Coronapandemin har en stor påverkan på många delar i samhället och inte minst på förvaltningsfastigheter. Marknaden för förvaltningsfastigheter drabbades av en nedgång i början av 2020 där värdet på fastigheterna nu kan ifrågasättas om det är rättvisande. Enligt tidigare forskning har marknaden länge varit osäker då värderarna gör antaganden om framtiden samt att värderingen grundas i verkligt värde. Uppkomsten av coronapandemin medförde färre transaktioner av fastigheter vilket har resulterat i en tunn marknad som i sin tur försvårar värderingen som baseras på jämförelser. Under 2020 såg marknaden för förvaltningsfastigheter både en nedgång och en uppgång på kort tid.  Syftet med studien var att undersöka om värdet och värderingen av förvaltningsfastigheter påverkats till följd av coronapandemin. För att syftet ska uppfyllas har värderingsprocesserna hos olika fastighetsföretag ifrågasatts, antaganden om framtiden har granskats och om värdena som fastställts speglar marknaden på ett korrekt sätt.  Kvalitativa intervjuer och dokumentstudier har genomförts av svenska noterade fastighetsföretag. Intervjuerna och dokumentstudien utfördes för att få företagens egna perspektiv och uppfattningar om värderingen under coronapandemin, men också för att se vad företagen själva väljer att framföra i sina årsredovisningar. Resultatet av studien visar att coronapandemin hade en negativ påverkan på värdena under början av 2020. Den vanligaste värderingsmetoden, kassaflödesmetoden, anses även vara rättvisande då olika antaganden om marknaden tas i beaktning. Resultatet visar också att den största osäkerheten ligger inom de olika segmenten av förvaltningsfastigheter. Framtida värderingar kommer fortfarande att bygga på antaganden som är kopplade till osäkerhet där effekterna av coronapandemin inte än kan ses vilket försvårar bedömningarna i värderingen. / The corona pandemic has a major impact on many parts of society, not least investment properties. This market was hit by a downturn at the beginning of 2020 that valuation of properties can be questioned as fair. According to previous research, the property market has long been uncertain as valuers make assumptions about the future and valuations are based on a fair value. The emergence of the corona pandemic led to less real estate transactions resulting in a thin market, which in turn makes evaluations based on comparisons difficult. In 2020, the market for investment properties saw both a downturn and upturn in a short time span.  The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the value and valuations of investment properties was affected by the corona pandemic. To meet this aim, the valuation process of various real estate companies has been questioned and assumptions about the future have been examined in order to establish if valuations correctly reflect the market.  Qualitative interviews and document studies have been conducted of Swedish listed real estate companies. The interviews and document studies were conducted so as to get the companies’ own perspectives and perceptions of the valuation during the corona pandemic, but also to observe what the companies themselves choose to present in their annual reports. The results of the study show that the corona pandemic had a negative impact on values during the first part of 2020. The most common valuation method, the cash flow method, is also considered correct as different assumptions about the market are taken into account. The result also shows, however, that the greatest uncertainty lies in the various segments of investment properties. Future valuations will still be based on assumptions linked to uncertainty, where the effects of the corona pandemic cannot yet be seen, which complicates valuation assessments.

This paper examines the extent to which thin markets in conjunction with tax induced kinks in the budget constraint cause consumer demand to be skewed. To illustrate the principles I focus on the demand for owner-occupied housing. Housing units are indivisible and heterogeneous while tastes for housing are at least partly idiosyncratic, causing housing markets to be thin. In addition, prior to 1998, capital gains tax provisions introduced a sharp kink in the budget constraint of existing owner-occupiers in search of a new home: previous homeowners under age 55 paid no capital gains tax if they bought up, but were subject to capital gains tax if they bought down. I first characterize the economic conditions under which households err on the up or down side when choosing a home in the presence of a thin market and a kinked budget constraint. I then specify an empirical model that takes such effects into account. Results based on Monte Carlo experiments indicate that failing to allow for skewness in the demand for housing leads to biased estimates of the elasticities of demand when such skewness is actually present. In addition, estimates based on American Housing Survey data suggest that such bias is substantial: controlling for skewness reduces the price elasticity of demand among previous owner-occupiers from 1.6 to 0.3. Moreover, 58% of previous homeowners err on the up while only 42% err on the down side. Thus, housing demand is skewed. / Ph. D.

This thesis investigates the nature of joint dividend-and-earnings signalling in announcements to the New Zealand Stock Exchange in the 1990s. Initially the Market Model is used to compute expected returns, and the abnormal returns derived from these are subjected to restricted least squares regressions to separate out a putative dividend signal from the concurrent earnings signal. But with the Market Model, the zero-value company returns associated with an absence of trading in thinly traded stocks are over-represented in returns distributions leading to problems of bias. New models are developed that explicitly exploit zero returns. The first alternative methodology entails friction modelling, which uses a maximum likelihood estimation procedure to find the relationship coefficients and the range of returns that should be considered as zero, and then proceeds to treat them as a separate category. The second alternative methodology is that of state asset models, which take a fresh new look at investor perceptions of the connection between movements in company returns and those of the concurrent underlying market. Zero-value company returns cease to be zero in value, where a state model is rotated, or alternatively they can be modelled as an extra state. All three methodologies furnish some evidence of dividend signalling; but this evidence is highly dependent on small changes within the given methodology.