed at three months. As the HIV virus is transmissible via breast milk,
UNAIDS (2002) recommends that women in developing countries should be
given a choice of feeding method after being counselled on the risks and
benefits of breast feeding versus formula feeding. As a result, the Prevention
of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme was launched in
KwaZulu-Natal with the aim of providing interventions to prevent Mother-to-Child
Transmission of the HIV virus. However, research has shown that infant
feeding practices are influenced by numerous factors. Ultimately mothers will
feed their infants in a manner they feel comfortable with, even if it is not
always the most appropriate choice.
Aim:
The aim of this study was to determine and compare current infant feeding
practices and some of the factors that influenced these practices among Zulu
mothers with 0 - 6 month old infants attending PMTCT and non-PMTCT
clinics in Central Durban, KwaZulu-Natal.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional, descriptive survey was conducted amongst 150 mothers
sampled from three non-PMTCT clinics and 150 mothers sampled from three
PMTCT clinics. Systematic random sampling of mothers attending the two
types of clinics was used to ensure an equal number of mothers· with infants
aged 0 - < 6 weeks, 6 - < 14 weeks and 14 weeks to 6 months. The number
of mothers interviewed per clinic was determined proportionate to clinic size.
Interviews were conducted in Zulu by trained fieldworkers according to a
structured interview schedule consisting of 87 open- and closed-ended
questions.
Summary of most important findings and conclusion:
Overall, one quarter of the mothers attending non-PMTCT and one third of
mothers at PMTCT clinics were practising exclusive breastfeeding at the time
of the survey. The general trend was that mothers attending PMTCT clinics
were more inclined than those attending non-PMTCT clinics to breastfeed
their infants exclusively (34% versus 24% respectively) or to formula feed
(16,7% versus 12,7% respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant
decline in exclusive breastfeeding and predominant breastfeeding with
increasing infant age in both clinic groups. The opposite held true for mixed
feeding and formula feeding in that infants were more inclined to mixed
feeding or formula feeding with increasing infant age. In both clinic groups,
exclusive breastfeeding was the method of choice in the 0 - < 6 week age
category, while a preference for mixed feeding was shown in the 6 - < 14
week category. This trend persisted in the 14 week - < 6 month age
category, especially in the non-PMTCT clinics, while there was a small but
pronounced increase in formula feeding amongst PMTCT mothers. Although
these findings can be explained as a result of implementing the PMTCT
programme, the positive trends observed in non-PMTCT clinics serve as an
indicator that the Integrated Nutrition Programme (INP) and Baby Friendly
Hospital initiative have also had an impact on the feeding choices mothers
make.
Despite the limited duration of the PMTCT programme at the time of the
study, indicators of the impact of the intervention include that a lower
percentage of PMTCT mothers introduced foods and/or liquids in addition to
breast milk to their infants before six months of age compared to non-PMTCT
mothers. Furthermore, more mothers attending PMTCT clinics were
shown how to breastfeed and were more likely to have received information
about formula feeding. Despite these indicators of a positive impact of the
PMTCT programme, the mean age for introducing liquids and/or solids in
addition to breast milk was about six weeks and the incidence of this practice
was very high for both groups. The similar incidence of formula feeding
observed between the two clinic groups suggests the presence of constraints
to safe infant feeding choices among mothers attending PMTCT clinics.
As observed, infant feeding practices were still not ideal in either of the two
clinic groups. However, the high level of antenatal clinic attendance
documented for both groups serves as evidence that, if opportunities for
providing mothers with appropriate infant feeding advice are utilized
optimally, the antenatal clinic could serve as an ideal medium through which
infant feeding education can take place, especially as the clinic-based nursing
staff were cited as the most important source of infant feeding information by
both groups of mothers in the antenatal and postnatal phases. The
documented infant feeding practices should be interpreted against the
backdrop of factors such as socio-demographic characteristics of the
mothers, availability of resources such as social support from peers and
significant others and reigning infant feeding beliefs that could influence
infant feeding decisions.
Predictors of exclusive breastfeeding in PMTCT and non-PMTCT clinics were
determined by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significant
values were obtained for both clinic groups in terms of the infant not having
received liquids in addition to breast milk. No additional predictors were
found amongst mothers attending non-PMTCT clinics, however predictors
amongst mothers attending PMTCT clinics included whether the mother had
not visited the clinic since the infant's birth, whether she practiced demand
feeding and whether she was experiencing stress at the time of the study.
The limited number of predictors of exclusive breastfeeding documented in
this study, especially among non-PMTCT mothers may be explained by the
fact that infant feeding behaviour is multifactorial by nature and the
interaction between factors that influence feeding choice is strong. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.
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A study of the quality and feasibility of Sibusiso, a ready-to-use food.Mahlangu, Zodwa Nita. January 2012 (has links)
A ready-to-use food (RUF), Sibusiso, has the potential to alleviate protein- energy malnutrition. However, its nutritional composition, physical properties, consumer acceptability, and economic feasibility for use are unknown.
This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition and physical properties of a RUF, Sibusiso. As well as to assess the consumer acceptability of Sibusiso to healthy and HIV infected children on antiretroviral (ARV) medication, and the caregiver‟s attitudes towards Sibusiso. The feasibility of using Sibusiso for nutrition rehabilitation was also determined.
Methodology: Four samples of Sibusiso and a peanut butter (control) were analysed for their nutritional composition and physical properties. The consumer acceptability of Sibusiso to healthy children and HIV infected children on ARVs (ART group) was determined using a five-point facial hedonic rating scale. Focus group discussions were conducted to assess the attitudes and perceptions of caregivers surrounding Sibusiso. These caregivers had children who were either malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. The financial feasibility of using Sibusiso for nutrition rehabilitation was determined using published data.
The results revealed that Sibusiso was a good source of energy (2624 kJ/100 g) and quality protein (15.7 g/100 g). The nutritional composition of Sibusiso met the WHO/WFP/SCN/UNICEF recommendations for RUF. Instrumental colour analysis indicated that both Sibusiso and the peanut butter had a brown colour, although Sibusiso was slightly lighter. Sibusiso had the same spreadability or hardness as the peanut butter, but it was stickier than the peanut butter. Based on the sensory evaluation, Sibusiso was found acceptable to both healthy (n=121) and HIV infected children (n=51). Over 65% of the children in both the healthy and ART group liked the taste, smell and mouthfeel of Sibusiso. The caregivers also found Sibusiso acceptable and were willing to buy it, but at half its current price (60 ZAR/ 500 g). The price of Sibusiso and perception of the caregivers that Sibusiso was a peanut butter were the main factors that affected their willingness to buy the product. Financial feasibility analysis showed that the estimated cost (5.99 ZAR/day) of rehabilitating a child using Sibusiso was higher than the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health nutrition budget of 0.02 ZAR/day.
Sibusiso is a good source of energy and quality protein, and it is fairly acceptable to children with HIV and caregivers. This indicates that Sibusiso has a potential to alleviate protein-energy malnutrition in the targeted groups. Yet, Sibusiso is expensive. There would be a need to somehow reduce the cost of Sibusiso so that it would be financially feasible to use it in nutrition intervention programmes. / Thesis (M.Sc.Hum.Nut.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
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