The work is focusing on dynamic effects of short-circuit currents, more precisely dynamic effects of short-circuit currents on switchgear cabinet (terminal box). The work was designated to a concrete construction type of two switchgear cabinets located on rotating machines via company Siemens Electric Machines Drásov s.r.o.. The switchgear cabinets are designed for non-explosive environment where the air is used as an insulating medium. The task was to determine how the device will behave during the three-phase short-circuit and three-phase short-circuit with earth/ground connection. The following programs were used for the calculations and simulations: Ansoft Maxwell 16.0, Ansoft Maxwell 2015 and ANSYS Workbench 16.0. By using these programs the effects of forces which acts on current paths in cabinet caused by the passage of short-circuit current were simulated, statically and also dynamically. Further the effects of pressure acting on cabinet frame during the arc short-circuit have been statically and dynamically simulated. All the results are summarized in the conclusion. Conclusion also contains the final evaluation of the functionality of both switchgear cabinets.

This study compares simultaneously interpreted German speech to non-interpreted German discourse in order to determine whether interpreted language is characterised by any of the laws that have been found to feature in translated text, i.e. the law of growing standardisation and the law of interference. It is hypothesised that interpreters typically exaggerate German communicative norms, thereby producing manifestations of growing standardisation. In order to test this hypothesis, comparative and parallel analyses are carried out using corpora of interpreted and non-interpreted discourse. During the comparative phase, two types of interpreted German speech are each compared to non-interpreted language and to each other in order to determine how interpreted speech differs from non-interpreted discourse. During the parallel analysis, the interpreted German segments are compared to their source language counterparts with the aim of determining the reasons for the production of the patterns discovered during the first phase. The results indicate that interpreters do not produce patterns similar to those that characterise translated text: neither the law of growing standardisation nor the law of interference is manifest in the data. Instead, a different feature, namely an increased degree of generalisation, is discovered in the interpreters‟ output. This feature appears to be the result of the use of strategies that enable interpreters to deal with time, memory and linearity constraints inherent in SI. It can hence be confirmed that interpreted German differs from non-interpreted German discourse in certain respects. / Linguistics / M.A. (Linguistics)

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, η οποία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, πραγματεύεται την κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρικού δικύκλου. Σκοπός είναι η κατασκευή και ο έλεγχος ενός ηλεκτρικού ποδηλάτου και συγκεκριμένα ο σχεδιασμός και η εγκατάσταση ενός κατάλληλου ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος σε ένα συμβατικό ποδήλατο. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των συμβατικών και των ηλεκτρικών ποδηλάτων, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την ιστορική εξέλιξή τους, τα μέρη από τα οποία αποτελούνται, τους τύπους στους οποίους διακρίνονται και τα νομικά πλαίσια που διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα, το οποίο εγκαταστάθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ποδηλάτου που παραχωρήθηκε για το σκοπό αυτό από την εταιρεία Ideal Bikes Μανιατόπουλος Α.Ε., τα κριτήρια επιλογής του κινητήρα, των ηλεκτροχημικών συσσωρευτών και των επιμέρους στοιχείων που το απαρτίζουν. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των Brushless μηχανών, τα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά και η αρχή λειτουργίας τους. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η θεωρητική μελέτη του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης που απαιτείται για την οδήγηση του κινητήρα. Παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας του ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab/Simulink. Κατόπιν, περιγράφεται η κατασκευή του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης, τα στοιχεία που τον απαρτίζουν και ο λόγος για τον οποίο επιλέχθηκαν. Δίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή του μικροελεγκτή που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, των δυνατοτήτων που παρέχει αλλά και η λογική του ελέγχου που υλοποιεί. Τέλος, ακολουθούν οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τη λειτουργία της κατασκευής. / The purpose of this thesis is the construction of an electric two-wheeled vehicle. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Patras. The main aim is the study, the construction and the control of an electric bike. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to design and install a suitable electric motor system to a conventional bicycle. Initially, there is a brief overview of the conventional and the electric bicycles, along with their history, their main parts, the types in which they are divided and the legal frameworks that govern their operation. Secondly, the electric motor system, which was installed in the bicycle frame granted for this purpose by the company Ideal Bikes, Nikos Maniatopoulos S.A., the criteria for the selection of the motor and the batteries are described. In addition, there is a short description of Brushless motors, their types and the principle of their operation. Furthermore, the theoretical study of the three phase inverter required for driving the motor is given. Moreover, the results obtained from the simulation of the operation of the motor system through the Matlab / Simulink are provided. The construction of the three phase inverter, the constituent elements and the reason for their selection are also analyzed. Last but not least, there is a short description of the microcontroller which is used and its capabilities, in order to facilitate the study and design of the structure. Finally, the experimental measurements and the conclusions that derive from the construction and the operation of the electric bike are presented and future improvements concerning the construction are proposed.

The Modern Olympic Game is expected to not only bring a great amount of revenues, but also stimulate industrial structure. It has enormous impacts on economic indicators of the host countries. Hence, numerous countries are keen to strive for host as a strategy of motivating economic growth. The thesis works on searching and organizing papers about economic statistics of Beijing 2008 and previous Olympic Games, in order to analyze and conclude the impacts of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on China’s economy. By comparing economic indicators of China with those of previous host countries, we will realize not only what the importance of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games to China’s economic effects and industrial development is, but also if it is a milestone for China to step into one of advancing countries. / The Modern Olympic Game is expected to not only bring a great amount of revenues, but also stimulate industrial structure. It has enormous impacts on economic indicators of the host countries. Hence, numerous countries are keen to strive for host as a strategy of motivating economic growth. The thesis works on searching and organizing papers about economic statistics of Beijing 2008 and previous Olympic Games, in order to analyze and conclude the impacts of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on China’s economy. By comparing economic indicators of China with those of previous host countries, we will realize not only what the importance of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games to China’s economic effects and industrial development is, but also if it is a milestone for China to step into one of advancing countries.

My diploma thesis is focused to innovative approaches in primary schools, and specifically the methods of critical thinking. It describes the theoretical basis of methods of critical thinking, dealing with three-phase model of learning and program Reading and Writing for Critical Thinking. This thesis treats individual critical thinking methods used in conventional lessons non- specialist primary schools. The empirical part of the action research was conducted in the Lauder school in Prague, where the author works as the class teacher. Investigations Research investig of pupils author explores how specific methods is using in the classroom perceive subjectively by pupils. Form of a questionnaire aimed at teachers find out how often teachers use these methods into their lessons, and if the methods of critical thinking are actually effective. The data obtained from the empirical investigation are presented in written and graphical form and are interpreted with regard to the theoretical background of this thesis.

This thesis examines the possibilities of linking historiographical education and drama curriculum in primary school using action research. The theoretical part examines various educational and psychological bases that support the idea of linking drama and historiographical education and defines the possibilities of the involvement of drama as a teaching method in the primary school. The practical part contains specific proposal of two lessons with historiographical themes and also includes evaluation of their implementation in 4th and 5th class. Both lessons are designed and implemented in accordance with the teachings of Three-phase, respecting the psychological aspects of the target group. Lessons use mainly drama methods, marginally methods of curriculum Reading and writing to critical thinking, Experiential learning, Project teaching and Cooperative learning are used. Action research is evaluated through observation and detailed description of teacher reflection.

Les recherches que nous présentons dans ce mémoire s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet européen IBIOLAB[1] qui vise à la création de biolubrifiants écolabellisables. Tout d'abord, une approche d'ingénierie inverse a été réalisée pour déterminer le rôle des tensioactifs natifs des graines oléoprotéagineuses dans la stabilisation des oléosomes dans l'eau. Ceci a permis par la suite une approche générique avec la mise en œuvre d'un procédé intégré qui permet la libération des lipides sous forme émulsionnée. Une étape optionnelle consiste en l'hydrolyse enzymatique in situ des triglycérides. L'activité de la lipase utilisée a été évaluée lors d'une étude d'estérification des acides gras avec différents alcools par une méthode de séparation triphasique (TPP three-phase partitioning). / The present work was performed within the framework of the European project IBIOLAB* which aims to create environmentally friendly biolubricants (able to be eco-labelled). First of all, a reverse engineering methodology was developed to understand the role of oilseed native surfactants in the stability of oil-bodies in water. Subsequently, using a general approach, it was possible to develop a process that allows releasing the lipid fraction into an emulsion. If an in-situ enzymatic hydrolysis of triglycerides is added to this process, an emulsion containing the free fatty acids will be obtained. The activity of the remaining lipase in the emulsion was used to study the esterification of free fatty acids with different alcohols using a three-phase partitioning method.

Depuis le début des années 2000, les composants en carbure de silicium (SiC) sont présents sur le marché principalement sous la forme de diodes Schottky et de transistors FET. Ces nouveaux semi-conducteurs offrent des performances en commutation bien supérieures à celles des composants en silicium (Si) ce qui se traduit par une diminution des pertes et une réduction de la température de fonctionnement à système de refroidissement identique. L’utilisation de composants SiC ouvre donc la possibilité de concevoir des convertisseurs plus compacts ou à une fréquence de commutation élevée pour une même compacité. C’est avec cet objectif d’augmentation de la fréquence de commutation qu’a été menée cette étude axée sur l’utilisation de composants SiC au sein d’un onduleur triphasé. Le convertisseur sur lequel se base l’étude accepte une tension d’entrée de 450V et fournit en régime nominal un courant de sortie efficace par phase de 40 A. Le choix des composants SiC s’est porté sur des transistors JFET Normally-Off et des diodes Schottky SiC car ces composants étaient disponibles à la vente au début de ces travaux et offrent des pertes en commutation et en conduction inférieures aux autres structures en SiC. Les transistors FET possèdent une structure et des propriétés bien différentes des IGBT habituellement utilisés pour des convertisseurs de la gamme considérée notamment par leur capacité à conduire un courant inverse avec ou sans diode externe. De ce fait, il est nécessaire de développer de nouveaux outils d’aide au dimensionnement dédiés à ces composants SiC. Ces outils de calculs sont basés principalement sur les paramètres électriques et thermiques du système et sur les caractéristiques des composants SiC. Les premiers résultats montrent qu’en autorisant la conduction d’un courant inverse au sein des transistors, il est possible de diminuer le nombre de composants. Basées sur ces estimations, une maquette de bras d’onduleur a été développée et testée. Les premiers thermiques montrent que pour une puissance de 12kW, il est possible d’augmenter la fréquence de commutation de 12 kHz à 100 kHz. / Since 2000, Silicon Carbide (SiC) components are available on the market mainly as Schottky diodes and FET transistor. These new devices provide better switching performance than Silicon (Si) components that leads to a reduction of losses and operating temperatures at equivalent cooling system. Using SiC components allows to a better converter integration. It is in this context that ECA-EN has started this thesis dedicated to using SiC devices in a three-phase inverter at high switching frequency. The converter object of this study is supply by a input voltage of 450V and provides a current of 40A per phase. The components used for these study are SiC Normally-Off JFET and Schottky Diodes because these devices were commercialized at the begining of this thesis and offer better switching performance than others SiC components. FET transistors have a different structure compared to traditionnal IGBT especially their capability to conduct a reverse current with or without body diode. So it is necessary to develop new tools dedicated to the design of converters built with SiC components. These tools are based on the electrical properties of the converters and the statics and dynamics characteristics of the transistor and the diode. The results show that when the transistors conduct a reverse current, the number of components/dies can be reduced. According to data, a PCB board of an inverter leg has been built and tested at ECA-EN. The thermal measurement based on the heatsink shows that the switching frequency of an inverter leg can be increased from 12 to 100 kHz for an ouput power of 12kW.

Nesta pesquisa, é proposta uma metodologia para detectar e classificar os distúrbios observados em um Sistema Elétrico Industrial (SEI), além de estimar de forma não intrusiva, o torque eletromagnético e a velocidade associada ao Motor de Indução Trifásico (MIT) em análise. A metodologia proposta está baseada na utilização da Transformada Wavelet (TW) para a detecção e a localização no tempo dos afundamentos e interrupções de tensão, e na aplicação da Função Densidade de Probabilidade (FDP) e Correlação Cruzada (CC) para a classificação dos eventos. Após o processo de classificação dos eventos, a metodologia como implementada proporciona a estimação do torque eletromagnético e a velocidade do MIT por meio das tensões e correntes trifásicas via Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). As simulações computacionais necessárias sobre um sistema industrial real, assim como a modelagem do MIT, foram realizadas utilizando-se do software DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Cabe adiantar que a lógica responsável pela detecção e a localização no tempo detectou corretamente 93,4% das situações avaliadas. Com relação a classificação dos distúrbios, o índice refletiu 100% de acerto das situações avaliadas. As RNAs associadas à estimação do torque eletromagnético e à velocidade no eixo do MIT apresentaram um desvio padrão máximo de 1,68 p.u. e 0,02 p.u., respectivamente. / This study proposes a methodology to detect and classify the disturbances observed in an Industrial Electric System (IES), in addition to, non-intrusively, estimate the electromagnetic torque and speed associated with the Three-Phase Induction Motor (TPIM) under analysis. The proposed methodology is based on the use of the Wavelet Transform WT) for the detection and location in time of voltage sags and interruptions, and on the application of the Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cross Correlation (CC) for the classification of events. After the process of events classification, the methodology, as implemented, provides the estimation of the electromagnetic torque and the TPIM speed through the three-phase voltages and currents via Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The necessary computer simulations of a real industrial system, as well as the modeling of the TPIM, were performed by using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The logic responsible for the detection and location in time correctly detected 93.4% of the assessed situations. Regarding the classification of disturbances, the index reflected 100% accuracy of the assessed situations. The ANN associated with the estimation of the electromagnetic torque and speed at the TPIM shaft showed a maximum standard deviation of 1.68 p.u. and 0.02 p.u., respectively.

Os estimadores de estado são ferramentas primordiais para monitoramento em tempo real dos sistemas elétricos de potência, principalmente por permitir a execução de funções básicas relacionadas à segurança destes sistemas. No entanto, nos sistemas de distribuição, por possuírem uma série de particularidades e pelo reduzido número de medidas disponíveis em tempo real, os estimadores de estado convencionais desenvolvidos para sistemas de transmissão não são capazes de oferecer boas estimativas para determinação do estado da rede. Neste contexto, o Estimador de Demanda Trifásico em Tempo Real (EDTTR) desenvolvido neste trabalho, fundamentado nos métodos de estimação de demanda, tem como foco principal proporcionar maior precisão ao monitoramento da rede primária de alimentadores de distribuição radiais, ao contemplar as características intrínsecas do modelo da rede. O EDTTR consiste em dois estágios principais: o primeiro é caracterizado pela estimação off-line das demandas dos transformadores de distribuição por meio do processo de agregação de cargas, considerando informações dos consumidores. O segundo estágio é realizado em tempo real, utiliza um algoritmo eficiente de Varredura Direta Inversa para a solução do fluxo de carga, auxiliado da estrutura de dados chamada Representação Nó-Profundidade para armazenar a topologia da rede. Neste estágio também ocorre o ajuste recursivo das estimativas obtidas no Estágio 1 com base nas poucas medidas disponíveis em tempo real. No intuito de melhorar a representação da rede primária, o EDTTR desenvolvido possibilita o tratamento dos transformadores de distribuição conectados em Delta-Yn. Esta proposição permite uma caracterização do modelo das cargas mais fiel, sendo capaz de superar problemas de convergência, além de contribuir para a qualidade do processo de estimação. Desenvolveu-se, também, uma plataforma de testes que permite a análise do impacto de fatores que deterioram o processo de estimação de demandas, como: a má classificação dos consumidores, o comportamento dos mesmos, que na prática não é exatamente igual ao da classe de carga a ele atribuída, a possibilidade de perdas não técnicas, erros grosseiros e falhas de comunicação nos medidores do alimentador. O EDTTR foi validado em simulações utilizando um alimentador real da cidade de Ribeirão Preto com base em dados fornecidos pela distribuidora CPFL Paulista. / The state estimators are primordial tools for electric power systems real time monitoring. These tools allow the execution of basic functions related to systems security. However, conventional state estimators, developed for transmission systems, can not provide good estimates to the state of distribution systems. This is due to two main factors, the few real time measures available in distribution systems, and the intrinsic complexity of them. In this context, the developed Real Time Three-Phase Load Estimator (EDTTR), based on load estimation methods, aims to provide better estimates to the monitoring of the primary network of radial distribution feeders, considering all the intrinsic sets of the system model. The EDTTR consists of two main stages: the first is characterized by the off-line load estimation of the distribution transformers by a load aggregation process, which uses consumers information as input data. In the second stage the off-line estimates obtained in Stage 1 are recursively refined in real-time basing on the available measurements. This procedure is executed by a computationally efficient backward/forward sweep load flow algorithm based on the data structure called Node-depth Encoding. The developed EDTTR allows the treatment of distribution transformers connected in Delta-Yn improving the primary network representation. A test platform is also developed that enables the analysis of the impact of factors that deteriorate the demand estimation process, such as the poor classification of consumers, the poor representativeness of the load class for certain consumers, the possibility of non-technical losses, and of gross errors and communication faults in the feeder meters. The developed EDTTR performance was tested in simulations that uses a real feeder from Ribeirão Preto city, based on system data provided by CPFL Paulista utility.