Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-31T13:33:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCSG_DISSERT.pdf: 1707836 bytes, checksum: f3a5558058650f68e08a82541000dc7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-05 / In power distribution systems are the major causes of voltage imbalances, variations in single-phase loads cause the currents in the conductors of the three phases is different, resulting in different voltage drops, causing imbalance. The study of voltage imbalances in the distribution of energy is very important, since the proper functioning of equipment connected to the system is directly related to the mains imbalance factor. When it comes to stress profiles, has become one of the biggest challenges of electric utilities, which is to serve consumers and customers with adequate voltage levels to those required in current legislation in Brazil has the 2001 resolution no. 505 ANEEL (National Electric Energy Agency) stating that the voltage to be contracted with the utility or the ONS should be between 95% (0.95 pu) and 105% (1.05 pu) of the nominal operating voltage system at the delivery point. In relation to electrical losses, although not established limits by law, these are an important economic factor for electric utilities, seeking to reduce them to maximize their profits. When it comes to connecting wind turbines to the distribution systems is not aware of scholarly conducting parallel operating conditions of the various components that operate in this plan when they are working together with the different configurations of wind generators. The objective of this study is to analyze the imbalances problem, tensions profiles and electrical losses in distribution systems by various operating situations, especially with the inclusion of wind turbines type I, II and IV, based on the system 13 bars IEEE. Also, are proposed and simulated some ways to reduce imbalances and losses through the use of engineering techniques: as promoting the balancing system loads, connecting wind farms to the distribution feeder, installing banks of single-phase voltage regulators at substations and correcting the power factor of the generator turbines. Technical proposals to reduce the levels of network imbalance are effective and also influenced the reduction of overall system losses and improve the levels of stress profiles and are therefore measures that may contribute to the proper functioning of a power system / Nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica se encontram as maiores causas dos desequilíbrios de tensão, variações nas cargas monofásicas fazem com que as correntes nos condutores das três fases sejam diferentes, o que resulta em quedas de tensões diferentes, provocando desequilíbrio. O estudo de desequilíbrios de tensão na distribuição de energia é muito importante, uma vez que o bom funcionamento de equipamentos ligados ao sistema está diretamente relacionado ao fator de desequilíbrio da rede elétrica. Quando se trata de perfis de tensões, tem-se um dos maiores desafios das concessionárias de energia elétrica, que é atender os consumidores e clientes com níveis de tensão adequados aos exigidos na legislação vigente, no Brasil tem-se a resolução de 2001 nº 505 da ANEEL (Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica) estabelecendo que a tensão a ser contratada com a concessionária ou com o ONS deve situar-se entre 95% (0,95 p.u) e 105% (1,05 p.u) da tensão nominal de operação do sistema no ponto de entrega. Já com relação às perdas elétricas, apesar de não serem estabelecidos limites pela legislação vigente, estas são um importante fator econômico para as concessionárias de energia elétrica, que buscam diminuí-las para maximizar seus lucros. Quando se trata de conexão de turbinas eólicas nos sistemas de distribuição não se tem conhecimento de trabalhos acadêmicos que realizam um paralelo das condições de operação dos diversos componentes que atuam nesse plano quando os mesmos estão atuando juntamente com as diferentes configurações de geradores eólicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o problema de desequilíbrios, perfis de tensões e das perdas elétricas em sistemas de distribuição mediante diversas situações de operação, principalmente com a inserção de turbinas eólicas tipo I, II e IV, tomando como base o sistema 13 barras do orgão IEEE. Além disso, são propostas e simuladas algumas maneiras de reduzir os desequilíbrios e perdas através do uso de técnicas de engenharia: como promovendo o balanceamento de cargas do sistema, conectando parques eólicos ao alimentador de distribuição, instalando bancos de reguladores de tensão monofásicos em subestações e corrigindo o fator de potência dos geradores das turbinas. As técnicas propostas para reduzir os graus de desequilíbrio da rede se mostraram eficazes e influenciaram também na redução das perdas globais do sistema e melhora dos níveis de perfis de tensões, sendo portanto medidas que podem contribuir para o bom funcionamento de um sistema de energia elétrica

The modern day power system is witnessing a tremendous change. There has been a rapid rise in the distributed generation, along with this the deregulation has resulted in a more complex system. The power demand is on a rise, the generation and trans-mission infrastructure hasn't yet adapted to this growing demand. The economic and operational constraints have forced the system to be operated close to its design limits, making the system vulnerable to disturbances and possible grid failure. This makes the study of voltage stability of the system important more than ever. Generally, voltage stability studies are carried on a single phase equivalent system assuming that the system is perfectly balanced. However, the three phase power system is not always in balanced state. There are a number of untransposed lines, single phase and double phase lines. This thesis deals with three phase voltage stability analysis, in particular the voltage stability index known as L-Index. The equivalent single phase analysis for voltage stability fails to work in case of any unbalance in the system or in presence of asymmetrical contingency. Moreover, as the system operators are giving importance to synchrophasor measurements, PMUs are being installed throughout the system. Hence, the three phase voltages can be obtained, making three phase analysis easier. To study the effect of unbalanced system on voltage stability a three phase L-Index based on traditional L-Index has been proposed. The proposed index takes into consideration the unbalance resulting due to untransposed transmission lines and unbalanced loads in the system. This index can handle any unbalance in the system and is much more realistic. To obtain bus voltages during unbalanced operation of the system a three phase decoupled Newton Raphson load ow was used. Reactive power distribution in a system can be altered using generators voltage set-ting, transformers OLTC settings and SVC settings. All these settings are usually in balanced mode i.e. all the phases have the same setting. Based on this reactive power optimization using LP technique on an equivalent single phase system is proposed. This method takes into account generator voltage settings, OLTC settings of transformers and SVC settings. The optimal settings so obtained are applied to corresponding three phase system. The effectiveness of the optimal settings during unbalanced scenario is studied. This method ensures better voltage pro les and decrease in power loss. Case studies of the proposed methods are carried on 12 bus and 24 bus EHV systems of southern Indian grid and a modified IEEE 30 bus system. Both balanced and unbalanced systems are studied and the results are compared.