Introdução: a vasculopatia livedoide é uma doença cutânea rara que acomete principalmente mulheres adultas, cursando inicialmente com lesões purpúricas e necróticas intensamente dolorosas, acometendo extremidades inferiores, que podem evoluir com úlceras de tamanhos variados. Estas lesões costumam evoluir com cicatrizes atróficas, estreladas e com telangiectasias, denominadas cicatrizes de atrofia branca. Apesar da etiologia não estar totalmente esclarecida, os distúrbios da coagulação parecem ser o mecanismo fisiopatológico primário da vasculopatia livedoide. Inúmeras trombofilias já foram associadas à vasculopatia livedoide, porém cerca de metade dos casos permanece sem etiologia definida. Recentemente foi documentado aumento de lipoproteína(a) na vasculopatia livedoide. Níveis plasmáticos elevados de lipoproteína(a) são considerados um fator de risco causal independente para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e trombóticas, devido à sua similaridade estrutural com o plasminogênio. A deposição tecidual da lipoproteína(a) em vasos ateroscleróticos é bem descrita, porém na vasculopatia livedoide a participação da lipoproteína(a) não é conhecida. Objetivos: analisar os níveis séricos da lipoproteína(a) e a sua expressão tecidual na pele dos pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide e comparar os resultados com um grupo controle. Métodos: amostras de pele obtidas através de biópsia de pele de 38 pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide (27 do sexo feminino e 11 do sexo masculino) e 9 indivíduos do grupo controle (5 do sexo feminino e 4 do sexo masculino) foram avaliados para a presença de lipoproteína(a) através de imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti- lipoprotéina(a). Os níveis plasmáticos da lipoprotéeíina(a) foram analisados por imunoturbidimetria e comparados com setenta pacientes portadores de outras doenças dermatológicas. Resultados: utilizando anticorpo policlonal contra lipoproteína(a), observou-se que a pele perilesional em pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide apresentava dez vezes mais lipoprotéina (a) do que a pele controle. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r = 0,02) mostrou que os níveis teciduais de lipoproteína(a) não se correlacionaram com os níveis plasmáticos nos pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide. Níveis plasmáticos elevados de lipoproteína(a) foram observados nos portadores de vasculopatia livedoide, no entanto não pode ser demonstrada diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusões: achados de aumento da expressão tecidual de lipoproteína(a) na pele lesionada e níveis plasmáticos elevados desta proteína em pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide podem corroborar com a hipótese de que a lipoproteína(a) possa contribuir para a patogênese da vasculopatia livedoide através dos seus efeitos antifibrinolíticos, pró- trombóticos e ação direta no endotélio vascular, induzindo a formação do trombo / Background: livedoid vasculopathy is a chronic disorder that usually presents as recurrent reticulated purpura on the lower limbs, with recurrent painful, purpuric and/or necrotic macules that may lead to ulcerative lesions. These lesions usually heal into atrophic white scars, with depigmentation and telangiectasias, known as \"atrophie blanche\". Although the etiology of the livedoid vasculopathy is not fully understood, coagulation disorders appear to be the primary pathophysiological mechanism. Hereditary thrombophilia has been associated with livedoid vasculopathy, but about half of the cases remain without defined etiology. Recently, high serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in livedoid vasculopathy patients have been documented. Elevated plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) are an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases due to their structural similarity with plasminogen. Lipoprotein(a) deposition in atherosclerotic vessels is well described, but its role in livedoid vasculopathy is unknown. Objectives: To analyze the serum levels of lipoprotein(a) and tissue expression in the skin of patients with livedoid vasculopathy and to compare the results with a control group. Methods: Skin biopsy samples from 38 patients (27 women-11 men) with active lesions diagnosed with livedoid vasculopathy and 9 samples of normal skin (5 women-4 men) from control individuals without livedoid vasculopathy were evaluated for skin expression of lipoprotein(a) by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal anti-lipoprotein(a) antibody. Plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) were analyzed by immunoturbidimetry and compared with seventy patients with other dermatological diseases. Results: We found lesional skin in patients with livedoid vasculopathy expressed tenfold higher lipoprotein(a) immunostaining than controls. High plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) were observed in livedoid vasculopathy patients, but we cannot observed a positive correlation (p = 0.02) between skin expression of Lipoprotein(a) and plasma levels of Lipoprotein(a) in patients with livedoid vasculopathy. Conclusions: Increased of lipoprotein(a) tissue expression on lesioned skin and elevated plasma levels of this protein in patients with livedoid vasculopathy may corroborate the hypothesis that lipoprotein(a) may contribute to the pathogenesis of livedoid vasculopathy through its antifibrinolytic effects, prothrombotic and direct action on the vascular endothelium, inducing thrombosis

Introdução: a vasculopatia livedoide é uma doença cutânea rara que acomete principalmente mulheres adultas, cursando inicialmente com lesões purpúricas e necróticas intensamente dolorosas, acometendo extremidades inferiores, que podem evoluir com úlceras de tamanhos variados. Estas lesões costumam evoluir com cicatrizes atróficas, estreladas e com telangiectasias, denominadas cicatrizes de atrofia branca. Apesar da etiologia não estar totalmente esclarecida, os distúrbios da coagulação parecem ser o mecanismo fisiopatológico primário da vasculopatia livedoide. Inúmeras trombofilias já foram associadas à vasculopatia livedoide, porém cerca de metade dos casos permanece sem etiologia definida. Recentemente foi documentado aumento de lipoproteína(a) na vasculopatia livedoide. Níveis plasmáticos elevados de lipoproteína(a) são considerados um fator de risco causal independente para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares e trombóticas, devido à sua similaridade estrutural com o plasminogênio. A deposição tecidual da lipoproteína(a) em vasos ateroscleróticos é bem descrita, porém na vasculopatia livedoide a participação da lipoproteína(a) não é conhecida. Objetivos: analisar os níveis séricos da lipoproteína(a) e a sua expressão tecidual na pele dos pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide e comparar os resultados com um grupo controle. Métodos: amostras de pele obtidas através de biópsia de pele de 38 pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide (27 do sexo feminino e 11 do sexo masculino) e 9 indivíduos do grupo controle (5 do sexo feminino e 4 do sexo masculino) foram avaliados para a presença de lipoproteína(a) através de imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpo policlonal anti- lipoprotéina(a). Os níveis plasmáticos da lipoprotéeíina(a) foram analisados por imunoturbidimetria e comparados com setenta pacientes portadores de outras doenças dermatológicas. Resultados: utilizando anticorpo policlonal contra lipoproteína(a), observou-se que a pele perilesional em pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide apresentava dez vezes mais lipoprotéina (a) do que a pele controle. O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r = 0,02) mostrou que os níveis teciduais de lipoproteína(a) não se correlacionaram com os níveis plasmáticos nos pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide. Níveis plasmáticos elevados de lipoproteína(a) foram observados nos portadores de vasculopatia livedoide, no entanto não pode ser demonstrada diferença estatística em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusões: achados de aumento da expressão tecidual de lipoproteína(a) na pele lesionada e níveis plasmáticos elevados desta proteína em pacientes com vasculopatia livedoide podem corroborar com a hipótese de que a lipoproteína(a) possa contribuir para a patogênese da vasculopatia livedoide através dos seus efeitos antifibrinolíticos, pró- trombóticos e ação direta no endotélio vascular, induzindo a formação do trombo / Background: livedoid vasculopathy is a chronic disorder that usually presents as recurrent reticulated purpura on the lower limbs, with recurrent painful, purpuric and/or necrotic macules that may lead to ulcerative lesions. These lesions usually heal into atrophic white scars, with depigmentation and telangiectasias, known as \"atrophie blanche\". Although the etiology of the livedoid vasculopathy is not fully understood, coagulation disorders appear to be the primary pathophysiological mechanism. Hereditary thrombophilia has been associated with livedoid vasculopathy, but about half of the cases remain without defined etiology. Recently, high serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in livedoid vasculopathy patients have been documented. Elevated plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) are an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases due to their structural similarity with plasminogen. Lipoprotein(a) deposition in atherosclerotic vessels is well described, but its role in livedoid vasculopathy is unknown. Objectives: To analyze the serum levels of lipoprotein(a) and tissue expression in the skin of patients with livedoid vasculopathy and to compare the results with a control group. Methods: Skin biopsy samples from 38 patients (27 women-11 men) with active lesions diagnosed with livedoid vasculopathy and 9 samples of normal skin (5 women-4 men) from control individuals without livedoid vasculopathy were evaluated for skin expression of lipoprotein(a) by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal anti-lipoprotein(a) antibody. Plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) were analyzed by immunoturbidimetry and compared with seventy patients with other dermatological diseases. Results: We found lesional skin in patients with livedoid vasculopathy expressed tenfold higher lipoprotein(a) immunostaining than controls. High plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) were observed in livedoid vasculopathy patients, but we cannot observed a positive correlation (p = 0.02) between skin expression of Lipoprotein(a) and plasma levels of Lipoprotein(a) in patients with livedoid vasculopathy. Conclusions: Increased of lipoprotein(a) tissue expression on lesioned skin and elevated plasma levels of this protein in patients with livedoid vasculopathy may corroborate the hypothesis that lipoprotein(a) may contribute to the pathogenesis of livedoid vasculopathy through its antifibrinolytic effects, prothrombotic and direct action on the vascular endothelium, inducing thrombosis

An intracranial aneurysm is a local dilation of an artery in the cerebral circulation. While the etiology of intracranial aneurysms is unknown, they likely result from a combination of factors including the weakening and degeneration of the collagen fibers and the internal elastic lamina comprising the arterial wall, as well as hemodynamic-associated stress resulting from blood pulsation inside the aneurysm sac. Intracranial aneurysm rupture leads to a devastating sequela, as 50% of patients die. In the U.S. alone there are approximately 30,000 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage annually, a prevalence which has pushed practitioners to aggressively treat the aneurysm disease. Traditionally, intracranial aneurysms were managed with open craniotomy and microsurgical clipping; however, these treatment modalities carry relatively high morbidity and mortality depending upon the aneurysm location and surgical experience. In 2002 the International Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Aneurysm Trial established the superiority of the endovascular coiling of intracranial aneurysms compared to microsurgical clipping. This trial led to a paradigm shift in treating intracranial aneurysms with marked use of intracranial stenting, including devices used to assist endovascular coiling and stand-alone flow diverting devices. However, the placement of intracranial devices in the cerebral circulation mandates the adjunctive application of dual anti-platelet pharmaceuticals to minimize thromboembolic events, despite being associated with increased patient risk. This dissertation proposes a novel multilayer, nanometer-scale coating technology suitable for commercially available intracranial stents and flow diverting devices to minimize the use of dual anti-platelet therapy in the elective setting and expand the use of intracranial devices in the acute setting of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. A combination of qualitative and quantitative chemical characterization techniques was used to assess the composition, uniformity, and thickness of each coating layer on commercially available flow diverting devices; overall the coating was found to be relatively uniform and conformal to the device wires. Furthermore, in-vitro and in-vivo testing on commercially available intracranial devices suggest some hemocompatible and antithrombotic properties. Finally, the proposed coating technology can be modified for use as a platform for the attachment of FDA-approved molecules. With further optimization and testing this technology has the potential to minimize the adjunctive use of dual-antiplatelet therapy in the endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms.

Upon vascular injury, activated blood platelets fuse their granules to the plasma membrane and release cargo to regulate the vascular microenvironment, a dynamic process central to platelet function in many critical processes including hemostasis, thrombosis, immunity, wound healing, angiogenesis etc. This granule- plasma membrane fusion is mediated by a family of membrane proteins- Soluble N-ethyl maleimide Attachment Receptor Proteins(SNAREs). SNAREs that reside on vesicle (v-SNAREs) /Vesicle-Associated Membrane Proteins(VAMPs) interact with target/t-SNAREs forming a trans-bilayer complex that facilitates granule fusion. Though many components of exocytic machinery are identified, it is still not clear how it could be manipulated to prevent occlusive thrombosis without triggering bleeding. My work addresses this question by showing how the rates and extents of granule secretion could be regulated by various v-SNAREs. We also show that the granule cargo decondensation is an intermediate to secretion that also contributes to rates of cargo release. Platelets contain four major VAMP isoforms (-2, -3, -7, and -8), however, VAMP-8 and -7 play a primary role while VAMP-2 and -3 are ancillary in secretion. To exploit this heterogeneity in VAMP usage, platelet-specific V-2/3-/- and V-2/3/8-/- mouse models were generated and characterized to understand how secretion influences hemostasis. We found that each VAMP isoform differentially contributes by altering the rates and extents of cargo release. The loss of VAMP-2 and -3 had a minimal impact while the loss of VAMP-2, -3 and -8 significantly reduced the granule secretion. Platelet activation and aggregation were not affected though the spreading was reduced in V-2/3/8-/- platelets indicating the importance of secretion in spreading. Though coagulation pathways were unaltered, PS exposure was reduced in both V-2/3-/- and V-2/3/8-/- platelets suggesting diminished procoagulant activity. In vivo experiments showed that V-2/3/8-/- animals bled profusely upon tail transaction and failed to form occlusive thrombus upon arterial injury while V-2/3-/- animals did not display any hemostatic deficiency. These data suggest that about 40-50% reduction in secretion provides protection against thrombosis without compromising hemostasis and beyond 50% secretion deficiency, the animals fail to form functional thrombi and exhibit severe bleeding. Additionally, detailed structural analysis of activated platelets suggests that the post-stimulation cargo dissolution depends on an agonist concentration and stimulation duration. This process is VAMP-dependent and represents intermediate steps leading to a full exodus of cargo. Moreover, we also show that VAMP-8 is important for compound fusion events and regulates fusion pore size. This is a first comprehensive report that shows how manipulation of the exocytic machinery have an impact on secretion and ultimately on hemostasis. These animals will be instrumental in future investigations of platelet secretion in many other vascular processes.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 30 million adults in the U.S. and is strongly associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third leading vascular disease, affects up to 900,000 Americans each year and contributes to as many as 100,000 deaths annually. The relationship of CKD and VTE has been described in patients receiving dialysis, kidney transplants recipients and in nephrotic syndrome, however, data supporting the association of VTE in mild to moderate CKD is conflicted. The overall goal of this research was to study the association of CKD and VTE and to understand the mechanisms of this association. To accomplish this goal we studied participants of the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, a nationally representative cohort of 30,239 blacks and whites in the U.S.. The first chapter provides a review of the state-of-the science on CKD and VTE and potential mechanisms for this association. We focus on factor VIII as a potential mediator of VTE risk in CKD by reviewing the biochemistry and epidemiology linking factor VIII and CKD. In Chapter 2, we use a cohort study design and a competing risk analysis to determine the risk of VTE with albuminuria (ACR) and with various equations for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There was no association of ACR and VTE and the risk of VTE was similar among eGFR equations. Compared to a normal eGFR (>90 ml/min/1.73m2), eGFR < 45 ml/min/1.73m2 was associated with a two-fold risk of VTE. The association of eGFR and unprovoked VTE was similar to the association with provoked VTE. The population attributable fraction of CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m2) was modest at 5%. In Chapter 3, we utilize a case-cohort study to determine if biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein) and procoagulation (Factor VIII and D-dimer) attenuate the risk of VTE in CKD. These biomarkers were higher in lower kidney function and were also strongly associated with VTE. Adjustment for factor VIII fully attenuated the risk of VTE in CKD, thus factor VIII is a potential mediator of the association of CKD and VTE. We assessed whether lifestyle factors and medications mitigate the risk of VTE in those with and without CKD. Exercise frequency and use of statins were associated with reduced risk of VTE in the presence and absence of CKD, but normal BMI was associated with reduced VTE risk only in those without CKD. We conclude that CKD is a risk factor for VTE, and findings shed light on the mechanisms of this association. Interventions that might lower VTE risk in CKD patients include exercise and statin therapy, but not weight loss. Factor VIII is a potential mediator of VTE in CKD and deserves further study. We suggest several avenues for future research to explore the relationship of Factor VIII and CKD.

The research presented in this dissertation harnesses two secondary data sources, administrative databases of patient-level healthcare data and adverse event (AE) data reported in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), to assess the relationship between intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) and the risk of clinically serious thromboembolic adverse events (TEEs). Since 2013, IVIg products have carried a boxed warning concerning TEE risk, a determination supported by numerous case reports, a large claims-based risk assessment, and laboratory evaluations of the thrombogenecity of IVIg products. Questions remain concerning the magnitude of the risk overall and across subgroups of IVIg users. Taken together, our results are compatible with the conclusion that the absolute risk of TEE following IVIg use is likely to be low overall. While these results are reassuring, a clinically meaningful elevation in risk cannot be ruled out in certain patient sub-groups, such as older adults and others with a high baseline risk of TEE. A limitation of our research is that differences in TEE risk across products could not be evaluated with sufficient statistical power.

Abstract not available

[Truncated abstract] Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass is a complex procedure that results in significant changes to blood coagulation, fibrinolytic biochemistry, platelet number and function, and the vasculature. These are due to pharmacological agents which are administered, haemodilution and contact of the blood with artificial surfaces. Consequently there are significant risks of thrombosis and haemorrhage associated with this procedure. The research presented in this thesis utilises in vitro, in vivo, and a novel ex vivo model to investigate the nature of the haemostatic defect induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. The components studied include the drugs heparin, protamine sulphate, and aprotinin, different types of bypass circuitry (including heparin bonded circuits) and procedures such as acute normovolaemic haemodilution. Patient variables, such as Factor V Leiden, are also studied. Each of these components is assessed for the effects on a number of laboratory measures of haemostasis including activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, activated protein C ratio, antithrombin concentration, heparin concentration, thrombin-antithrombin complex formation, prothrombin fragment 1+2 formation, markers of platelet surface activation and secretion, activated clotting time, haemoglobin concentration and coagulation factor assays.

Bibliography: leaves 261-337. / xxii, 340 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The natural history of air embolism of the brain was studied by observing bubbles in the pial vessels of rabbits and the effect of different doses of air on brain function and blood flow. A new model for the pathophysiological basis of CAGE is proposed. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, 1994

<p>Synthetic small diameter vascular grafts fail clinically due to thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia. The attachment of endothelial cells (ECs) onto the inner lumen of synthetic small diameter vascular grafts can improve graft patency; however, significant challenges remain that prevent wide clinical adoption. These issues include difficulties in the autologous sourcing of ECs, the lack of attachment, growth and retention of the layer of ECs to the graft lumen, and the maintenance of an anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory profile by the layer of ECs. </p><p>This dissertation describes the isolation, characterization, and use of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to improve the performance of small diameter vascular grafts. First, EPC isolation efficiency and expression of critical EC markers was compared between young healthy volunteers and patients with documented coronary artery disease (CAD). EPCs were isolated and expanded from patients with CAD and had a similar phenotype to EPCs isolated from healthy donors, and a control population of human aortic ECs. Second, we assessed the ability to enhance the anti-thrombotic activity of patient derived EPCs through the over expression of thrombomodulin (TM). In vitro testing showed TM-transfected EPCs had significantly increased production of key anti-thrombotic molecules, reduced platelet adhesion, and extended clotting times over untransfected EPCs. Finally, native and TM-transfected EPCs were seeded onto small diameter vascular grafts and tested for their ability to improve graft performance. EPCs sodded onto the lumen of small diameter ePTFE vascular grafts had strong adhesion and remained adherent during graft clamping and exposure to flow. TM-transfected EPCs improved graft anti-thrombotic performance significantly over bare grafts and grafts seeded with native EPCs. Based on these promising in vitro results, grafts were implanted bilaterally into the femoral arteries of athymic rats. Bare grafts and grafts with air removed clotted and had only 25% patency at 7 days. In contrast, graft sodded with native EPCs or TM-transfected EPCs had 87% and 89% respective patency rates. High patency rates continued with 28 day implant testing with EPC sodded grafts (88% Native; 75% TM). There were no significant differences in patency rates at 7 or 28 days between native and TM-transfected grafts. These in vivo data suggest patient blood-derived EPCs can be used to improve the performance of small diameter vascular grafts.</p> / Dissertation