Multi-photon absorption processes have received significant attention from the scientific community during the last decade, mainly because of their potential applications in optical limiting, data storage and biomedical fields. Perhaps, one of the most investigated processes studied so far has been two-photon absorption (2PA). These investigations have resulted in successful applications in all the fields mentioned above. However, 2PA present some limitations in the biomedical field when pumping at typical 2PA wavelengths. In order to overcome these limitations, three-photon absorption (3PA) process has been proposed. However, 3PA in organic molecules has a disadvantage, typical values of σ3' are small (10-81 cm6s2/photon2), therefore, 3PA excitation requires high irradiances to induce the promotion of electrons from the ground state to the final excited state. To overcome this obstacle, specific molecules that exhibit large 3PA cross-section must be designed. Thus far, there is a lack of systematic studies that correlate 3PA processes with the molecular structure of organic compounds. In order to fill the existent gap in 3PA molecular engineering, in this dissertation we have investigated the structure/property relationship for a new family of fluorene derivatives with very high three-photon absorption cross-sections. We demonstrated that the symmetric intramolecular charge transfer as well as the -electron conjugation length enhances the 3PA cross-section of fluorene derivatives. In addition, we showed that the withdrawing electron character of the attractor groups in a pull-pull geometry proved greater 3PA cross-section. After looking for alternative ways to enhance the effective σ3' of organic molecules, we investigated the enhancement of two- and three-photon absorption processes by means of Surface Plasmon. We demonstrated an enhancement of the effective two- and three-photon absorption cross-section of an organic compound of 480 and 30 folds, respectively. We proved that the enhancement is a direct consequence of the electric field enhancement at a metal/buffer interface. Next, motivated by the demands for new materials with enhanced nonlinear optical properties, we studied the 3PA of Hematoporphyrin IX and J-aggregate supramolecular systems. As a result, we were able to propose the use of 3PA in photodynamic therapy using Photofrin, the only drug approved by the FDA for PDT.

Dans cette thèse, les propriétés optiques de biomolécules importantes ont été étudiées en utilisant une approche théorique et, dans un cas, aussi expérimentale. La Théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) et la timedependent-DFT (TD-DFT) sont les principales méthodes de chimie quantique utilisées dans cette thèse. Plusieurs spectroscopies ont été étudiées (au niveau théorique et, dans certains cas, également au niveau expérimental) : absorption électronique linéaire (absorption à un photon, OPA) et non-linéaire (absorption à deux ou trois photons, TPA et 3PA), dichroïsme circulaire électronique (DCE) et spectroscopie de fluorescence. Les effets de l’environnement, particulièrement importants dans des systèmes biologiques, ont été pris en compte, pour les propriétés de l’état fondamental et des états excités en utilisant une méthode multi-échelles QM/MM appelée Polarizable Embedding (PE). L’échantillonnage des conformations a été pris en compte avec des simulations de dynamique moléculaire (MD) qui sont basées sur la mécanique classique. Deux thématiques ont été étudiées dans cette thèse : le cholestérol et le design in silico de ses analogues fluorescents ainsi que la caractérisation des coudes de type β dans différentes conformations grâce à la simulation des spectres DCE. La simulation de plus d’une spectroscopie a été importante dans l’étude des états excités du cholestérol dans des solutions organiques. Le design in silico a suggéré un nouveau stérol-polyénique (P-stérol) qui montre despropriétés optiques améliorées pour le mécanisme d’excitation à trois photons par rapport au déhydroergostérol (DHE), une sonde du cholestérol déjà très utilisée. Ce nouveau P-stérol a été suggéré pour la synthèse. L’étude des spectres de DCE des coudes β en différentes conformations a mené une double conclusion : même si deux allures de DCE pour les conformations des coudes β étudiées (4) ont été trouvées (dans la majorité des cas), la spectroscopie de DCE doit toujours être associée à d’autres techniques spectroscopiques dans la caractérisation en solution des coudes β. / In this thesis, the optical properties of important biomolecules were studied using a theoretical approach and, in one case, also an experimental one. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and time-dependent-DFT (TD-DFT), were the principal quantum chemical methods adopted in this thesis.Various spectroscopies were studied (theoretically and, in some cases, also experimentally) : linear (one-photon, OPA) and non-linear (two- and three-photon, TPA and 3PA) electronic absorption, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The environment effects, which are particularly important in biological systems, were taken into account, for both ground and excited states properties, using a multiscale QM/MM method called Polarizable Embedding (PE). The sampling of conformations was addressed by Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations based on classical mechanics. Two topics were studied in this thesis: cholesterol and the in-silico design of its fluorescent analogues, and the characterization of β-turns in different conformations by simulations of their ECD spectra in aqueous solutions. The simulation of more than one spectroscopy resulted to be important when studying the electronic excited states of cholesterol in organic solutions. The in-silico design study suggested a novel polyene-sterol (P-sterol) which shows improved optical properties for the three-photon excitation mechanism with respect to dehydroergosterol (DHE), an already widely used cholesterol probe. This new P-sterol was thus suggested for synthesis. The achievement from the study of ECD spectra for different β-turn conformations is two-fold: even if two ECD patterns for the β-turn conformations studied (4) were found (in most of cases), ECD spectroscopy should be always associated with other spectroscopic techniques when trying to characterize the β-turn conformations in solutions.