Aqueous extraction of yellow mustard seed recovers oil in the form of oil-in-water emulsion. In this study, the ternary phase diagram of IPA, oil and water was developed to design an effective oil extraction process of oil-in-water emulsion. A 4-stage extraction process recovered 92.3% of oil from the emulsion into virtually anhydrous IPA-oil miscella. The oil and water separation and IPA usage efficiency was improved by using recycled solvent, but the oil recovery was decreased to 86.0%. The obtained IPA-oil miscella can be used directly in biodiesel production. The use of IPA as a reactant and a co-solvent in transesterification was investigated in this study. Isopropanolysis at 1.2% KOH resulted in 54% ester content in the product. When IPA was used as a co-solvent in methanolysis, the transesterification was drastically improved. The product met the total glycerol limit of the ASTM biodiesel standard within 10 minutes, with over 99% ester content.

Aqueous extraction of yellow mustard seed recovers oil in the form of oil-in-water emulsion. In this study, the ternary phase diagram of IPA, oil and water was developed to design an effective oil extraction process of oil-in-water emulsion. A 4-stage extraction process recovered 92.3% of oil from the emulsion into virtually anhydrous IPA-oil miscella. The oil and water separation and IPA usage efficiency was improved by using recycled solvent, but the oil recovery was decreased to 86.0%. The obtained IPA-oil miscella can be used directly in biodiesel production. The use of IPA as a reactant and a co-solvent in transesterification was investigated in this study. Isopropanolysis at 1.2% KOH resulted in 54% ester content in the product. When IPA was used as a co-solvent in methanolysis, the transesterification was drastically improved. The product met the total glycerol limit of the ASTM biodiesel standard within 10 minutes, with over 99% ester content.

Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2006. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Vincent H. Smith. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91).

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_cg_me_botfca.pdf: 332592 bytes, checksum: 23a11fa155026ea41af388ac8899c757 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a influência da posição do racemo na planta, do fruto no racemo e do armazenamento na qualidade de sementes de mamona (Ricinus communis L.). Trabalhou-se com a cultivar AL Guarany 2002, as quais tiveram seus três primeiros racemos colhidos e subdividos em três terços, os quais constituíram os tratamentos. Depois da extração dos frutos, as sementes foram armazenadas em temperatura ambiente para avaliações trimestrais de qualidade e composição química até os seis meses. A influência desses fatores foi avaliada determinando-se o grau de umidade das sementes no momento da colheita, características físicas dos racemos e frutos, determinação do tamanho e massa das sementes, testes de germinação e de vigor (primeira contagem do teste padrão de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, crescimento e matéria seca de plântulas) e composição química das sementes (teor de óleo, proteínas e cinzas). Conclui-se que a qualidade das sementes da cultivar AL Guarany 2002 é afetada pela posição do racemo na planta e pelo armazenamento, mas não pela posição do fruto no racemo. Para a produção de sementes com maior germinação e vigor devem ser colhidos os frutos dos racemos primários e secundários. O armazenamento por período igual ou superior a três meses reduz a velocidade e a porcentagem de germinação e supera a dormência das sementes. / The present research had as objective to evaluate the influence of raceme and fruit position in the plant, and storage on quality of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.). The cultivar AL Guarany 2002 was used, having its three first racemes harvested and subdivided in three sections, which consisted of the treatments. After fruit extraction, the seeds were stored in air ambient temperature for quarterly evaluations of quality and chemical composition until six months of conservation. The influence of these factors was evaluated by seed moisture content in the harvest, physical characteristics of racemes and fruits, seed size and weight, germination and vigor tests (first count, germination test, accelerated aging, growing and seedling dry matter), and seed chemical composition (oil, protein and ash content). It was concluded that seed quality cultivar AL Guarany 2002 is affected by raceme position in the plant and storage, but not by fruit position in the raceme. For seed yield with best germination and vigor, fruits from the primary and secondary racemes must be harvested. The storage for three months or for a longer period reduced speed and percentage of germination and overcame seed dormancy.

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Orientador: Edvaldo Aparecido Amaral da Silva / Coorientador: Peter Edwin Toorop / Banca: João Nakagawa / Banca: Juliana Pereira Bravo / Banca: Maria Marcia Pereira Sartori / Resumo: Sementes de diferentes espécies, armazenadas na mesma condição em bancos de germoplasma, apresentam respostas distintas quanto à perda de sua viabilidade. Atualmente, somente o teste de germinação é usado para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes em bancos de germoplasma e outros métodos ainda são necessários para prever a longevidade de sementes. A espécie Astronium fraxinifolium Schott é uma árvore das regiões da Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga, ameaçada de extinção, que apresenta sementes não dormentes e que germinam rapidamente. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a longevidade de sementes de A. fraxinifolium, coletadas em diversos locais de duas regiões geográficas distintas e avaliar o transcriptoma. Sementes de dez acessos de A. fraxinifolium, sendo seis coletados no estado de Goiás (GO) e quatro em Minas Gerais (MG) foram avaliados. Foram realizados pré-testes para determinar a melhor temperatura para germinação e o tempo para iniciar a protrusão da radícula. Testes de envelhecimento, condutividade elétrica, teor de malonaldeído e análise do transcriptoma foram realizados. A temperatura ótima de germinação foi de 30° C e os primeiros eventos de protrusão radicular ocorreram após 20 horas de embebição. Sementes coletadas em Goiás apresentaram maior viabilidade e longevidade após os testes de envelhecimento para todas as condições testadas e os acessos GO 6 e MG 2 apresentaram, respectivamente, a maior e menor longevidade após o envelhecimento. ... / Abstract:Seeds of different species stored under the same conditions differently lose their viability. Currently, the physiological quality of seeds stored in genebanks is evaluated only by the germination test and other methods are still needed to predict seed viability.The species Astronium fraxinifolium Schott is a tree in the Amazonian regions, Cerrado and Caatinga, which presents seeds that are non-dormant and which germinate rapidly. The goal of this work was to study the longevity of seeds A. fraxinifolium collected at several sites from two different geographic regions, and assess the transcriptome. For that, seeds from ten accessions of A. fraxinifolium were collected (six in the state of Goiás (GO) and four in Minas Gerais (MG) and evaluated. Pre-tests were performed to determine the optimal germination temperature and the onset of the radicle protrusion. Aging tests, electrical conductivity, malonaldehyde content and transcriptome analysis were performed. The optimal germination temperature was 30o C and the first radicle protrusion events occurred after 20 hours of imbibition. Seeds collected in Goiás displayed higher viability and longevity after aging in all tested conditions and seeds from accessions GO 6 and MG 2 showed, respectively, the highest and lowest longevity indexes after aging. The electrical conductivity test was not adequate to evaluate the longevity of the accessions and the assessment of the malonaldehyde content was considered a promising test to assess the longevity of A. fraxinifolium seeds. RNASeq analysis was performed to evaluate the transcripts of embryonic axes of seeds of the GO 6 and MG 2 accessions, with aged and unaged seeds. Differentially expressed genes were related to RNA transcription processes, kinases, ubiquitin, starch metabolism, microtubules, membrane components, polymerase, and transport of carbohydrates and zinc... / Doutor

The U.S. tung oil industry began as a government experiment in plant diversification but businessmen mistakenly interpreted this interest as an endorsement of domestic production and began growing tung trees in the Gulf South states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The new crop quickly caught the attention of paint, varnish, and ink companies in the northern and Midwestern states and created a buzz among chemurgists like Henry Ford and other industrialists who eagerly expanded tung acreage. With the erection of the first crushing mill in 1928, the tung oil industry began but it did not acquire any semblance of maturity until World War II. The war thrust the nascent tung oil industry into strategic status. Used as a varnish on military airplanes and naval vessels, a brake lining, a machinery lubricant, a liner for tin cans, and as electrical insulation, demand exceeded supply. Traditional consumers had such a difficult time purchasing tung oil during the war that they turned to other oilseeds or new synthetic oils. The war both aided and crippled tung oil by highlighting its chemurgic uses and deterring consumers given that shortages encouraged the quest for alternatives. Despite a barrage of synthetic competitors and imports, domestic tung growers continued production in the hopes that the discovery of new industrial markets would increase demand and attract government support in the form of parity, tariffs, and quotas. Between 1949 and 1969, a series of agricultural policies granted protection but from the outset federal support proved reluctant and tenuous because production remained miniscule, quotas threatened to heighten diplomatic tensions, and wealthy, part-time growers comprised the bulk of parity recipients. Hurricane Camille has often received credit for bringing a swift end to the industry but imports, competitive oilseeds, synthetics, and freezes had delivered powerful blows to the extent that many farmers stopped growing tung long before 1969. Indeed, Camille proved nothing more than a death knell to a waning industry that had become dependent on government largesse.

Investigation of the host-parasite relationship between oilseed rape, Heterodera cruciferae and H. schachtii has shown that the rate of hatching, development and reproduction is strongly influenced by temperature, two possible generations occurring on an autumn-sown crop. H.schachtii preferred warmer temperatures, hatched and reproduced more than H. cruciferae. Comparisons between newly-formed eggs in cysts and egg sacs showed that their different hatching responses were related to their physiology; cyst-bound eggs hatched poorly whereas juveniles hatched readily from egg sacs and facilitated the early establishment of a second generation. Multiplication of both species varied greatly between cultivars and differences in hatching and multiplication were attributed to the effects of plant growth and intrinsic differences between cultivars. Plant age influenced the hatching activity of root diffusates and nematode development. Multiplication rates of single and mixed species populations declined with increaSing initial population density indicating that intraspecific competition and root damage limited population growth. Nematodes multiplied synergistically in concomitant infestations suggesting that interspecific competition was less important. In a damage assessment test, root and shoot growth of nematodeinfested plants was reduced and the increased accumulation of calcium in their shoots indicated that they used water less efficiently than uninfested plants. These effects were density-dependent and H.schachtii was more damaging than H.cruciferae. Tolerance to nematode attack was attributed to good root establishment. The rate of decline of H.cruciferae populations varied with time, soil depth and between populations; low soil moisture and temperature favouring nematode survival. The role of weeds as ~maintainer hosts' of H.cruciferae was assessed but considered negligible. Nematode population dynamics were simulated using a computer model. Population densities fluctuated considerably under typical crop rotations but large populations had generally declined to less damaging levels before a host was cropped again. It was indicated that a long run of non-hosts or nematicide use would achieve better control of H.schachtii than H.cruciferae.

Orientador: Maurício Dutra Zanotto / Banca: Carlos Jorge da Silva / Banca: Fábio Steiner / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Rubens Fey / Resumo: O conceito de "produtividade da água" aplicado na área agrícola diz respeito a relação entre a produção de determinada cultura e a quantidade de água requerida para atingir essa produção. Sabendo que a água é um recurso cada vez mais valioso para a agricultura, é interessante a adoção de culturas com maior capacidade produtiva utilizando menores quantidades de água. O cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) é uma espécie oleaginosa que vem ganhando destaque nos últimos anos, principalmente devido ao seu elevado teor de óleo de alta qualidade presente em seu grão e a tolerância a deficiência hídrica. No entanto, no Brasil o cártamo ainda é pouco conhecido, sendo escassoz os estudos voltados ao melhoramento genético e tolerância à deficiência hídrica dessa cultura. O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico, a produtividade da água e a divergência genética de cultivares de cártamo provenientes dos Estados Unidos nas condições de cultivo do Brasil e também avaliar a produtividade da água de cinco genótipos de cártamo alto-oleicos sob diferentes lâminas de água. O estudo foi composto por dois experimentos. O primeiro experimento, relacionado ao desempenho agronômico, produtividade da água e divergência genética de cultivares norte-americanas nas condições de cultivo do Brasil foi conduzido no município de São Manuel, SP, entre os meses de abril e setembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constituídos por 12 cultivares de cártamo provenientes dos Estados Unidos. A partir dos dados de produtividade de grãos e de óleo estimou-se a produtividade da água em relação a grãos e a óleo. Foram estimados os coeficientes de correlações genéticas e a partir destes estimou-se os efeitos diretos e indiretos das características avaliadas sobre a produtividade de grão ... / Abstract: The concept "water productivity" in agriculture is the relation between the yield of crop and the water quantity required to get that yield. Water is a valuable resource for agriculture; therefore, it is interesting to adopt crops with higher yield capacity and requires lower water quantity. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oil crop that is getting highlight in last years, mainly due its high oil content of high quality and drought tolerance. However, safflower is an underexplored commercially crop in Brazil and due it, there are few studies about plant breeding and drought tolerance. This study aim to evaluate the agronomic performance, water productivity and the genetic divergence in safflower cultivars imported from United States in crop conditions of Brazil. In addition, this study aim to evaluate the water productivity of high oleic safflower genotypes under different water depth. The study was composed by two trials. The first trial, related to agronomic performance and genetic divergence of American cultivars in crop conditions of Brazil was run in Sao Manuel, SP, from April to September of 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. It were evaluated 12 safflower cultivars imported from United States. From the data of grain and oil yield it was estimated the water productivity in relation to grain and oil. It were estimated the genetic correlation coefficients, and from them, it were estimated the direct and indirect effects of traits evaluated on grain yield and oil yield by path analysis. The genetic divergence analysis between cultivars was performed by multivariate analysis technique of principal components analysis (PCA). The second trial, related to water productivity of high oleic safflower genotypes under different water depth was run in Lubbock - TX, United States, from May to October of 2013. The experimental design was randomized blocks with ... / Doutor