Resumo: Cerca de um terço dos traumas de tórax necessitam de hospitalização, e a grande maioria destes pacientes é tratada com toracostomia tubular fechada. A principal morbidade associada a este procedimento é o empiema pleural. Devido aos possíveis índices de morbidade e mortalidade relacionados ao empiema pós- traumático e as implicações do uso irracional de antibióticos, acreditamos ser relevante a realização desta revisão sistemática. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade da administração de antibiótico na redução de empiema em pacientes com toracostomia tubular devido a trauma. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, utilizando a metodologia Cochrane, através de busca eletrônica e manual. Foram incluídos pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado, submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada, sem distinção de idade e sexo, incluídos nos estudos elegíveis, cuja intervenção foi a administração de antibióticos como tratamento preventivo comparado com placebo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 6 estudos totalizando 753 pacientes com trauma torácico isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. A metanálise demonstrou efeito de tratamento superior dos antibióticos em relação ao placebo, tanto para o desfecho empiema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 a 0,46) como para o desfecho pneumonia, RR= 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 a 0,82). Conclusão: Antibióticos são efetivos para reduzir a frequência de empiema e pneumonia em pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. / Abstract: About a third of the thorax traumas need hospitalization, and the great majority of these patients is treated with closed tube thoracostomy. The main morbidity associated to this procedure is the pleural empyema. Due to the possible morbidity and mortality rates related to the empyema posttraumatic and the implications of the irrational use of antibiotics, we believed to be relevant the accomplishment of this systematic review. Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of the antibiotic administration in the empyema reduction in patients with tube thoracostomy trauma. Methods: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials, using the Cochrane methodology, through electronic and manual search. It was included patients with isolated thorax trauma, submitted to closed tube thoracostomy, without distinction of age and sex, included in the eligible studies, whose intervention was the administration of antibiotics as preventive treatment compared to placebo. Results: 753 patients with isolated thoracic trauma submitted to closed tube thoracostomy in 6 studies. The meta-analysis demonstrated superior effect of antibiotics treatment in relation to the placebo, as much for the outcome empyema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 to 0,46) as for the outcome pneumonia, RR = 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 to 0,82). Conclusion: Antibiotics are effective to reduce the pneumonia and empyema incidence in patients with trauma of isolated thorax submitted to closed tube thoracostomy. / Orientador: Antônio José Maria Catâneo / Coorientador: Paulo Eduardo de Oliveira Carvalho / Banca: Tânia Ruiz / Banca: Olavo Ribeiro Rodriguês / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rubira_cj_me_botfm.pdf: 645645 bytes, checksum: e75d94d4917e2b0afc20438d49f14b0f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Cerca de um terço dos traumas de tórax necessitam de hospitalização, e a grande maioria destes pacientes é tratada com toracostomia tubular fechada. A principal morbidade associada a este procedimento é o empiema pleural. Devido aos possíveis índices de morbidade e mortalidade relacionados ao empiema pós- traumático e as implicações do uso irracional de antibióticos, acreditamos ser relevante a realização desta revisão sistemática. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade da administração de antibiótico na redução de empiema em pacientes com toracostomia tubular devido a trauma. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, utilizando a metodologia Cochrane, através de busca eletrônica e manual. Foram incluídos pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado, submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada, sem distinção de idade e sexo, incluídos nos estudos elegíveis, cuja intervenção foi a administração de antibióticos como tratamento preventivo comparado com placebo. Resultados: Foram selecionados 6 estudos totalizando 753 pacientes com trauma torácico isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. A metanálise demonstrou efeito de tratamento superior dos antibióticos em relação ao placebo, tanto para o desfecho empiema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 a 0,46) como para o desfecho pneumonia, RR= 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 a 0,82). Conclusão: Antibióticos são efetivos para reduzir a frequência de empiema e pneumonia em pacientes com trauma de tórax isolado submetidos a toracostomia tubular fechada. / About a third of the thorax traumas need hospitalization, and the great majority of these patients is treated with closed tube thoracostomy. The main morbidity associated to this procedure is the pleural empyema. Due to the possible morbidity and mortality rates related to the empyema posttraumatic and the implications of the irrational use of antibiotics, we believed to be relevant the accomplishment of this systematic review. Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of the antibiotic administration in the empyema reduction in patients with tube thoracostomy trauma. Methods: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials, using the Cochrane methodology, through electronic and manual search. It was included patients with isolated thorax trauma, submitted to closed tube thoracostomy, without distinction of age and sex, included in the eligible studies, whose intervention was the administration of antibiotics as preventive treatment compared to placebo. Results: 753 patients with isolated thoracic trauma submitted to closed tube thoracostomy in 6 studies. The meta-analysis demonstrated superior effect of antibiotics treatment in relation to the placebo, as much for the outcome empyema, RR=0,18 (IC 95% 0,07 to 0,46) as for the outcome pneumonia, RR = 0,43 (IC 95% 0,23 to 0,82). Conclusion: Antibiotics are effective to reduce the pneumonia and empyema incidence in patients with trauma of isolated thorax submitted to closed tube thoracostomy.

In the Republic of South Africa, an autopsy is required in all cases of unnatural death, or in cases where the cause of death is unknown in terms of the Inquest Act of 1959. These are performed at the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory by Forensic Pathologists and Registrars of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of the University of Cape Town. The Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory serves the greater Cape Town area with a population of approximately 2,5 million, including the magisterial districts of Cape Town, Wynberg, Mitchell's Plain and Simonstown. Cape Town has one of the world's highest homicide rates and in 1986 the incidence was 56, 91 100000 population per annum. In contrast, Singapore has a homicide rate of only 2, 5/100 000, while the United States has an overall homicide rate of 7,7/ 100 000 population. In order to document the true impact of penetrating chest injuries, and to place mortality data in perspective, a retrospective descriptive study of all cases with fatal penetrating chest injuries admitted to the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory in Cape Town during 1990 was undertaken. In 1990, a total of 5 758 cases was admitted to the Salt River Medicolegal Laboratory of which 1834 cases (39%) were the result of homicide. Of the homicide cases, 408 (22%) were the result of firearm injuries. A total of 2044 (35, 5%) cases admitted was deemed to have died of natural causes. This study identified a total of 841 cases of fatal penetrating injuries of the chest admitted during 1990, which constituted 22,6% of all non-natural cases admitted.

Orientadores: Ivan Felizardo Contrera Toro, Alfio Jose Tincani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T13:36:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_AlexandreGarciade_M.pdf: 2087183 bytes, checksum: 6fd6e6333b62539a3a77fcbbb6cd91a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O Atendimento Médico Pré-hospitalar tem ganho atenção e estímulo no Brasil nos últimos anos, e com o crescimento desta nova área de atuação médica, surgiram novos problemas a serem resolvidos. Um desses problemas é a drenagem pleural tubular fechada, pois o mecanismo de fluxo unidirecional mais comumente usado, o selo de água, é inseguro e pouco prático para o atendimento pré-hospitalar. Objetivos: Testar a eficiência e a segurança do DVU - Dispositivo de Válvula Unidirecional, para a substituição do selo de água na drenagem pleural tubular fechada em ambiente pré-hospitalar, através de parâmetros clínicos. Material e método: Foram utilizados 22 DVU em 21 doentes no período de tempo compreendido entre maio de 2002 e maio de 2004. Todos doentes foram atendidos pelo autor e por ele submetidos à colocação do DVU, vítimas de traumatismo torácico, penetrante ou fechado, ou com pneumotórax espontâneo com repercussão clínica. Resultados: Dezesseis (72,7%) ferimentos penetrantes da caixa torácica, três (13,6%) ferimentos torácicos fechados e três (13,6%) pneumotórax espontâneos foram incluidos no estudo. Houve melhora dos parâmetros aferidos como pressão arterial, freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e da propedêutica pleuro-pulmonar (ausculta e percussão torácicas); o débito de líquidos através da válvula foi em média de 700 ± 87,4 ml (variando de zero a 1500 ml). Houve duas falhas mecânicas, sendo em um caso possível a substituição do mecanismo defeituoso por outro funcionante e em outro caso a substituição do DVU pelo selo de água. Discussão: A drenagem pleural no ambiente pré-hospitalar é fator de discussão quanto às indicações, técnicas e dispositivos de fluxo unidirecional. A literatura internacional tem dado grande importância à drenagem pré-hospitalar, como fator de estabilização de doentes instáveis, além de outras medidas de suporte, com melhora da sobrevida, diminuição de morbidade e de tempo de internação. A divulgação de dispositivos de substituição do selo de água no Brasil faz-se necessária, devido à baixa disponibilidade de similares no mercado nacional. Conclusão: concluiu-se que o DVU é útil, seguro e bem aceito pelas equipes de atendimento hospitalar e pré-hospitalar, além de ser uma alternativa nacional, menos dispendiosa e mais acessível dos que os similares importados / Abstract: Prehospital medical service in Brazil has been attracting attention in the past years. With the expansion of this new field of medical service new problems have arisen to be solved. One of these problems is the closed pleural drainage. This is because the unidirectional flux mechanism commonly used, the underwater seal, is unsafe and not user friendly in the prehospital set. Objectives: test the efficiency and safety of the DVU (unidirectional valve) to replace the water seal for closed pleural drainage in the prehospital environment, through clinical parameters. Material and method: 22 DVU were used in 21 patients from may 2002 and may 2004. All patients were attended by the author who undertake the pleural drainage with the valve, victims of thoracic traumatism, closed or penetrating, or with spontaneous pneumothorax with clinical repercussion. Results: Sixteen (72,7%) penetrating injuries of the chest, three (13,6%) closed thoracic injuries and three (13,6%) spontaneous pneumothorax were included in this study. An improvement in the observed parameters was registered, such as arterial blood pressure, cardiac and respiratory frequency, as well as the pulmonary propedeutics (auscultation and thoracic percussion); the liquid outflow of the valve was 700 ± 87,4 ml (ranging from zero to 1500 ml). Two mechanical failures were registered one of which the drainage system was replaced by a new one and the other the DVU was replaced by a underwater seal. Discussion: The prehospital pleural drainage is a matter of debate in regard to indications, techniques and unidirectional flux systems. The international literature given great importance to the prehospital drainage, as a factor of stabilizing patients, besides other support measures, increasing overall survival, decreasing morbidity and hospital stay. The divulgation of means that replace the underwater seal in Brazil is of extreme importance, due to the low availability of similar systems in the national market. Conclusions: It was concluded that the DVU is useful, safe and well accepted by the prehospital set, in addition, it is a national alternative, less costly and more accessible that its international similar systems / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

Penetrating injuries of the intrathoracic great vessels are well recognized although uncommon. In the First World War no survivors with thoracic vascular injury were recorded among soldiers treated with penetrating injuries to the chest as recorded by Makins. The first record of successful repair of a penetrating thoracic aortic injury was in 1922 by Dshanelidze in Russia. Similar to Makins' experience, De Bakey and Simeone in the Second World War recorded no surviving patients with involvem_ent of the thoracic aorta and its branches among American soldiers. Furthermore, no injuries to the thoracic aorta and its branches were recorded in Korean war soldiers undergoing vascular surgery by both Jahnke and Hughes. Rich reported 3 survivors of aortic injuries in the Vietnam war among 1000 patients with vascular injuries. By 1969 only 43 successfully treated cases had been reported but increasing numbers of patients sustaining injuries to the great arteries at the level of the thoracic inlet have been reported subsequently in civilian practice. Experience has grown over the years but patient numbers remain small and individual surgeons may only manage 2 or 3 of these patients in his life time. The largest single reported series consists of 93 patients in Memphis over a 13 year period. All victims were rapidly transported to hospital and were resuscitated en route. As a consequence, a large number critically ill patients reached hospital who may have died in earlier years. However some of these patients inevitably died in hospital contributing to the high mortality of 16, 7% reported. Our experience is different in that most of our victims who reach hospital will survive as poor community triage facilities prevent more than 95% of penetrating thoracic vascular trauma victims reaching hospital alive, hence we have a selection of less severely injured patients who eventually reach our hospital alive producing our mortality rate of 5%. Another important difference is that most of our patients suffered stab wounds as compared to gunshot wounds noted in the Memphis. Buchan and Robbs in Durban reported on 52 patients who had penetrating cervicomediastinal vascular injury with a remarkably similar experience to our own in Cape Town with the exception of a larger number of aortic injuries (21 out of 52 patients) recorded and a higher mortality rate of 17% as a result of these aortic injuries.

Dans le contexte actuel d’attentats et autres conflits armées, le risque lésionnel thoracique par explosion est exacerbé sans que pour autant l’on sache l’efficacité réelle des moyens actuels de protection thoracique individuelle face à une telle menace. Ce travail de thèse, combinant expérimentations et simulations numériques, a traité de front l’ensemble de la chaine physique entre la détonation d’une charge explosive et l’apparition de lésions pulmonaires. Un des premiers objectifs a été de comprendre les différents phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors de la propagation de l’onde de choc en champ libre. Le large éventail de données expérimentales acquis a permis de développer des outils simples permettant la détermination des caractéristiques de la menace ainsi qu’une approche numérique robuste sous LS-DYNA. L’objectif suivant a été d’étudier l’interaction d’ondes de choc avec des cibles de géométries simples et de compositions différentes. L’analyse des données expérimentales acquises a permis, en plus de la validation numérique de l’interaction fluide-structure et des MEF des structures, de déterminer de possibles candidats pour la définition d’un critère de lésions thoraciques. Enfin, des essais sur réacteurs biologiques post-mortem ont été réalisés, permettant d’obtenir la réponse cinématique du thorax du modèle porcin sous blast. Tout ceci a permis d’aboutir à des voies d’amélioration et à des outils prometteurs pour permettre l’évaluation et l’évolution des systèmes de protection thoracique dans un futur assez proche afin de limiter les risques face à cette menace qui a gagné en importance ces dernières années. / With the increasing number of bombing attacks and armed conflicts, the risk of thoracic injuries caused by the blast threat is worsen, without knowing the efficiency of the current individual chest protection systems impacted by such a threat. This research, combining experiments and numerical simulations, dealt with the physics at play from the detonation of an explosive charge and the injury outcomes. One of the first objectives was to understand the different physical phenomena involved in the propagation of the shock wave in the open field. The huge set of data acquired allowed the development of simple tools for the determination of the blast characteristics as well as a robust numerical approach under LS-DYNA. The next objective was to study the interaction of shock waves with targets of simple geometries and different compositions. In addition to the numerical validation of the fluid-structure interaction and of the FEM of the structures, the analysis of the experimental data acquired allowed to determine possible candidates for the definition of a thoracic injury criterion. Finally, tests on biological post-mortem reactors have been carried out, which enabled to obtain the kinematic response of the swine’s thorax under blast. All this work has led to improvements and promising tools for the evaluation and the improvement of chest protection systems in the near future. The proposed tools should be used to limit the risks to this threat which has gained in importance in recent years.