Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are widely acknowledged as one of the most significant developments in the field of real-time monitoring of power system. By aligning time stamps of voltage and current phasor measurements, which are consistent with Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a coherent picture of the power system state can be achieved through either direct measurements or simple linear calculations. With the growing number of PMUs installed or planned to be installed in the near future, both utilities and research institutions are looking for novel applications of synchrophasor measurements from these widely installed PMUs. In this dissertation, the author proposes two new PMUs measurements applications: three-phase instrument transformer calibration, and three-phase line parameter calculation with instrument transformers. First application is to calibrate instrument transformers. Instrument transformers are the main sensors used in power systems. They provide isolation between high voltage level of primary side and metering level of the secondary side. All the monitoring and measuring systems obtain input signals from the secondary side of instrument transformers. That means when instrument transformers are not accurate, all the measurements used in power system are inaccurate. The most important job of this dissertation is to explore a method to automatically calibrate all the instrument transformers in the power system based on real-time synchrophasor measurements. The regular instrument transformer calibration method requires the instrument transformer to be out of service (offline) and calibrated by technicians manually. However, the error of instrument transformer changes when environment changes, and connected burden. Therefore, utilities are supposed to periodically calibrate instrument transformers at least once a year. The high labor and economic costs make traditional instrument transformer calibration method become one of the urgent problems in power industry. In this dissertation we introduce a novel, low cost and easy method to calibrate three-phase instrument transformers. This method only requires one three-phase voltage transformer at one bus calibrated in advance. All other instrument transformers can be calibrated by this method as often as twice a day, based on the synchrophasor measurements under different load scenarios. Second application is to calculate line parameters during calibrating instrument transformers. The line parameters, line impedance and line shunt admittance, as needed by utilities are generated by the computer method. The computer method is based on parameters, such as the diameter, length, material characteristics, the distance among transmission line, the distance to ground and so on. The formulas to calculate line parameters have been improved and re-modeled from time to time in order to increase the accuracy. However, in this case, the line parameters are still inaccurate due to various reasons. The line parameters errors do affect the instrument transformers calibration results (with 5% to 10% error). To solve this problem, we present a new method to calculate line parameters and instrument transformers in the same processing step. This method to calibrate line parameter and instrument transformers at the same time only needs one pre-calibrated voltage transformer and one pre-calibrated current transformer in power system. With the pre-calibrated instrument transformers, the line parameter as well as the ratio correction factors of all the other instrument transformers can be solved automatically. Simulation results showed the errors between calculated line parameters and the real line parameter, the errors between calibrated ratio correction factors and the real ratio correction factors are of the order of 10e-10 per unit. Therefore, high accuracy line parameters as well as perfectly calibrated instrument transformers can be obtained by this new method. This method can run automatically every day. High accuracy and dynamic line parameters will significantly improve power system models. It will also increase the reliability and speed of the relay system, enhance the accuracy of power system analysis, and benefit all other researches using line parameters. New methods of calculating line parameter and the instrument transformer calibrations will influence the whole power industry significantly. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Resumo: Nos sistemas de potência, o conhecimento dos parâmetros das linhas de transmissão possibilita o ajuste preciso dos sistemas de proteção, facilita a aplicação de ferramentas e técnicas de análise do sistema elétrico, permite a correta localização de faltas, assim como o monitoramento de indicadores comuns de faltas, como a temperatura e a catenária do condutor. As metodologias de estimação de parâmetros de linha de transmissão baseadas na teoria da decomposição modal são restritas a configurações de torre específicas, nas quais a matriz de transformação da linha de transmissão é conhecida. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um método para a estimação de parâmetros de linhas de transmissão genéricas em regime permanente, utilizando os fatores de correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha. Estabelece-se um sistema de equações não linear indeterminado, a partir das relações fase-modo das correntes e tensões nos terminais da linha e as matrizes de impedância e admitância da linha. Para uma linha trifásica genérica as relações fase-modo são escritas em função dos elementos da matriz transformação, os quais são desconhecidos e uma parte das incógnitas do sistema de equações. O sistema de equações é complementado com equações adicionais para ser resolvido mediante o algoritmo de Newton-Raphson e estimar os parâmetros de linha de transmissão. Foram estimados os parâmetros para uma linha de transmissão trifásica com diferente configuração de torre operando com diferentes cargas para vários co... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Accuracy in transmission lines parameters is essential in power systems since it allows precise adjustment of the protection systems, the application of tools and techniques for analysis of the electrical system, the correct identification of fault location, as well as the monitoring of fault indicators such as the temperature and the catenary of the conductor. Transmission line parameter estimation methodologies based on modal decomposition theory are restricted to specific tower configurations in which the transformation matrix of the transmission line is known. This work presents a method to estimate parameters of generic transmission lines in the steady state, using the voltage and currents phasor at the terminals of the line. A system of consistent non-linear equations is established from the phase-mode relations of these voltage and current phasors and the impedance and admittance matrices of the line. The phase-mode relations are written as a function of the elements within the transformation matrix, which are unknown and part of the variables to be estimated. The system of equations is solved using the Newton-Raphson algorithm to estimate both the transmission line parameters and the transformation matrix. The parameters were estimated for three-phase transmission lines for a particular tower configuration operating under different loads and lengths. The relative error of the estimated parameters evaluates the method’s accuracy and the influence of the line’s lumped r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The modern day power system is witnessing a tremendous change. There has been a rapid rise in the distributed generation, along with this the deregulation has resulted in a more complex system. The power demand is on a rise, the generation and trans-mission infrastructure hasn't yet adapted to this growing demand. The economic and operational constraints have forced the system to be operated close to its design limits, making the system vulnerable to disturbances and possible grid failure. This makes the study of voltage stability of the system important more than ever. Generally, voltage stability studies are carried on a single phase equivalent system assuming that the system is perfectly balanced. However, the three phase power system is not always in balanced state. There are a number of untransposed lines, single phase and double phase lines. This thesis deals with three phase voltage stability analysis, in particular the voltage stability index known as L-Index. The equivalent single phase analysis for voltage stability fails to work in case of any unbalance in the system or in presence of asymmetrical contingency. Moreover, as the system operators are giving importance to synchrophasor measurements, PMUs are being installed throughout the system. Hence, the three phase voltages can be obtained, making three phase analysis easier. To study the effect of unbalanced system on voltage stability a three phase L-Index based on traditional L-Index has been proposed. The proposed index takes into consideration the unbalance resulting due to untransposed transmission lines and unbalanced loads in the system. This index can handle any unbalance in the system and is much more realistic. To obtain bus voltages during unbalanced operation of the system a three phase decoupled Newton Raphson load ow was used. Reactive power distribution in a system can be altered using generators voltage set-ting, transformers OLTC settings and SVC settings. All these settings are usually in balanced mode i.e. all the phases have the same setting. Based on this reactive power optimization using LP technique on an equivalent single phase system is proposed. This method takes into account generator voltage settings, OLTC settings of transformers and SVC settings. The optimal settings so obtained are applied to corresponding three phase system. The effectiveness of the optimal settings during unbalanced scenario is studied. This method ensures better voltage pro les and decrease in power loss. Case studies of the proposed methods are carried on 12 bus and 24 bus EHV systems of southern Indian grid and a modified IEEE 30 bus system. Both balanced and unbalanced systems are studied and the results are compared.