Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

This study determined the key characteristics of temporal patterns of root growth during the crop development period, as well as the vertical patterns of root distribution in the soil profile for important oilseed and pulse crops grown on the semiarid Canadian Prairie. Rooting characteristics greatly influence the nutrient acquisition and water-use patterns for any plants. However, crop root systems have not been studied intensively due to time, labor and costs constraints. In the literature, root studies mostly focus on cereal crops and very limited information is available for oilseeds and pulses even though these broadleaf crops are critical in the diversification of cropping systems. Thus the objectives of this study were to 1) examine the root morphological characteristics, root distribution patterns in the soil profile, and the fine root distributions of oilseeds and pulses in comparison with wheat; 2) to determine the rhizospheric properties of pulse crops. In 2006 and 2007, canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.), flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.), mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum </i> L.), field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>L., lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i>), and spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) were grown under low- (natural rainfall) and high-water (rainfall+irrigation) conditions in southwest Saskatchewan. Roots were sampled at the seedling, early-flower, late-flower, late-pod, and physiological maturity growth stages, and root parameters determined using image analysis. The growth of roots progressed markedly from seedling to late-flowering and then declined to maturity. Root growth of pulse crops was not significantly affected by water conditions, but canola had 70% greater root length, 67% more root surface area, and 79% more root tips under high-water than under low-water conditions. At the late-flower stage, over 70% of the roots in oilseeds and pulses were distributed within the 0-60 cm soil profile and the largest proportion (around 50%) were found in the top 20-cm of the soil depth. About 85% of the roots in oilseeds and pulses were classified as extra fine (diameter <0.4mm). The rhizosphere fungi were significantly different among tested pulses and also pulse rhizosphere fungi were significantly affected by soil depth but not by water conditions. Inoculation of <i>Penicillium bilaiae</i> (product -JumpStart®) to the pulse crops increased the amount of the fungi in their rhizospheres by as much as 42% compared to the pulses not inoculated. Results from this study are novel and provide the baseline for model-related studies on water use and nutrient uptake by root systems of oilseed and pulse crops in semiarid environments.

This study determined the key characteristics of temporal patterns of root growth during the crop development period, as well as the vertical patterns of root distribution in the soil profile for important oilseed and pulse crops grown on the semiarid Canadian Prairie. Rooting characteristics greatly influence the nutrient acquisition and water-use patterns for any plants. However, crop root systems have not been studied intensively due to time, labor and costs constraints. In the literature, root studies mostly focus on cereal crops and very limited information is available for oilseeds and pulses even though these broadleaf crops are critical in the diversification of cropping systems. Thus the objectives of this study were to 1) examine the root morphological characteristics, root distribution patterns in the soil profile, and the fine root distributions of oilseeds and pulses in comparison with wheat; 2) to determine the rhizospheric properties of pulse crops. In 2006 and 2007, canola (<i>Brassica napus</i> L.), flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.), mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.), chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum </i> L.), field pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>L., lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i>), and spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) were grown under low- (natural rainfall) and high-water (rainfall+irrigation) conditions in southwest Saskatchewan. Roots were sampled at the seedling, early-flower, late-flower, late-pod, and physiological maturity growth stages, and root parameters determined using image analysis. The growth of roots progressed markedly from seedling to late-flowering and then declined to maturity. Root growth of pulse crops was not significantly affected by water conditions, but canola had 70% greater root length, 67% more root surface area, and 79% more root tips under high-water than under low-water conditions. At the late-flower stage, over 70% of the roots in oilseeds and pulses were distributed within the 0-60 cm soil profile and the largest proportion (around 50%) were found in the top 20-cm of the soil depth. About 85% of the roots in oilseeds and pulses were classified as extra fine (diameter <0.4mm). The rhizosphere fungi were significantly different among tested pulses and also pulse rhizosphere fungi were significantly affected by soil depth but not by water conditions. Inoculation of <i>Penicillium bilaiae</i> (product -JumpStart®) to the pulse crops increased the amount of the fungi in their rhizospheres by as much as 42% compared to the pulses not inoculated. Results from this study are novel and provide the baseline for model-related studies on water use and nutrient uptake by root systems of oilseed and pulse crops in semiarid environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-10-02Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:48:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000812628.pdf: 353916 bytes, checksum: 6d0568f0705bfbe7f196964cf7d7147b (MD5) / As cercosporioses na cultura do amendoim são responsáveis por importante dano econômico. Representadas pela mancha castanha causada por Cercospora arachidicola e a mancha preta causada por Cercosporidium personatum, as cercosporioses podem acarretar perdas de produção na cultura do amendoim entre 50 a 70%. Dentre as medidas de controle destacam-se o uso de fungicidas de contato e sistêmicos. Atualmente são empregadas pulverizações pré-estabelecidas, espaçadas entre 14 -15 dias, iniciando-se a partir dos 20-30 dias após a emergência das plantas. O pré-estabelecimento das aplicações tem gerado inúmeros problemas, relacionados ao mal posicionamento e uso dos fungicidas, como aplicações em momentos inadequados, ou ausência em momentos fundamentais para o controle das doenças. Nesse estudo foi avaliado a eficiência e número mínimo de aplicações de fungicidas no controle das cercosporioses da cultura do amendoim. Para tal, foram avaliados os fungicidas clorotalonil, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina nas dosagens 4 mL e 2,4 mL/L, aplicados em intervalos de 15 dias, em condições de campo, em plantios localizados em Jaboticabal e Ibitinga, estado de São Paulo. Os fungicidas foram aplicados mediante pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2, e vazão de 250 L de calda por hectare. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada unidade amostral correspondeu a uma área de 22,5 m2. As variáveis avaliadas foram severidade de sintomas das cercosporioses, número de cicatrizes foliares, massa fresca das hastes, realizadas em DATA 20/03/2014, em Jaboticabal, e 23/04/2014, em Ibitinga, a avaliação de massa de grãos realizadas em DATA 30/03/2014, em Jaboticabal, e 30/05/2014, em Ibitinga. Os dados foram submetidos a análises multivariada de agrupamento por método hierárquico, processada com a distância euclidiana como medida de semelhança ... / The early and late leaf spot in peanut crop are responsible for an important economic damage. Represents by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum, the early and late leaf spot can occasion production damages in the peanut crop between 50 – 70 %. Among the control measure, the use of contact and systemic fungicide are important. Currently, the sprays are previous established on a set 14 – 15 days schedule, beginning in the 20-30 days after the plants emerge. The previously established of fungicides application has generate a huge problems, related to the bad positioning and the use of fungicides, like in the wrong moment of application, or in the absence in fundamental moment to the control of the disease. It was evaluated the efficiency and a minimum number of fungicides applications in the control of early and late leaf spot in peanut crop. The fungicides evaluated were chlorothalonil, epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin in the dosages of 4 ml and 2.4 ml/L, applied over 15 days, in field condition located in Jaboticabal and Ibitinga, state of São Paulo . Fungicides were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer, and flow of 250 L of spray per hectare. It was adopted the randomized block design, with 6 treatments and 4 repetition. Each sample unit corresponded to an area of 22.5 m2. The variable evaluated were severity of early and late leaf spot symptoms, numbers of leaf scars, fresh weight of stem and grain weight, held on a date of 20/03/2014, in Jaboticabal, and 23/04/2014, in Ibitinga, the evaluation of grain mass held in date of 30/03/2014, in Jaboticabal, and 30/05/2014, in Ibitinga. Through of the data were used exploratory multivariate analyzes by hierarchical clustering method, processed with the Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity between samples, and Ward as the method of connection groups. It was concluded that there is need for at least five applications ...

Orientador: Antonio de Goes / Banca: Rita de Cassia Panizzi / Banca: Eduardo José de Almeida / Resumo: As cercosporioses na cultura do amendoim são responsáveis por importante dano econômico. Representadas pela mancha castanha causada por Cercospora arachidicola e a mancha preta causada por Cercosporidium personatum, as cercosporioses podem acarretar perdas de produção na cultura do amendoim entre 50 a 70%. Dentre as medidas de controle destacam-se o uso de fungicidas de contato e sistêmicos. Atualmente são empregadas pulverizações pré-estabelecidas, espaçadas entre 14 -15 dias, iniciando-se a partir dos 20-30 dias após a emergência das plantas. O pré-estabelecimento das aplicações tem gerado inúmeros problemas, relacionados ao mal posicionamento e uso dos fungicidas, como aplicações em momentos inadequados, ou ausência em momentos fundamentais para o controle das doenças. Nesse estudo foi avaliado a eficiência e número mínimo de aplicações de fungicidas no controle das cercosporioses da cultura do amendoim. Para tal, foram avaliados os fungicidas clorotalonil, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina nas dosagens 4 mL e 2,4 mL/L, aplicados em intervalos de 15 dias, em condições de campo, em plantios localizados em Jaboticabal e Ibitinga, estado de São Paulo. Os fungicidas foram aplicados mediante pulverizador costal pressurizado a CO2, e vazão de 250 L de calda por hectare. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada unidade amostral correspondeu a uma área de 22,5 m2. As variáveis avaliadas foram severidade de sintomas das cercosporioses, número de cicatrizes foliares, massa fresca das hastes, realizadas em DATA 20/03/2014, em Jaboticabal, e 23/04/2014, em Ibitinga, a avaliação de massa de grãos realizadas em DATA 30/03/2014, em Jaboticabal, e 30/05/2014, em Ibitinga. Os dados foram submetidos a análises multivariada de agrupamento por método hierárquico, processada com a distância euclidiana como medida de semelhança ... / Abstract: The early and late leaf spot in peanut crop are responsible for an important economic damage. Represents by Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum, the early and late leaf spot can occasion production damages in the peanut crop between 50 - 70 %. Among the control measure, the use of contact and systemic fungicide are important. Currently, the sprays are previous established on a set 14 - 15 days schedule, beginning in the 20-30 days after the plants emerge. The previously established of fungicides application has generate a huge problems, related to the bad positioning and the use of fungicides, like in the wrong moment of application, or in the absence in fundamental moment to the control of the disease. It was evaluated the efficiency and a minimum number of fungicides applications in the control of early and late leaf spot in peanut crop. The fungicides evaluated were chlorothalonil, epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin in the dosages of 4 ml and 2.4 ml/L, applied over 15 days, in field condition located in Jaboticabal and Ibitinga, state of São Paulo . Fungicides were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer, and flow of 250 L of spray per hectare. It was adopted the randomized block design, with 6 treatments and 4 repetition. Each sample unit corresponded to an area of 22.5 m2. The variable evaluated were severity of early and late leaf spot symptoms, numbers of leaf scars, fresh weight of stem and grain weight, held on a date of 20/03/2014, in Jaboticabal, and 23/04/2014, in Ibitinga, the evaluation of grain mass held in date of 30/03/2014, in Jaboticabal, and 30/05/2014, in Ibitinga. Through of the data were used exploratory multivariate analyzes by hierarchical clustering method, processed with the Euclidean distance as a measure of similarity between samples, and Ward as the method of connection groups. It was concluded that there is need for at least five applications ... / Mestre

A series of investigations were undertaken in vitro and in vivo to investigate the nutritive value of cottonseed (WCS), the rumen microbial degradation of oilseeds and legume seeds, and the effects of gossypol on the rumen microbial (bacterial, protozoal and fungal) fermentation, and on the growth of animal cells in culture. An HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method for the analysis of gossypol in WCS and in rumen liquor of sheep fed with WCS was also studied. Six oilseeds namely WCS (Gossypium sp.), mustard seed (Brassica sp.) (cv. Albatross), linseed (Linum sp.) (cv. Antares) and three cultivars of rape seeds (Brassica spp.) (cv. Bienvenu, cv. Libravo and cv. Samourai) were incubated with rumen contents in consecutive batch culture (CBC) and examined for their microbial dry matter (DM) degradation. For comparison, another selection of legume seeds namely narbon seed (Vicia narbonensis), mungbean seed (Phaseolus aureus) (cv. Satin), two cultivars of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) (cv. Banjo and cv. Caloona), and lablab seed (Lablab purpureus) (cv. Highworth) were also examined for their DM degradation. The oilseeds tended to show lower DM losses, gas production and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration than the legume seeds. It is uncertain whether the presence of fat, fractions within fibre such as xylose and lignin, and/or antinutrients such as gossypol in WCS and glucosinolates in rape seeds might contribute to the low fermentation. Although legume seeds are known to contain many antinutrients such as tannins, lectins, protease inhibitors and cyanogenic glycosides, they appeared more readily fermentable than the oilseeds. The overall results suggest that gossypol would affect the numbers of rumen protozoa and fungi, but gossypol was not the only factor and probably not even a major factor influencing the nutritive value of whole cottonseed. In particular much more detailed analysis on the plant cell wall structures such as the proportions of different sugars, and the amounts of lignin-carbohydrate complexes present would need to be performed to determine whether such factors might limit the degradability and fermentability of whole cottonseed. There is also possibility that antinutrients other than gossypol such as pigments tannins and flavanoids may also affect the rumen ecosystem.